落底式止水帷幕条件下深基坑群井试验研究

通过武汉绿地中心深基坑群井抽水试验,探讨武汉长江一级阶地地区落底式止水帷幕条件下深基坑涌漏的组成及其渗流规律,并提出了新的数学模型,计算基坑侧壁涌漏量。试验及分析计算结果表明:落底式止水帷幕条件下深基坑涌水量的组成除封闭基坑内含水层所含孔隙水之外,还有基坑侧壁的涌漏和基坑底部涌漏两部分,其中以基坑底部涌漏为主。基坑底部涌漏又包括基岩裂隙水和以基岩裂隙为通道绕渗补给的孔隙水。在涌漏初期地下水通过基坑侧壁涌漏点进入坑内时,在水平方向上以某一弧度的扇形模式扩散;基坑底部基岩裂隙水及坑外地下水通过基岩裂隙通道垂直向上补给。当存在涌漏点时,基坑内外水位变化会出现明显的异常。     

落底式止水帷幕条件下基坑涌漏量计算

如何判定落底式止水帷幕的止水效果,定量计算坑外地下水通过落底式止水帷幕向基坑内的涌漏量,是对于设置了落底式止水帷幕的基坑进行降水设计的重要依据.通过对存在落底式止水帷幕的基坑进行现场抽水试验及连通试验,总结落底式止水帷幕建立前后试验井流量、降深变化的规律,定义落底式止水帷幕的综合止水系数,探讨止水效果等级划分方法,在此基础上,提出了基坑岩土体表观渗透系数的概念,从而计算基坑涌漏量,在一定程度上,填补了落底式止水帷幕对基坑降水影响定量评价的空白,为存在落底式止水帷幕的基坑降水设计提供了一定的理论依据.     

悬挂式止水帷幕条件下深基坑开挖变形特性研究

降水条件对基坑开挖的变形特性具有重要影响。为了研究悬挂式止水帷幕结合承压非完整井组成的墙井系统条件下基坑开挖过程中的变形问题,以某悬挂式止水帷幕深基坑为例,通过定义降水井和地表渗流边界条件建立了考虑分级降水和基坑开挖实际工况的三维流固耦合有限元数值分析模型,使用现场监测数据与数值模拟结果互相验证的方法研究了悬挂式止水帷幕情况下基坑开挖过程中地下连续墙变形和地表沉降的变化特征,对比分析了悬挂式止水帷幕和落底式止水帷幕条件下的地表沉降。结果表明：在不同分级降水情况下,降水深度初次达到场地第一承压水含水层降水期间产生的地下连续墙水平位移增量最大,地表沉降也主要在这一期间产生;悬挂式止水帷幕情况下的地表沉降最大值约为落底式止水帷幕的2.7倍,最大值位置距地下连续墙边缘的距离比落底式止水帷幕大0.85 m;地下连续墙水平位移峰值处,降水期间产生的位移占28%,地表沉降峰值处,降水期间产生的沉降占49%;使用悬挂式止水帷幕时,距地下连续墙边缘12倍开挖深度处,地表沉降与地表沉降峰值的比值为0.1、该距离比落底式止水帷幕大13 m左右。研究成果对确定深基坑降水方案、保证深基坑开挖施工安全具有一定的参...     

悬挂式止水帷幕深基坑减压降水的简化计算方法

采用悬挂式止水帷幕结合坑内减压降水的墙-井系统可有效减小坑内降水量或坑外水头降深。将基坑按面积相等等效为井壁进水的大直径承压水非完整井,幵令流入井内的水量等于止水帷幕内坑底承压水含水层内的竖直向渗流量,以此建立坑内减压抽水量与坑外承压水头降深的关系式。该理论公式计算结果在止水帷幕插入比大于0.6且基坑半径与承压含水层厚度之比小于2.0时与有限元计算结果比较接近。因未考虑渗流方向变化时的水头损失,数值计算结果和工程案例实测数据均表明理论公式计算结果偏大。利用参数分析研究承压含水层渗透系数各向异性、基坑平面面积、止水帷幕插入长度等因素对减压降水的影响规律。坑内减压抽水量或坑外水头降深与墙-井系统三维渗流场有关,渗流场越接近竖向渗流,坑外水头降深越小,水位接近初始状态。相比数值分析,理论公式简便直观,可用于减压降水的初步分析。     

