Landsat8不透水面遥感信息提取方法对比

不透水面是重要的地表覆盖类型,利用卫星遥感影像准确提取不透水面信息对于掌握地表覆盖变化具有重要意义。现有研究已提出了多种不透水面遥感信息提取指数,但目前尚缺乏对这些不透水面指数的系统对比分析。利用Landsat8卫星遥感影像,测试了目前8种主要不透水面指数的提取精度。结果表明,在现有不透水面指数中,垂直不透水层指数能够有效增强不透水面信息,不透水面提取精度最高(89. 6%),其次是比值居民地指数和生物物理组分指数(87. 5%和87. 4%),城市指数与新建筑指数提取精度再次之(82. 9%和80. 0%),归一化差值不透水面指数、归一化建筑指数和基于指数的建筑指数未能有效增强不透水面信息,提取精度较低(75. 0%)。此外,这8种不透水面指数都未能有效解决不透水面与大片裸地光谱混淆的问题,在裸地广泛分布的区域难以准确提取不透水面,平均提取精度仅为71. 0%,影响了不透水面指数的大区域应用。     

一种新的增强型不透水面指数

针对已有不透水面指数用于提取西北干旱地区城市不透水面存在一定的局限性以及阈值确定的繁琐性等问题,该文提出了一种新的增强型不透水面指数(ENDISI)。基于Landsat8_OLI影像利用ENDISI以兰州市建成区为例进行不透水面信息提取,总体精度达到88.5%,结果较为理想。相比于已有的不透水面指数,ENDISI可以有效避免西北干旱区沙土、裸露山体的影响,适用性更强;采用“0”作为提取不透水面的阈值,简单客观并且提取精度高。综上表明ENDISI可用于西北干旱地区城市不透水面信息的简单、快速、客观、高效提取,进而能够为城市发展研究及规划提供基础支持。     

一种新的增强型不透水面指数

针对已有不透水面指数用于提取西北干旱地区城市不透水面存在一定的局限性以及阈值确定的繁琐性等问题,该文提出了一种新的增强型不透水面指数(ENDISI)。基于Landsat8_OLI影像利用ENDISI以兰州市建成区为例进行不透水面信息提取,总体精度达到88.5%,结果较为理想。相比于已有的不透水面指数,ENDISI可以有效避免西北干旱区沙土、裸露山体的影响,适用性更强;采用“0”作为提取不透水面的阈值,简单客观并且提取精度高。综上表明ENDISI可用于西北干旱地区城市不透水面信息的简单、快速、客观、高效提取,进而能够为城市发展研究及规划提供基础支持。     

一种新的增强型不透水面指数

针对已有不透水面指数用于提取西北干旱地区城市不透水面存在一定的局限性以及阈值确定的繁琐性等问题,该文提出了一种新的增强型不透水面指数(ENDISI)。基于Landsat8_OLI影像利用ENDISI以兰州市建成区为例进行不透水面信息提取,总体精度达到88.5%,结果较为理想。相比于已有的不透水面指数,ENDISI可以有效避免西北干旱区沙土、裸露山体的影响,适用性更强;采用“0”作为提取不透水面的阈值,简单客观并且提取精度高。综上表明ENDISI可用于西北干旱地区城市不透水面信息的简单、快速、客观、高效提取,进而能够为城市发展研究及规划提供基础支持。     

一种基于TM影像的不透水面信息提取方法

针对TM影像不透水面提取的研究,通过综合分析被广泛应用于提取不透水面的归一化差异不透水面指数法和归一化差异植被指数法,从而提出一种改进的快速提取不透水面的方法--实验指数组合法,即通过将植被指数取反减去水体指数。以高分影像ZY3和可提供经纬度信息的Google Earth作为参考,将归一化差值不透水面指数、归一化差值植被指数和实验指数组合法得到的提取结果分别进行评价,获得了图像的分类精度,对比可知实验组合指数法的精度高于其他两种指数结果,其精度为88.16%。     

一种新的增强型不透水面指数

针对西北干旱地区城市不透水面提取存在的局限性以及阈值确定的繁琐性等问题,该文提出了一种新的增强型不透水面指数(ENDISI)。基于Landsat8_OLI影像,以兰州市建成区为例进行不透水面信息提取,总体精度达到88.5%,结果较为理想。相比于已有的不透水面指数,ENDISI可以有效避免西北干旱区沙土、裸露山体的影响,适用性更强;采用"0"作为提取不透水面的阈值,简单、客观并且提取精度高。综上表明,ENDISI可用于西北干旱地区城市不透水面信息的高效提取。     

