重庆长河碥煤矿晚三叠世2号煤中微量元素的赋存状态

为了探讨煤中微量元素的赋存状态和地质成因,本文运用电离耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)、电离耦合等离子体原子发射光谱(ICP-AES)、X射线荧光光谱(XRF)、冷原子吸收光谱(CV-AAS)、离子选择性电极法(ISE)、逐级化学提取试验(SCEE)等,研究了重庆长河碥矿晚三叠世须家河组2号煤层中微量元素的含量、赋存特征及其影响因素.发现该煤层中As(12.9 μg/g)、Cu(125 μg/g)、Cr(72 μg/g)、Ni(63 μg/g)、Pb(111 μg/g)等元素富集;逐级化学提取结果显示,煤层中Pb主要赋存在低温热液成因的黄铁矿脉中;Cr主要存在于粘土矿物中,Cr可能与陆源碎屑供给有关;Cu不仅与粘土矿物有关,也与煤中黄铁矿有关.表明低温热液流体和陆源碎屑供给对该煤中主要微量有害元素的含量和赋存特征起了决定作用.     

贵州织金煤矿区晚二叠世煤地球化学性质变异的硅质低温热液流体效应

运用仪器中子活化分析、电离耦合等离子体原子发射光谱、X射线荧光光谱、X射线衍射分析、带能谱仪的扫描电镜和逐级化学提取试验研究了贵州织金煤矿区上二叠统含煤岩系30号煤层中伴生元素的含量、赋存状态和矿物特征。结果表明,煤层中有高含量的脉状石英(9．4％),其δ^30Si、δ^18O值分别为0．6％。和15.4‰,表明脉状石英来源于硅质低温热液流体;脉状石英是煤中高含量Fe(2．31％)、Cu(356μg／g)、U(8μg／g)、Pd(2．1μg／g)、Pt(2．43μg／g)和Ir(0．006μg／g)的主要载体。     

云南砚山晚二叠世煤中V、Cr、Mo和U的丰度与赋存状态

运用电离耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)和逐级化学提取(SCEE)的方法测定了云南砚山晚二叠世煤中金属元素的含量,发现煤中高度富集V、Cr、Mo和U,含量分别为621 μg/g、315 μg/g、198 μg/g和167 μg/g.逐级化学提取结果表明,这4种元素主要赋存在有机质和硅铝化合物中,反映其是在泥炭聚集期间或成岩作用早期进入到泥炭沼泽而富集的.     

贵州普安矿区晚二叠世煤中贵金属元素的赋存状态和地质成因

运用电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)和逐级化学提取技术(SCET)对贵州西部普安矿区晚二叠世煤中贵金属元素的含量、赋存状态和成因机理进行了研究.结果表明,贵州普安矿区2号主采煤层的矿物组成主要为低温热液流体成因的黄铁矿和陆源碎屑成因的粘土矿物;与中国煤煤相比,该煤中Rh(38 ng/g)、Pb(640 ng/g)、Ir(9 ng/g)、Pt(98 ng/g)、Au(16 ng/g)和Ag(1620 ng/g)明显富集,其中Pb、Ir、Au的含量分别是中国煤的4.3倍、9倍和5.3倍.逐级化学提取结果表     

贵州普安-晴隆矿区晚二叠世煤及煤灰中伴生元素的富集特征

运用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪（ICP-MS）和电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪（ICP-AES）分别对普安-晴隆矿区晚二叠世C17、C19、C22和C26号煤层中8个煤样和7个煤灰样进行微量元素含量的测试分析。结果表明,煤及煤灰中明显富集Li、Sc、V、Cr、Co、Ge、As、Nb、Mo、W、U等元素,且各元素在煤灰中更加富集,Nb、Zr、V、Ga和U等伴生金属元素的含量基本达到或超过了对应元素的边界品位或最低工业品位。煤中伴生元素的富集成因研究表明,V、Cr、Co、Nb和Zr等元素的富集主要受物源区峨眉山玄武岩风化碎屑物质供给的控制;U、S、Mo等元素的有限富集与海水作用有关;而受成煤期同沉积火山灰沉降的影响,煤中Li、Nb、Zr、Mo和U等微量元素表现出一致富集的特点;成煤期后的低温热液作用,使得各煤层,尤其是底部煤层（C19、C26）明显富集As、Mo、U和W等元素。综合分析认为,成煤期同沉积的火山灰沉降和成煤期后的低温热液作用是普安-晴隆矿区晚二叠世煤中伴生元素异常富集的主控地质因素。      

淮南矿区煤中12种微量元素的赋存状态及环境效应

为研究淮南矿区煤中微量元素的赋存状态和环境效应,在淮南矿区7个矿井共采集17个样品,采用电感耦合等离子质谱仪（ICP-MS）测定了12种微量元素的含量,分别利用聚类分析和因子分析,结合其地球化学性质,讨论了它们的赋存状态,并采用静态燃烧实验研究其挥发性。结果表明:研究的元素没有异常富集;Zn和Cu赋存于闪锌矿中,Cr、Pb和Cd被粘土矿物吸附,Ba可能赋存于铁白云石和方解石中,Ni、Mo、Co和As主要赋存于黄铁矿中,Be和Se以有机结合态存在;研究的元素大多不易挥发,但Zn和Pb易挥发,且含量较高,环境危害较大,Zn和Pb分别赋存于闪锌矿和粘土矿物中,可通过洗选脱除减小其危害。      