考虑止水帷幕的深基坑降水预测解析计算

提出止水帷幕条件下的深基坑降水预测的解析算法。以武汉长江航运中心深基坑为实例,概化其水文地质模型,以现场抽水试验数据分析止水帷幕的止水效果。基于此,修正非完整型干扰井群降深公式,结合镜像法原理编制计算程序进行降水预测解析计算,并与实测结果和数值模拟结果分别进行对比验证。研究表明：所概化的水文地质模型为承压含水层,东侧止水效果最差,南侧止水效果不如北侧,西侧止水效果最好。按原布井方案进行降水解析计算发现,在基坑南侧将达不到安全降水的目的,当增加2口降水井后降水效果有所改善,与实测结果和数值模拟结果基本一致。研究成果可指导工程设计,具有一定的实际应用价值。     

海太过江通道公路段工作井基坑降水优化设计

海太过江通道公路段工作井基坑采用悬挂式止水帷幕,其帷幕深度对基坑开挖施工安全有重要影响。根据承压水抽水试验实测数据,采用数值反演法获取了承压含水层相关水文地质参数;基于研究区地层结构特征,建立了三维地下水流运动数学模型,确定了帷幕最优深度、井群位置和降水井数量。计算结果显示,设计的降水方案能够保证施工场地干燥、基坑底部不发生突涌、土体不发生渗透变形和基坑周围沉降量在允许值内。因此,本建议方案优化了承压降水井群,降低了悬挂式止水帷幕深度,节约了降水成本,为设计部门提供了依据和技术支撑。     

悬挂式止水帷幕涌水量计算数值模拟及验证

在基坑工程中,为合理保护地下水资源和节约工程成本,悬挂式止水帷幕在工程中的应用越来越广泛。为更好地研究悬挂式止水帷幕基坑涌水量及影响半径的影响范围,依托北京市东城区第一人民医院基坑项目,进行了悬挂式止水帷幕基坑涌水量的数值模拟,并现场进行数据监测,从而对数值计算结果进行验证。结果表明:(1)利用有限元数值模拟软件分析的基坑内涌水量与实际监测的数值趋势相同,日涌水量可以达到1970 m3;(2)设置悬挂式止水帷幕的基坑,原基坑降水影响半径不再适用,降水影响半径比原来有所减小;(3)随着距离止水帷幕距离的增加,基坑外水头值越来越大;随着距离止水帷幕距离的越来越大,基坑外水头值增加的趋势越来越小。     

悬挂式帷幕基坑涌水量计算及插入深度影响效应研究

为确定悬挂式止水帷幕插入深度和基坑内涌水量、基坑外最大水位降深的关系,从而得出在预定基坑外最大水位降深和基坑内涌水量下的较优悬挂式帷幕的插入深度,根据达西定律和大井简化的均质含水层潜水非完整井的基坑涌水量计算公式,推导出帷幕插入深度、基坑涌水量、基坑外最大水位降深的关系式。将推导的公式进行基坑实例计算并与大卫登可夫和佛兰克的方法进行对比,分析两种计算方法结果的异同点。采用室内模型试验和Midas/GTS/NX数值模拟对悬挂式帷幕基坑地下水渗流进行模拟,对公式推导的结果进行验证,证明文中提出的计算公式与实际情况更接近,并得出结论:基坑外最大水位降深随着帷幕插入深度的增加略有降低,但变化不大,基坑涌水量随着帷幕插入深度的增加逐渐减小。     

