赣南西华山钨矿床硫、铅同位素组成对成矿物质来源的示踪

为明确西华山钨矿床成矿物质的来源,本文以矿床中的硫化物和钾长石为研究对象,通过硫化物中硫、铅同位素的研究,对矿床成矿物质来源进行探讨。结果表明,矿石中黄铁矿δ34S值为-2.1‰~0.4‰,辉钼矿δ34S值为4‰~7.9‰,硫主要来源于岩浆。辉钼矿、黄铁矿、钾长石的206 Pb/204 Pb值分别为18.718~18.849、18.640~18.745、18.698~18.792;207Pb/204Pb值分别为15.762~15.770、15.704~15.747、15.697~15.724;208 Pb/204 Pb值分别为39.094~39.134、38.902~39.056、38.904~39.012。由此判断矿床中矿石铅与岩石铅同位素组成具有同源关系,矿石铅主要来自与岩浆作用有关的上地壳;成矿物质来源于上地壳重熔形成的花岗岩浆,即上地壳岩浆侵位,为成矿作用提供部分成矿物质,同时也暗示成矿物质是由体现壳源特征的西华山复式岩体提供。     

渝东南秀山石堤铅锌矿S、Pb同位素地球化学特征与成矿物质来源探讨

石堤铅锌矿位于重庆市秀山县境内,紧邻湖南花垣铅锌矿,矿体赋存于中寒武统平井组碳酸盐岩中。本文对该矿床矿石进行了系统的硫、铅同位素研究,探讨了成矿物质来源。研究表明,石堤铅锌矿矿石中硫化物δ34S值变化范围为10.8‰~15.6‰,平均13.52‰,主要为海相硫酸盐的还原产物,硫酸盐的还原机制为热化学还原作用。矿石铅206Pb/204Pb为18.319~18.422,207Pb/204Pb为15.740~15.784,208Pb/204Pb为38.355~38.511,铅同位素组成较为均一,显示正常铅的组成特征,在Zartman铅同位素图解中,主要位于上地壳演化线之上,在Δβ-Δγ图解中,总体落入上地壳与地幔混合的俯冲带铅和上地壳铅的过渡范围内,因此认为石堤铅锌矿床成矿物质主要来源于上地壳物质,下寒武统牛蹄塘组黑色页岩可能是石堤铅锌矿床成矿物质的重要来源。     

内蒙古甲生盘铅锌硫矿床铅同位素组成及其对成矿物质来源的示踪意义

甲生盘铅锌硫矿床位于华北地台北缘狼山—渣尔泰山成矿带内,赋矿地层为中元古代渣尔泰山群的一套黑色岩系。铅同位素测试结果表明,甲生盘矿床铅同位素组成分为两组:A组以低放射性成因铅为特征,其同位素组成206Pb/204Pb为15.889~16.257,207Pb/204Pb为15.158~15.455,208Pb/204Pb为35.112~36.271;B组以相对高放射性成因铅为特征,其同位素组成206Pb/204Pb为17.871~18.990,207Pb/204Pb为15.509~15.672,208Pb/204Pb为37.525~38.770。矿石硫化物明显分为早期沉积的层纹状、浸染状细粒硫化物和后期脉状产出的粗粒硫化物,均含有A、B两组铅特征,前者以A组特征为主,后者以B组特征为主。根据铅构造模式图解及μ值等铅同位素参数综合分析:A组铅来自上地壳中的造山带,并且有幔源铅的补偿,成矿物质来自于古老的基底地层;B组铅主要来源于上地壳,部分受矿体北翼花岗岩侵入体的影响,成矿物质主要来自赋矿围岩;矿床铅具有多来源混合铅结构特征。     