新疆东天山土墩铜镍硫化物矿床中铂的赋存形式及其地质意义

土墩铜镍矿床位于东天山黄山—镜儿泉铜镍成矿带的西端,具有较好的铜、镍资源前景。铜镍矿石中主要金属矿物为黄铜矿、磁黄铁矿、镍黄铁矿、磁铁矿以及黄铁矿等。在详细研究土墩铜镍矿床成矿地质背景的基础上,通过对土墩铜镍矿床中浸染状矿石和块状矿石中主要金属矿物进行电子探针原位测试发现,金属矿物中Pt含量较高,范围在490~2 450 g/t之间,平均为1 713 g/t,而Pd含量则较低。进一步研究Pt的赋存形式及矿石中伴生元素Co、Se、Ag、Sb等的元素地球化学特征,结果表明,晚期成矿热液对早期镍黄铁矿和磁黄铁矿的交代使Pt常发生扩散交代作用,这种热液改造作用对贵金属元素的活化和再富集具有重要意义。此外,土墩铜镍矿床中具有高Se含量、较低S/Se比值以及高R因子值的矿段是极有可能形成铂族元素(PGE)的矿化富集带。     

贵州晴隆矿区K6煤层的元素地球化学特征

运用电离耦合等离子体质谱、X射线荧光光谱、带能谱仪的扫描电镜和逐级化学提取等技术,对贵州西部晴隆矿区晚二叠世K6煤层的元素地球化学特征进行了研究。研究表明,除Cu、S和Fe以外,斑铜矿是造成该煤层中Bi和Pb富集的主要原因。由火山灰、陆源碎屑和有机质组成的特殊“集合体”是引起该煤层中Cr、Cu、F、U和Zr异常的主要因素。     

黔西晚二叠世煤地球化学性质变异及特殊组构的火山灰成因

运用仪器中子活化分析(INAA)、电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱(ICP—AES)、X射线衍射(XRD)、带能谱仪的扫描电镜(SEM—EDX)及光学显微镜等手段，对黔西晚二叠世煤地球化学性质变异及其特殊组构的火山灰成因进行了研究。结果表明，贵州西部织金矿区9煤层中异常高含量的Fe(4．24％)、Cu(369．90μg／g)、U(49．6μg／g)、Mo(63．10μg／g)、Zn(33．97μg／g)等是来源于同沉积基性火山灰降落到泥炭沼泽中所致；高含量的Fe、Cu并非以通常意义的煤中硫化物状态存在；除煤中有机质和陆源碎屑外，发现了由火山灰、有机质和陆源碎屑所形成的煤层中的特殊组构，暂定名为沉碳质火山胶凝物，它是一种有机—无机高度混合物质，根据沉碳质火山胶凝物的形态特征和物质组成，厘定出6种组构类型，分别是：网状组构、细屑组构、基质组构、孔腔组构、均质组构和碎屑组构。     

拉尔玛Au-Cu-U成矿带中的硒矿资源

拉尔玛Au-Cu-u成矿带位于西秦岭南亚带。矿带赋存于寒武系太阳顶群地层中。该矿带中广泛分布着富Se碳质硅岩与碳质板岩，碳质硅岩层中Se(平均含量24．756μg／g，n=32)比板岩层(平均含量12．883μg／g，n=27)更为明显。     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论

据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料，就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因，其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应，以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上，讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。     

塘口水电站坝基岩体透水性和渗漏问题分析

塘口水电站大坝基础座落在断层和裂隙较发育的龟裂纹灰岩上,岩体完整性差、透水性强,多年运行后,大坝灌浆廊道和排水廊道出现多处集中性漏水,为确保大坝安全和电站正常发电,根据渗漏性质和成因,采用对灌浆廊道补充帷幕灌浆,对排水廊道进行固结+帷幕+回填灌浆。通过灌浆处理后,效果良好,表明灌浆工程有效的将导致坝基渗漏的上下游的裂隙通道封闭,并顺利的经受了随后的汛期洪水考验,大坝安全得到保障。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Calculation of the Inverse of the Covariance

In reservoir characterization, the covariance is often used to describe the spatial correlation and variation in rock properties or the uncertainty in rock properties. The inverse of the covariance, on the other hand, is seldom discussed in geostatistics. In this paper, I show that the inverse is required for simulation and estimation of Gaussian random fields, and that it can be identified with the differential operator in regularized inverse theory. Unfortunately, because the covariance matrix for parameters in reservoir models can be extremely large, calculation of the inverse can be a problem. In this paper, I discuss four methods of calculating the inverse of the covariance, two of which are analytical, and two of which are purely numerical. By taking advantage of the assumed stationarity of the covariance, none of the methods require inversion of the full covariance matrix.     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

The Tendencies of the Development of the Mineral-Resources Sector at the Turn of the Century

Important tendencies in development of the world mineral-resources sector at the beginning of the 21st century were an increase in production and consumption of mineral materials differentiated by types of metals and nonmetallic mineral raw materials, by countries and regions, as well as the concentration of the production of mineral raw materials in a small number of countries, and a reduction in industrial reserves of minerals in the world economy, even at the current stage of their extraction. These tendencies should be taken into account in working out a strategy for development of the Russian mineral raw-material base.