基坑降水—回灌共同作用下地下水浸润曲线求解研究

基坑工程中,通常采用地下水回灌措施降低降水对周边地质环境产生的不良影响,然而目前基坑降水—回灌的相关设计理论仍处于探索阶段。本文通过引入平面二维流势函数理论和叠加原理,分别求解得到了无止水帷幕工况下潜水完整井和承压完整井在降水—回灌共同作用下的地下水浸润曲线方程;此外,本文通过空间汇点原理和镜像原理分别求得基坑内降水和基坑外回灌对基坑外地下水位的影响,并运用叠加原理得到了有止水帷幕工况下,深基坑降水—回灌作用下的地下水浸润曲线解析式。本文利用得到的解析式探讨了在具有止水帷幕条件下回灌井距基坑围护结构的距离、渗透系数等主要因素对浸润曲线的影响,为基坑降水—回灌设计提供了参考依据。     

悬挂式止水帷幕地下水渗流数值模拟

悬挂式止水帷幕在基坑工程中得到了广泛应用。采用地下水渗流软件GMS对室内地下水渗流模型试验进行数值模拟,数值模拟结果与试验结果相互对比,进而验证地下水数值模拟软件的可靠性。在确定软件准确性的基础上,进一步研究在相同悬挂式止水帷幕插入深度下,不同形状基坑中地下水渗流变化规律,为实际工程降水设计提供参考依据。结果表明:数值模拟的计算结果与实际监测到的坑外涌水量以及坑外水位变化较为吻合;不同形状的基坑,帷幕插入深度的增加对坑外水位影响并不明显,但在相同的帷幕插入深度下,不同形状的基坑的涌水量差异较为明显,具体表现为正方形基坑涌水量最大,矩形基坑次之,圆形基坑的涌水量最小。     

软土基坑隔水帷幕渗漏检测技术

隔水帷幕渗漏是影响软土基坑稳定性的关键问题。针对隔水帷幕渗漏检测技术,开展了数值模拟和物理模型试验,深入研究了不同采集装置类型三维电阻率法和探地雷达法对渗漏异常的反映能力及在探测剖面上表现出来的异常特征,给出了判断帷幕是否渗漏和确定渗漏点位置的解释方法。结果表明:温纳装置、偶极装置和温纳-施龙贝格装置都能有效反映渗漏点的存在;降水后帷幕未发生渗漏时,与基坑外侧软土含水层相比,内侧软土层电阻率表现为高阻异常;帷幕渗漏后基坑内侧底部软土层电阻率降低,外侧电阻率升高,并呈现漏斗状异常,两侧低阻异常与帷幕的交叉点可正确指示渗漏点位置;帷幕发生渗漏后,基于基坑外侧的探地雷达探测剖面中会出现双曲型反射波同相轴,通过其顶点可确定渗漏点的位置。研究结果证实了两种地球物理手段开展软土基坑隔水帷幕渗漏检测的可行性。     

悬挂式帷幕基坑底侧突涌的坑内水头抬升研究

基坑采用悬挂式帷幕减压降水时,因隔水帷幕局部存在缺陷,而导致坑内承压含水层水头抬升所诱发的基坑底侧突涌事件常有发生。为研究这种现象,以某地铁线风井基坑为范例,建立了三维非稳定流的地下水数值模型,重点考虑了渗透系数的各向异性,对隔水帷幕无缺陷,28~33m、33~38m、38~43m深度的缺陷,加大流量抽取等7种情况,进行了模拟和比较分析。研究结果表明,悬挂式帷幕降水帷幕无缺陷时,帷幕内外的水头差在含水层顶最大,并沿帷幕向下递减;在帷幕缺陷形成的渗流通道附近,渗流场的等势线非常密集,补给的地下水抬升了坑内水头,并加剧了坑外的水头下降;经缺陷处的渗流通道流入坑内的地下水,渗流速度矢量以水平向为主;帷幕缺陷位于渗透系数较大的含水层时,相应补给量也较大;加大流量抽取,可以减小水头抬升的平面范围,但缺陷附近过大的流速也会诱发地层流土;缺陷位置与帷幕底竖向距离越远,坑内水头的抬升率越大,缺陷位置与帷幕底竖向距离越近,抬升率越小。研究成果对分析承压水底侧突涌的致灾机制、预测预警以及基坑动态风险评估等有一定的参考意义。     

