碱溶液预降解淤泥有机质的效果与机制讨论

淤泥富含大量有机质,受微生物作用,有机质会逐步分解出腐殖酸;同时,腐殖酸又会影响有机质降解,进而影响淤泥固化效果。为此,通过维持恒定的碱性缓冲溶液环境（pH=9.0）,将淤泥浸泡其中,观测其有机质含量的变化过程。结果表明,碱性缓冲溶液既能加快有机质分解,也能消耗腐殖酸,使溶液保持为碱性状态;当有机质分解完成,腐殖酸也释放结束,降解过程大约持续28 d。通过掺入水泥和石灰固化淤泥,发现含有机质的固化淤泥,其强度随养护时间会先增长后衰减,但预降解有机质的固化淤泥强度不会衰减。由此说明,通过碱性缓冲溶液预降解淤泥有机质,可以提升固化土耐久性。     

偏高岭土协同石灰抑制红黏土收缩的行为与机制

红黏土失水易收缩开裂而诱发工程灾害,为抑制或缓减红黏土的收缩特征,添加4%偏高岭土和5%石灰改善其水敏性。按照最优含水率制备压实试样,养护180 d后抽真空饱和,脱湿到预定含水率,随后开展收缩、无侧限抗压强度、吸力和孔隙分析等试验。结果表明,压实红黏土随着含水率降低,其无侧限抗压强度呈现先增大后减少的变化规律,这是脱湿导致的红黏土衍生微裂隙,进而引起结构性损伤所致。红黏土掺入石灰,尤其是掺入石灰-偏高岭土后,虽然脱湿也会引起强度减小,但接近完全干燥时,其强度又会增大。由此说明,偏高岭土协同石灰可以更加有效地抑制红黏土收缩效应,提高其整体强度。究其原因,是偏高岭土含有大量无定形硅、铝氧化物,且呈现边-面“搭接”的独特结构形态,使其能够快速捕获氢氧化钙溶液中的钙离子,在红黏土团（颗）粒间形成了胶结性水化物。     

城市河道淤泥特性及改良试验初探

以南京内秦淮河疏浚淤泥为例,通过土工试验、XRD和X射线荧光光谱试验等方法,研究了城市河道淤泥的物理性质、矿物成分、化学成分等特性。试验结果显示:秦淮河淤泥粘粒含量低、有机质含量极高,矿物成分主要有石英和少量粘土矿物等。为了实现淤泥的资源化处理,运用水泥、石灰无机固化材料对淤泥进行固化改良试验及改性土无侧限抗压强度试验,结果表明随着水泥掺量增加,水泥固化土由塑性破坏向脆性破坏过渡,破坏应变在1.8%~2.2%,而石灰固化土均表现为脆性破坏,且破坏应变小于水泥土,为1%左右。水泥固化土28d强度为670kPa,固化效果优于石灰,但略低于处理一般软土的固化土强度。研究结果对处置城市河道淤泥有一定参考价值。     

偏高岭土协同石灰钝化红黏土水敏性的机制

红黏土水敏性强,添加石灰等碱性材料处治后,能获得即刻的改良效果,但由于红黏土呈弱酸性,石灰改良后其长期性能会衰减。为提高石灰稳定红黏土（简称La+L）的长期性能,添加偏高岭土（4%）协同石灰（5%）稳定红黏土（简称La+L+MK）,改善其水敏性和酸?碱互损作用。制备8种初始含水率的压实试样（初始孔隙比相同）,养护到预定时间后开展无侧限抗压强度试验,同时,测定试样的钙离子浓度、电导率和pH值。结果表明：初始含水率为26%左右时,改良土的无侧限抗压强度最高,初始含水率偏高或偏低都不利于改良土的强度增长。究其原因,试样偏干时,缺少水分,石灰水化不充分,不能形成游离态钙离子,无法进行火山灰反应,颗粒之间无法形成胶结;试样偏湿时,火山灰反应形成的胶结强度不及过量水分引起的基质吸力丧失量。试样的钙离子浓度和电导率变化规律,证实了以上原因解释的猜想。当然,添加偏高岭土后,能够显著改善偏湿状态下的石灰土强度。即使浸水饱和后,相对石灰改良土,也能够保持较高的强度,充分证明偏高岭土能够有效降低石灰土水敏性,提高其耐久性。偏高岭土直接提供了大量硅、铝氧化物,且将土体pH值降到有利于硅、铝氧化物溶解的碱性范围,加速火山灰反应,缓减或抑制石灰?红黏土的互损作用。     