黔西北纳雍枝铅锌矿硫铅同位素组成特征及成矿物质来源

纳雍枝铅锌矿床位于扬子陆块西南缘的黔西北铅锌成矿区东南部五指山背斜南东翼,矿体产于寒武系下统清虚洞组白云岩中。矿区主要有2层铅锌矿体,为层状、似层状,产状与围岩一致,矿石类型主要有浸染状铅锌矿石、脉状铅锌矿石、条带状铅锌矿石,属沉积改造型铅锌矿床。矿石硫化物的δ34S值变化于18.0‰~23.8‰,成矿流体的总硫同位素值(δ34SΣS)大于+19.7‰,富34S,具典型壳源特征,与海水硫酸盐的硫同位素组成范围接近,可能主要来自容矿地层寒武系及其下伏地层震旦系海相硫酸盐岩的热化学还原;206Pb/204Pb为17.849~17.973,207Pb/204Pb为15.640~15.733,208Pb/204Pb为37.932~38.246,主要分布于上地壳演化线上方,部分位于造山带和上地壳铅演化线范围内,μ值9.61~9.79,Th/U比值3.81~3.89,指示铅来源于上地壳,铅同位素组成与上震旦统灯影组碳酸盐岩相近,矿石铅的单阶段模式年龄为591 Ma~636 Ma,与上震旦统灯影组沉积时代一致,推测矿床成矿物质可能来自矿层下伏地层上震旦统灯影组。     

东昆仑东段那更康切尔银矿硫-铅同位素特征与找矿模型

那更康切尔银矿是东昆仑造山带的大型热液脉型独立银矿床,有望达到超大型规模。以矿区地质特征为研究基础,开展硫化物硫-铅同位素、二长花岗岩和花岗闪长岩铅同位素研究,探讨成矿物质来源及两类岩体与成矿的关系。矿区硫化物样品(黄铁矿、方铅矿和闪锌矿)的δ34S值介于-6.1‰~3.9‰之间,主体δ34 S值介于-4‰~2.1‰之间,数值集中,指示成矿物质硫源具有深源岩浆硫的特征。矿石铅同位素组成中206 Pb/204 Pb、207 Pb/204 Pb、208 Pb/204 Pb的变化范围分别为18.28~18.62、15.6~15.73、38.38~39.1,矿石铅具有壳幔混合源的特点。矿区内二长花岗岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄为239±1 Ma,(206Pb/204Pb)i、(207Pb/204Pb)i、(208Pb/204Pb)i值分别为18.389~18.585、15.638~15.648、38.288~38.558;花岗闪长岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄为252±1 Ma,(206Pb/204Pb)i、(207Pb/204Pb)i、(208Pb/204Pb)i值分别为18.348~18.447、15.625~15.629、38.394~38.412,铅同位素组成投图显示成矿与2类岩浆岩关系较弱,与区域上鄂拉山组火山岩呈较明显的线性相关。那更康切尔银矿与邻区哈日扎铅锌银矿床具有相似的成矿物质来源,硫源具有同一性,且矿石铅同位素组成表现出很明显的线性关系,表明2个矿床的成矿物质具有相近或相似的源区或演化过程。成矿地质条件、成矿物质来源及成矿流体特征均表明两者属中-低温热液脉型矿床。综合本文及前人对那更康切尔银矿床的研究,构建了成矿模式和找矿模型,为区域内同类型银矿床的找矿工作提供了指导作用。     

湘南铜山岭铜多金属矿床成矿物质来源的 S、Pb、C同位素约束

铜山岭铜多金属矿床是湘南W、Sn、Pb、Zn、Cu多金属矿集区的代表性矿床,本文对其不同类型岩石和矿石矿物进行了S、Pb、C同位素组成对比研究。矿石硫化物的δ34 S值变化范围为-1.9‰~5.7‰,平均值为2.6‰,硫主要来源于硫同位素组成均一化的岩浆。硫化物硫同位素平衡温度表明,矿床主要成矿温度为134~339℃。矿石铅的206 Pb/204 Pb、207 Pb/204 Pb、208 Pb/204 Pb比值分别为18.256~18.856、15.726~15.877、38.352~39.430;岩体岩石铅的206Pb/204Pb、207Pb/204Pb、208Pb/204Pb比值分别为18.617~18.805、15.721~15.786、38.923~39.073;两者铅同位素组成相同,都主要为上地壳铅,是由同一岩浆体系分异形成,可能来源于古老基底岩石。不同类型岩石、方解石矿物的δ13 CPDB值为-9.88‰~1.32‰,δ18 OSMOW值为11.67‰~17.68‰,从矽卡岩矿体到距岩体稍远的围岩地层,方解石矿物的δ13 CPDB、δ18 OSMOW值逐渐增大,成矿流体中的碳早期可能主要来源于岩浆,在成矿过程中有部分碳酸盐岩地层碳的加入。铜山岭矿床成矿物质主要来源于岩浆,赋矿地层对矿床成矿物质来源作用不显著,仅提供了少量成矿物质。     