Field experiments and numerical simulations of whirlpool foundation pit dewatering

A whirlpool foundation pit is a small-diameter, deep circular pit. Because of its depth and small diameter, a large drawdown is required, and a limited number of wells can be installed inside the pit. During excavation, partially penetrating wells inside and outside the foundation pit have to be installed to lower the water level when the aquifer is too thick. However, partially penetrating wells near partially penetrating curtains cannot be treated by analytical methods. Therefore, it is necessary to use numerical methods to predict dewatering during excavation. Field experiments were performed on whirlpool foundation pit 1880 of Baosteel Group, Shanghai, China, to obtain pumping rates and drawdown, pumping with a single well and two wells in the confined aquifer. The results indicate that the drawdown inside the pit induced by pumping wells outside the foundation pit was small, whereas it was large for pumping wells inside the pit. The pumping wells inside and outside the pit had to be combined to lower the water level. A three-dimensional numerical model was developed to simulate the dewatering process. The hydraulic conductivities of the confined aquifers were inversed by using the pumping tests. Operation schedules were simulated with the corrected model for different combinations of wells inside and outside the pit. The results suggest that different schedules and operation conditions affect drawdown. The monitored results during dewatering indicate that the simulation and field measurements were in agreement. The results can be applied to similar situations.     

南通市南山湖综合楼基坑工程降水数值模拟分析

基坑降水的成功与否,关系到整个基坑的安全。南通市南山湖综合楼基坑开挖过程中虽建立了止水帷幕,但仍需对基坑降水的方案进行安全评估。采用MIDAS/GTS数值分析软件建立三维渗流模型,通过对现场单井抽水试验进行模拟分析,综合地勘报告中室内试验渗透系数和抽水试验的渗透系数,反向推演出符合工程实际的渗流边界函数和渗透系数;然后利用反推得到的计算参数,建立三维渗流模型,模拟群井抽水状态下水位降深与时间的变化关系,对群井降水效果进行分析,验证降水井设计是否合理,指导基坑土方的开挖。     

桩基后压浆对深基坑降水渗流场的影响

钻孔灌注桩后压浆后,与坑外含水层相比,基坑范围内含水层的渗透系数减小,这对基坑降水渗流场具有比较明显的影响。某广场式建筑由五幢塔楼和地下车库组成,采用桩侧后压浆钻孔灌注桩,基坑开挖深度21m,承压含水层组厚10m,透水性较强,采用敞开式完整井降水,井位主要沿基坑周边布置。在对水文地质条件进行概化后,建立了地下水三维非稳定流数值模型,进行了非均质渗流场模拟,并与均质渗流场作比较。结果表明,坑内后压浆区域的渗透系数减小后,坑内水力坡度变陡,单井涌水量减小,井数应相应增加;若模型计算域全部按注浆后的渗透系数考虑,则会严重降低补给强度、低估基坑总涌水量;在相同的降深要求下,坑内后压浆后渗透系数减小、但坑外渗透系数不变,基坑总补给量基本没有变化。现场监测与模拟结果较为一致。研究成果对类似工程地下水控制有一定的借鉴意义。     

Physical model test of transparent soil on coupling effect of cut-off wall and pumping wells during foundation pit dewatering