石灰-红黏土互损行为与偏高岭土减损机制

红黏土成团现象突出,导致石灰处治红黏土时难以拌和均匀;同时,红黏土呈弱酸性,石灰与黏土会发生互损作用,最终影响处治效果。首先,从水分子与黏土矿物的电荷分布特征角度,解释了红黏土呈弱酸性的原因;然后,通过酸、碱溶液浸泡石灰处治红黏土,模拟石灰-红黏土的互损行为;最后,提出应用偏高岭土抑制"石灰-红黏土"互损的方法。为此,选择两种团粒尺寸的红黏土,掺入不同比例的偏高岭土和石灰,并评价其无侧限抗压强度。结果表明,与仅用石灰处治的红黏土相比,掺入偏高岭土过多或过少都不利于其强度提高,掺量为5%效果最佳,验证了偏高岭土抑制"石灰-红黏土"互损行为的可行性。偏高岭土与石灰快速反应,不仅生成了以离子键结合的硅、铝酸胶结物,还生成了以共价键结合的网状胶结物,而且后者具有明显的抗酸侵蚀能力,从而解释了偏高岭土能够减少石灰-红黏土互损的内在原因。     

淤泥固化处理中有机物成分的影响

针对有机质对疏浚淤泥固化处理效果产生的影响,研究有机质的主要成分腐殖酸对水泥固化的影响。研究表明,腐殖酸对水泥的水化具有抑制作用,腐殖酸含量对淤泥固化土的无侧限抗压强度和破坏应变的影响存在一个极限含量（3.62 %）,超过这一极限含量,随腐殖酸含量的增加固化土的强度和破坏应变几乎不再变化。同时,研究结果表明,随着腐殖酸含量的增加,固化土塑性增强。     

高含水率疏浚淤泥新型复合固化材料试验研究

基于传统水泥固化处理方法,提出了水泥-生石灰-高分子添加剂新型复合固化材料处理高含水率疏浚淤泥的新方法,以期快速降低淤泥含水率并提高固化淤泥的无侧限抗压强度,拓展水泥固化淤泥的含水率范围,达到高效廉价固化处理高含水率疏浚淤泥的目的。通过系列室内试验,探讨了该方法处理后高含水率淤泥的无侧限抗压强度变化规律以及各材料掺入比对强度的影响规律。研究结果表明,水泥掺入比低于7%的新型固化材料处理初始含水率2倍液限的高液限淤泥,早期强度大于0.5 MPa,28 d强度大于1 MPa;固化淤泥强度随龄期、水泥和生石灰掺入比的增大而增大;给出了考虑多因素多水平的无侧限抗压强度预测公式,预测值与实测值基本一致     

酸/碱溶液预降解淤泥有机质的效果与机理讨论

淤泥是一种富含有机质的特殊土。受微生物作用,其有机质会分解出腐殖酸,而腐殖酸又影响有机质降解;同时,腐殖酸还会影响淤泥固化效果。为掌握有机质的降解规律与腐殖酸的释放模式,营造3种酸/碱度的缓冲溶液环境,酸性（pH=4.0）、中性（pH=7.0）和碱性（pH=9.0）,将淤泥分别浸泡其中,观测其有机质含量和pH值的变化过程。结果发现,酸性和碱性缓冲溶液均能加快其有机质的降解速度;但只有碱性缓冲溶液能加快有机质释放腐殖酸,同时也能消耗掉腐殖酸,使溶液呈碱性;有机质分解腐殖酸呈现“释放-消耗-释放-消耗……”的交替过程;当有机质分解完成,腐殖酸也释放结束。淤泥固化土的长期强度表明,经碱溶液浸泡后,淤泥中有机质得到预先加速降解,其长期强度不会发生衰减。由此说明,通过碱性缓冲溶液预降解淤泥有机质,可以提升其固化土长期强度。     

酸/碱溶液预降解淤泥有机质的效果与机理讨论

淤泥是一种富含有机质的特殊土。受微生物作用,其有机质会分解出腐殖酸,而腐殖酸又影响有机质降解;同时,腐殖酸还会影响淤泥固化效果。为掌握有机质的降解规律与腐殖酸的释放模式,营造3种酸/碱度的缓冲溶液环境,酸性（pH=4.0）、中性（pH=7.0）和碱性（pH=9.0）,将淤泥分别浸泡其中,观测其有机质含量和pH值的变化过程。结果发现,酸性和碱性缓冲溶液均能加快其有机质的降解速度;但只有碱性缓冲溶液能加快有机质释放腐殖酸,同时也能消耗掉腐殖酸,使溶液呈碱性;有机质分解腐殖酸呈现“释放-消耗-释放-消耗……”的交替过程;当有机质分解完成,腐殖酸也释放结束。淤泥固化土的长期强度表明,经碱溶液浸泡后,淤泥中有机质得到预先加速降解,其长期强度不会发生衰减。由此说明,通过碱性缓冲溶液预降解淤泥有机质,可以提升其固化土长期强度。     