南昌地区不透水面信息自动提取

随着城市化进程的不断加速，不透水面成为一种十分关键的地表覆盖类型之一，如何快速获取高精度的不透水面信息成为目前遥感研究的重点话题。考虑不透水面构成复杂、光谱曲线复杂的特征，本文基于决策树思想，通过建成区指数（BUAI）、改进的归一化水体指数（MNDWI），制作研究区植被、水体掩膜，并根据研究区土壤反射光谱特点制作研究区土壤掩膜。通过基于决策树思想的提取模型，结合掩膜文件，逐步剔除透水面，得到不透水面信息。结果表明：该模型提取的不透水面信息总体精度达到了98.27%，Kappa系数为0.86。通过和实地信息对比分析，认为该模型提取结果较为可靠，适用于大范围地区的不透水面信息提取。     

基于改进NDBI指数法的不透水面信息提取

从对不透水面信息的光谱特征入手,分析了不透水面在Landsat ETM+遥感影像上第3、4、5、6波段与其他地类的光谱差异,发现利用归一化植被指数(NDVI)设定合适阈值可以剔除植被信息;构建了一种改进NDBI指数的不透水面信息提取算法,并以福州市为研究区,对该算法进行了验证。结果表明,与常规的NDBI指数法相比,改进后的方法能有效地将不透水面与稀疏植被、裸地区分开,大大提高了不透水面信息的提取精度。     

基于TM图像的城市不透水面信息提取

基于TM图像,利用遥感技术,以山西省太原市为研究区域,提取不透水面信息.综合比较和分析了被广泛应用的主成分分析法和归一化差值不透水面指数法,进而提出了一种改进的不透水面提取方法——实验图层组合法.利用随机生成的256个分类评价采样点,以可提供经纬度信息的Google Earth作为参考,将通过监督分类方法获得的分别基于原始多波段图像以及主成分分析法、归一化差值不透水面指数法和实验图层组合法得到的分类结果进行了评估,获得了4种图像的分类精度.比较可知,实验图层组合法总体分类精度高于其他3种结果,为87.72％,Kappa系数为0.85.     

融合多特征的城市不透水面覆盖率估算方法

高分辨率遥感技术的发展为准确估算城市区域精确不透水面信息提供了有效可靠的数据源。为了利用高分遥感影像精确估算不透水面信息,提出了一种基于多特征的城市不透水面覆盖率(Impervious Surface Percentage,ISP)遥感估算模型。该方法利用Sentinel-2光学遥感数据和珞珈一号夜间灯光遥感数据,从多个角度提取了反映不透水面信息的指数特征,基于多元回归分析方法构建了多因子不透水面覆盖率估算模型。以南京市为研究区对该方法进行了验证。结果表明,多因子不透水面覆盖率估算模型可以有效融合多种遥感信息,明显提高了城市ISP估算精度。     

Exploring improvement of impervious surface estimation at national scale through integration of nighttime light and Proba-V data

Directly mapping impervious surface area (ISA) at national and global scales using nighttime light data is a challenge due to the complexity of land surface components and the impacts of unbalanced economic conditions. Previous research mainly used the coarse spatial resolution Defense Meteorological Satellite Program’s Operational Linescan System (DMSP OLS) and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) data for ISA mapping; the improved spatial resolution and data quality in the Suomi National Polar-orbiting Partnership, Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite’s Day/Night Band (VIIRS DNB) and in Proba-V data provide a new opportunity to accurately map ISA distribution at the national scale, which has not been explored yet. This research aimed to develop a new index – modified impervious surface index (MISI) – based on VIIRS DNB and Proba-V data to improve ISA estimation and to compare the results with those from the combination of VIIRS DNB and MODIS NDVI data. Landsat data were used to develop ISA data for the typical sites for use as reference data. Regression analysis was used to establish the ISA estimation model in which the dependent variable was from the Landsat data and the independent variable was from the MISI, as well as the previously used Large-scale Impervious Surface Index (LISI). The results indicate that the major error is from the very small or very large proportion of ISA in a unit; improvement of spatial resolution through use of higher spatial resolution nighttime light data (e.g., VIIRS DNB) or NDVI (e.g., Proba-V NDVI) data is an effective approach to improve ISA estimation. Although different indices for the combination of nighttime light and NDVI data have been used, the MISI is especially valuable for reducing the estimation errors for the regions with a small or large ISA proportion.     