Water level is decreased during foundation pit excavation to avoid water inrush under confined water pressure. Cut-off wall is often used as waterproof curtain to partially cut off the dewatered aquifer. When a foundation pit is located in a built-up area and the underlying confined aquifer is not cut off, the drawdown must be minimized outside the pit to avoid land subsidence in buildings and pipelines. The coupling effect of the cut-off wall and pumping well is used to control the drawdown outside the foundation pit. However, the coupling mechanism is not intuitively well understood because of the limitations of existing experimental methods. In this study, transparent soil was introduced to model the coupling mechanism in the physical model test. High-purity fused silica and mixed paraffin oil were used as skeleton and fluid to simulate the confined aquifer and groundwater. Industrial solid dye and paraffin oil were used as tracers. A camera was used to collect flow information. Tests were performed for the combinations of cut-off wall and partially penetrating pumping wells. The insertion depth ratio of the cut-off wall most effectively influenced the drawdown. The layout of the pumping wells in horizontal direction influenced water level distribution and flow rate. The optimal depth of the pumping wells was 1–5 m above the bottom of the cut-off wall, and the optimal horizontal distance between the cut-off wall and the pumping wells was 25% of the pit width. Non-Darcy flow was observed within the range of 0–10 m around the bottom of the cut-off wall. These results were significant in understanding the cut-off wall and pumping well coupling effect on foundation pit dewatering.

     

Numerical simulation and land subsidence control for deep foundation pit dewatering of Longyang Road Station on Shanghai Metro Line 18

In terms of controlling groundwater in deep foundation pit projects, the usual methods include increasing the curtain depth, reducing the amount of pumped groundwater, and implementing integrated control, in order to reduce the drawdown and land subsidence outside pits. In dewatering design for confined water, factors including drawdown requirements, the thickness of aquifers, the depth of dewatering wells and the depth of cutoff curtains have to be considered comprehensively and numerical simulations are generally conducted for calculation and analysis. Longyang Road Station on Shanghai Metro Line 18 is taken as the case study subject in this paper, a groundwater seepage model is developed according to the on-site engineering geological conditions and hydrogeological conditions, the excavation depth of the foundation pit as well as the design depth of the enclosure, hydrogeological parameters are determined via the pumping test, and the foundation pit dewatering is simulated by means of the three-dimensional finite difference method, which produces numerical results that consistent with real monitoring data as to the groundwater table. Besides, the drawdown and the land subsidence both inside and outside the pit caused by foundation pit dewatering are calculated and analyzed for various curtain depths. This study reveals that the drawdown and the land subsidence change faster near the curtain with the increase in the curtain depth, and the gradient of drawdown and land subsidence changes dwindles beyond certain depths. In this project, the curtain depth of 47/49 m is adopted, and a drawdown-land subsidence verification test is completed given hanging curtains before the excavation. The result turns out that the real measurements basically match the calculation results from the numerical simulation, and by increasing the depth of curtains, the land subsidence resulting from dewatering is effectively controlled.     

Numerical simulation and land subsidence control for deep foundation pit dewatering of Longyang Road Station on Shanghai Metro Line 18

In terms of controlling groundwater in deep foundation pit projects, the usual methods include increasing the curtain depth, reducing the amount of pumped groundwater, and implementing integrated control, in order to reduce the drawdown and land subsidence outside pits. In dewatering design for confined water, factors including drawdown requirements, the thickness of aquifers, the depth of dewatering wells and the depth of cutoff curtains have to be considered comprehensively and numerical simulations are generally conducted for calculation and analysis. Longyang Road Station on Shanghai Metro Line 18 is taken as the case study subject in this paper, a groundwater seepage model is developed according to the on-site engineering geological conditions and hydrogeological conditions, the excavation depth of the foundation pit as well as the design depth of the enclosure, hydrogeological parameters are determined via the pumping test, and the foundation pit dewatering is simulated by means of the three-dimensional finite difference method, which produces numerical results that consistent with real monitoring data as to the groundwater table. Besides, the drawdown and the land subsidence both inside and outside the pit caused by foundation pit dewatering are calculated and analyzed for various curtain depths. This study reveals that the drawdown and the land subsidence change faster near the curtain with the increase in the curtain depth, and the gradient of drawdown and land subsidence changes dwindles beyond certain depths. In this project, the curtain depth of 47/49 m is adopted, and a drawdown-land subsidence verification test is completed given hanging curtains before the excavation. The result turns out that the real measurements basically match the calculation results from the numerical simulation, and by increasing the depth of curtains, the land subsidence resulting from dewatering is effectively controlled.