滨海盐渍土的固化方法及固化土的偏应力-应变

滨海盐渍土可使用水泥、石灰、粉煤灰和高分子材料SH固土剂单独及联合固化,以提高土的强度、抗变形能力和水稳性。为研究各种固化方法固化盐渍土的抗变形能力和偏应力-应变特征,通过三轴UU压缩试验得到盐渍土和6种固化盐渍土的偏应力-应变曲线。曲线显示：水泥＋石灰类固化土呈应变软化型、石灰＋粉煤灰类固化土呈应变软化型、石灰类固化土呈应变硬化型。掺入SH固土剂,提高了固化土的浸水前后的强度,同时也增强了固化土的水稳性。掺入SH固土剂使固化土达到偏应力峰值所需的应变增加,即抗变形能力增强;0.9%SH固土剂+12%石灰+36%粉煤灰固化土具有适中的强度、良好的弹性变形和水稳性的优点,作为轻质路堤填料使用,还可减少滨海地区软土路基的沉降量,这使其成为滨海盐渍土的6种固化方案中的最适宜方案。     

矿渣胶凝材料固化软土的力学性状及机制

利用矿渣胶凝材料固化软土,既可利用工业废渣,又能减少水泥的用量。以矿渣胶凝材料固化黏土、砂土二种软土。发现矿渣胶凝材料加固软土的效果远好于水泥、石灰,其9 %掺量的固化土28 d的无侧限强度达到2.0 MPa以上,普遍高于15 %掺量的水泥固化土,且其28 d固化土的软化系数普遍高于90 %以上,固化黏土后CBR值远高于同掺量的石灰固化土。X衍射结构分析表明,矿渣胶凝材料水化时产生的高强难溶的矿物晶体是其固化软土效果好的主要原因。因此,矿渣胶凝材料是一种性能优异的软土加固材料。     

Long-term behavior of lime-stabilized kaolinite clay

Clay soils create many problems for highway construction and they have to be replaced or improved by stabilization for satisfactory performance. Lime stabilization is a well-established technique to improve the performance of clays. Cementitious minerals form upon mixing of clay with lime causing an improvement in strength and durability. In the study, the changes in the microfabric of long-term cured lime-stabilized kaolinite clay using X-ray diffraction pattern, scanning electron microscope and unconfined compressive strength (UCS) is presented. Unconfined compression test samples at two different lime contents (4 and 12% by weight) were prepared and cured in a humidity room for long time curing. The UCS of pure kaolinite was originally 125 kPa, which increased to 1,015 kPa after 1 month and to 2,640 kPa (21 times the initial value) after 10 years for cured lime-stabilized kaolinite samples. Similar long-term strength increases were also observed for stabilized kaolinite with 12% lime. Calcium aluminate silicate hydrate minerals were detected in the structure of the kaolinite. This suggests pozzolanic reactions with lime stabilization may continue in the long-term for up to 10 years.     

基于响应面法的淤泥质土固化配方优化研究

选择掺入生石膏、生石灰、碳酸钠来消除有机质对水泥固化淤泥质土的不利影响。以生石膏、生石灰和碳酸钠的掺量作为3个影响因子,以固化淤泥质土7 d和90 d的无侧限抗压强度为响应值,采用旋转中心组合设计安排试验。利用响应面法对这3种外加剂的配比进行优化,并通过单因子效应分析和交互作用分析分别考察各影响因子单独变化对强度响应值的影响以及3种添加剂的交互作用效应。结果表明：强度响应对生石膏和生石灰掺量变化的敏感程度随龄期的增大而增大,而对于碳酸钠,情况则相反。7 d时,生石灰与碳酸钠的交互作用显著;而90 d时,则生石膏与碳酸钠的交互作用显著。最终得出在腐植酸掺量6%和水泥掺量15%前提下,3种外加剂在7 d和90 d的最佳配比。在最优配方的掺加下,对于7 d和90 d龄期固化淤泥质土的实际强度可以分别达到623、1 213 kPa。     

Mechanical behavior and micro-structure of cement kiln dust-stabilized expensive soil