基于光谱混合分解的流域不透水面提取及其动态分析——以于桥水库为例

不透水面不仅是城市非点源污染的主要来源,还是流域生态环境变化的主要因素之一。不透水面的数量、位置、几何形状、分布格局以及透水率与不透水率的比值,均影响着流域的水文环境,因此成为研究热点。本文以天津于桥水库流域为例,综合遥感(RS)与地理信息系统(GIS)技术,从流域尺度上研究1984~2013年间不透水面覆盖度的变化。在ENVI 5.1软件支持下,利用遥感影像获取1984,1994,2004和2013年4个时相的不透水面信息。采用修正后的归一化水体指数剔除水体信息,排除水体对不透水面提取精度的影响。运用线性光谱混合分析法(Linear Spectral Mixture Analysis,LSMA),提取流域不透水面覆盖度。结果表明:流域内不透水面覆盖度大多集中在1~5级,植被覆盖程度较高。近30年间不透水面比例逐年增加,2013年比1984年增加了2.802%,呈线性增长。中等分辨率的遥感影像适合流域尺度的不透水面提取的结果可作为流域水文及规划管理的重要基础性数据。     

武汉城镇化与热岛效应的定量研究

针对目前城市化进程加快对城市增温和城市热岛效应的促进作用尚不十分明确的问题,提出基于遥感技术的城镇化与热岛效应数量关系的构建。结果表明,1987-2013年间,武汉市中城镇化水平(50%~80%ISA)面积增加了14.5倍,高城镇化水平(80%~100%ISA)面积增加了2.8倍,城镇化范围沿着武汉市主城区和主要干道不断扩张;不透水面值与地表温度表现出明显正相关,不透水面值平均增加1%,可使地表温度增温0.06℃~0.19℃,城镇化水平对武汉城市热岛效应作用明显。研究结果为探讨城市热岛效应的缓解对策提供了基础,对合理规划和管理城市化意义重大。     

Bi-temporal characterization of land surface temperature in relation to impervious surface area,NDVI and NDBI,using a sub-pixel image analysis

As more than 50% of the human population are situated in cities of the world, urbanization has become an important contributor to global warming due to remarkable urban heat island (UHI) effect. UHI effect has been linked to the regional climate, environment, and socio-economic development. In this study, Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) and Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) imagery, respectively acquired in 1989 and 2001, were utilized to assess urban area thermal characteristics in Fuzhou, the capital city of Fujian province in south-eastern China. As a key indicator for the assessment of urban environments, sub-pixel impervious surface area (ISA) was mapped to quantitatively determine urban land-use extents and urban surface thermal patterns. In order to accurately estimate urban surface types, high-resolution imagery was utilized to generate the proportion of impervious surface areas. Urban thermal characteristics was further analysed by investigating the relationships between the land surface temperature (LST), percent impervious surface area, and two indices, the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Normalized Difference Built-up Index (NDBI). The results show that correlations between NDVI and LST are rather weak, but there is a strong positive correlation between percent ISA, NDBI and LST. This suggests that percent ISA, combined with LST, and NDBI, can quantitatively describe the spatial distribution and temporal variation of urban thermal patterns and associated land-use/land-cover (LULC) conditions.     

基于多时相遥感的鄂尔多斯市不透水面变化分析

不透水面作为城市发展和生态环境的重要评估因子,在保障生态环境健康和城市可持续发展中具有重大意义。本文以鄂尔多斯为研究区,通过融合多时相Landsat和夜间灯光数据,提取1990—2019年的不透水面信息,并利用重心分析法、标准差椭圆理论和景观指数理论分析时空演变规律。研究结果表明:①1990—2019年鄂尔多斯市不透水面经历了快速扩张;东北部不透水面覆盖度高于西南部;不透水面的扩张模式总体上表现为“向外扩张-向内加密”。②东北部扩张速度减缓,西南部扩张速度增快。③不透水面扩张的方向性减弱;不透水面扩张的方向有由“东北-西南”向“东-西”转变的趋势。④斑块数量及边缘斑块破碎度增加,城市与郊区的连通性增强,城市有向周边郊区扩张的趋势。本文研究对于进一步了解城市生态环境健康与城市可持续发展的相关关系具有一定的参考价值。     

A pre-screened and normalized multiple endmember spectral mixture analysis for mapping impervious surface area in Lake Kasumigaura Basin,Japan

The impervious surface area (ISA) has emerged not only as an indicator of the degree of urbanization, but also as a major indicator of environmental quality for drainage basin management. However, since almost all of the methods for estimating ISA have been developed for urban environments, it is questionable whether these methods can be successfully applied to drainage basins, such as those found in Japan, which usually have more complicated vegetation components (e.g. paddy field, plowed field and dense forest). This paper presents a pre-screened and normalized multiple endmember spectral mixture analysis (PNMESMA) method, which includes a new endmember selection strategy and an integration of the normalized spectral mixture analysis (NSMA) and multiple endmember spectral mixture analysis (MESMA), for estimating the ISA fraction in Lake Kasumigaura Basin, Japan. This new proposed method is superior to the previous methods in that the estimation error of the proposed method is much smaller than the previous SMA- or NSMA-based methods for drainage basin environments. The overall root mean square error was reduced to 5.2%, and no obvious underestimation or overestimation occurred for high or low ISA areas. Through the assessment of environmental quality in Lake Kasumigaura Basin using the ISA fraction, the results showed that the basin has been in the impacted category since 1987, and that in the two decades since, the environmental quality has continued to decline. If this decline continues, then Lake Kasumigaura Basin will fall into the degraded category by 2017.     

Mapping urban growth of the capital city of Honduras from Landsat data using the impervious surface fraction algorithm

This study developed an impervious surface fraction algorithm (ISFA) for automatic mapping of urban areas from Landsat data. We processed the data for 2001 and 2014 to trace the urbanization of Tegucigalpa, the capital city of Honduras, using a four-step procedure: (1) data pre-processing to perform image reflectance normalization, (2) quantification of impervious surface area (ISA) using ISFA, (3) accuracy assessment of mapping results and (4) change analysis of urban growth. The mapping results compared with the ground reference data confirmed the validity of ISFA for automatic delineation of ISA in the study region. The overall accuracy and Kappa coefficient achieved for 2001 were 92.8% and 0.86, while the values for 2014 were 91.8% and 0.84, respectively. The results of change detection between the classification maps indicated that ISA increased approximately 1956.7 ha from 2001 to 2014, mainly attributing to the increase of the city’s population.     

1987-2015年宁波市不透水面时空变化分析

全面掌握城市不透水面变化规律和现状,对于城市化进程研究、城市规划发展和生态文明建设等具有重要的意义。以宁波市为研究区,基于1987-2015年的Landsat影像,利用完全约束最小二乘混合像元分解法实现宁波市不透水面信息提取,结果表明:完全约束最小二乘混合像元分解法避免了不透水面丰度出现负值的情况,提取精度较好;近30年宁波市不透水面扩张显著,不透水面面积增长近5倍,扩张速率和强度在2007-2010年达到最大,并逐渐趋于平稳,2007年以前宁波市城市扩张以三江口片和各区县(市)主城区为主,2007年后则以新区经济发展带扩张为主。     

Characterizing bi-temporal patterns of land surface temperature using landscape metrics based on sub-pixel classifications from Landsat TM/ETM+

Landscape patterns in a region have different sizes, shapes and spatial arrangements, which contribute to the spatial heterogeneity of the landscape and are linked to the distinct behavior of thermal environments. There is a lack of research generating landscape metrics from discretized percent impervious surface area data (ISA), which can be used as an indicator of urban spatial structure and level of development, and quantitatively characterizing the spatial patterns of landscapes and land surface temperatures (LST). In this study, linear spectral mixture analysis (LSMA) is used to derive sub-pixel ISA. Continuous fractional cover thresholds are used to discretize percent ISA into different categories related to urban land cover patterns. Landscape metrics are calculated based on different ISA categories and used to quantify urban landscape patterns and LST configurations. The characteristics of LST and percent ISA are quantified by landscape metrics such as indices of patch density, aggregation, connectedness, shape and shape complexity. The urban thermal intensity is also analyzed based on percent ISA. The results indicate that landscape metrics are sensitive to the variation of pixel values of fractional ISA, and the integration of LST, LSMA. Landscape metrics provide a quantitative method for describing the spatial distribution and seasonal variation in urban thermal patterns in response to associated urban land cover patterns.     

Developing soil indices based on brightness,darkness, and greenness to improve land surface mapping accuracy

Soil, as one of the three basic biophysical components, has been understudied using remote sensing techniques compared to vegetation and impervious surface areas (ISA). This study characterized land surfaces based on the brightness–darkness–greenness model. These three dimensions, brightness, darkness, and greenness, were represented by the first Tasseled Cap Transformation (TC1), Normalize Difference Snow Index (NDSI), and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), respectively. The Ratio Index for Bright Soil (RIBS) was developed based on TC1 and NDSI, and the Product Index for Dark Soil (PIDS) was established by TC1 and NDVI. Their applications to the Landsat 8 Operational Land Imager images and 500 m 8-day composite Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) in China revealed the efficiency. The two soil indices proficiently highlighted soil covers with consistently the smallest values, due to larger TC1 and smaller NDSI values in bright soil, and smaller NDVI and TC1 values in dark soil. The RIBS is capable of distinguishing bright soil from ISA without masking vegetation and water body. The spectral separability bright soil and ISA were perfect, with a Jeffries–Matusita distance of 1.916. And the PIDS was the only soil index that could discriminate dark soil from other land covers including ISA. The soil areas in China were classified using a simple threshold method based on MODIS images. An overall accuracy of 94.00% was obtained, with the kappa index of 0.8789. This study provided valuable insights into developing indices for characterizing land surfaces from different perspectives.