In this study, the effects of cement kiln dust (CKD) on the swelling properties, strength properties, and microstructures of CKD-stabilized expansive soil were investigated. Samples were prepared and stabilized with different CKD content ratios, ranging from 0 to 18% by dry mass. The results obtained show that the maximum swelling pressures decrease exponentially with increases in CKD content. Both the cohesion and unconfined compressive strength (UCS) increase at ratios below 10% CKD and then decrease slightly, above that ratio. CKD can also improve the strength of saturated, expansive soil. There is no visible change of UCS for soil without CKD when cured, while the UCS of a sample with 10% CKD content after curing for 90 days is higher than that after curing for only 1 day. This indicates that CKD can improve the long-term strength of expansive soil. Finally, microstructure analysis reveals that the addition of CKD reduces the montmorillonite content of expansive soil and decreases its swelling properties. The addition of CKD also changes the pore volume distribution, both the size and amount of macro-pores and micro-pores decrease with increase in CKD content. For saturated samples, the size of macro-pores is obviously reduced, while that of micro-pores is slightly increased for both treated and untreated soils. Hydration and saturation processes make the soil structure become dispersive which results in a lower strength, and adding CKD can restrain this process. The suggested optimal CKD content is between 10 and 14% and with a curing time of more than 27 days.     

Investigation of Cement–Bentonite Slurry Samples Containing PFA in the UCS and Triaxial Apparatus

Three mixtures of cement–bentonite slurry containing 28, 36 and 44 % PFA (as a proportion of cementitious materials) were tested using the unconfined compressive strength and triaxial apparatus to determine the stress–strain and shear strength relationships for samples cured for various periods. The samples were batched using 4 % bentonite and 20 % cementitious materials (by mass of water) and allowed to cure underwater once extruded from sealed moulds. Curing periods of 14, 28 and 90 days were selected to investigate the changes in behaviour at durations commonly specified (28 and 90 days) as well as providing insight into changing behaviour with curing (additional curing periods of 7 and 60 days were investigated on a smaller number of samples to increase understanding). Two rates of displacement were used (1.0 and 1.3 mm/min) and four confining pressures (0, 50, 100 and 200 kPa). Shear strength and strain at peak deviator stress of the samples do not appear to vary considerably with confining pressure. For samples containing 28 % PFA, the majority of physical properties exhibited by the cement–bentonite samples change with curing period up to 60 days, where after the properties become similar to those cured for 90 days.     

水泥复合偏高岭土稳定粉砂土力学特性试验研究

使用低成本高硅铝矿物掺合料可在提升水泥土工程性能的同时降低水泥用量。通过开展系列抗压强度试验研究了水泥偏高岭土掺比、水/水泥偏高岭土比、凝胶总掺量和养护龄期对水泥复合偏高岭土稳定粉砂土抗压强度的影响规律,归纳了水泥复合偏高岭土稳定粉砂土的强度经验公式。结果表明：将水泥和偏高岭土按质量比5:1混合用于粉砂土稳定时可获得最佳强度提升,节约1/6水泥消耗,且该掺比关系不因凝胶总掺量变化而改变;水泥复合偏高岭土稳定粉砂土抗压强度随水/水泥偏高岭土比增加近似线性降低,随凝胶总掺量增加线性提升,随龄期发展而提高,其28天强度增加趋势仍未趋缓;总结归纳了四个关于强度影响因素的经验预测公式。该研究成果可为水泥偏高岭土用于复合稳定工程软弱土提供理论参考。     

Stabilization of Tropical Peat Soil from Sarawak with Different Stabilizing Agents

This paper describes a study on tropical peat soil stabilization to improve its physical properties by using different stabilizing agents. The samples were collected from six different locations of Sarawak, Malaysia, to evaluate their physical or index properties. Out of them, sample having the highest percentage of organic content has been selected for stabilization purposes. In this study, ordinary portland cement (OPC), quick lime (QL), and class F fly ash (FA) were used as stabilizer. The amount of OPC, QL, and FA added to the peat soil sample, as percentage of dry soil mass, were in the range of 5–20%; 5–20% and 2–8%, respectively for the curing periods of 7, 14, and 28 days. The Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS) test was carried out on treated/stabilized samples with the above mentioned percentages of the stabilizer and the result shows that the UCS value increases significantly with the increase of all stabilizing agent used and also with curing periods. However, in case of FA and QL, the UCS value increases up to 15 and 6%, respectively with a curing period of 28 days but decreases rather steady beyond this percentage. Some UCS tests have been conducted with a mixture of FA and QL to study the combined effect of the stabilizer. In addition, Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) study was carried out on original peat soil and FA, as well as some treated samples in order to study their microstructures.