大兴安岭北段岔路口和大黑山斑岩型钼矿床硫、铅同位素特征

岔路口和大黑山钼矿床位于大兴安岭北段,是近年来新发现的2个斑岩型钼矿床。文章通过对这2个矿床的硫、铅同位素的研究,探讨了成矿物质来源。岔路口矿区硫化物的δ34S值为1.8‰~2.9‰,平均2.4‰;大黑山矿区硫化物的δ34S值变化于0.4‰~2.3‰,平均1.53‰,均显示出典型的岩浆硫特征。岔路口矿区硫化物的206Pb/204Pb、207Pb/204Pb和208Pb/204Pb值分别变化于18.311~18.356、15.536~15.573和38.115~38.229,大黑山矿区硫化物的206Pb/204Pb、207Pb/204Pb和208Pb/204Pb值则分别变化于18.341~18.719、15.529~15.637和38.033~38.363。铅同位素进一步指示铅的来源与燕山期岩浆作用有关。在铅同位素构造模式图中,矿石铅主要投点于地幔演化线和造山带演化线之间,表明铅来自于壳幔物质的混合。大兴安岭北段在晚侏罗世受古太平洋板块俯冲的影响,发生了强烈的壳、幔相互作用并产生了大量含钼岩浆,为该区斑岩型钼矿床的形成奠定了基础。     

内蒙古拜仁达坝及维拉斯托银多金属矿床的硫和铅同位素研究

拜仁达坝和维拉斯托是近年来在内蒙古东部地区发现的2个大型银多金属矿床,文章对其开展了硫和铅同位素研究。结果表明,拜仁达坝矿床矿石中硫化物的δ34S值为-4.0‰～+1.6‰,维拉斯托矿床矿石中硫化物的δ34S值为-0.8‰～+2.0‰,与岩浆热液型矿床的硫同位素值接近,表明这2个矿床中的硫主要来自岩浆。拜仁达坝矿区43件金属硫化物的206Pb/204Pb值为18.333～18.515,207Pb/204Pb值为15.532～15.656,208Pb/204Pb值为38.057～38.610;维拉斯托矿区20件金属硫化物的206Pb/204Pb值为18.304～18.377,207Pb/204Pb值为15.520～15.610,208Pb/204Pb值为38.112～38.435。拜仁达坝东矿区矿石中的铅同位素组成与维拉斯托矿区相似,变化范围小,相对贫放射性铅同位素,并且均为混合铅。矿石中的铅可能来自围岩地层及深源岩浆。     

西藏墨竹工卡县洞中拉铅锌矿床S、Pb同位素组成及成矿物质来源

为了探讨西藏墨竹工卡县洞中拉铅锌矿的成矿物质来源,研究矿床成矿机制,对该矿床的矿石样品进行了硫和铅同位素分析,并对其变化规律和成因意义进行讨论。研究结果表明,6件金属硫化物样品(闪锌矿、黄铜矿、方铅矿)的δ34S值变化于2.2‰～4.8‰之间,显示硫同位素组成比较稳定。根据共生硫化物对所确定的温度,该矿床属中低温热液矿床。6件金属硫化物样品206Pb/204Pb、207Pb/204Pb和208Pb/204Pb变化范围分别为18.628 0～18.629 6、15.698 0～15.699 9、39.077 5～39.082 4,平均值分别为18.628 70、15.699 02和39.079 37。硫和铅同位素研究结果表明,洞中拉铅锌矿床的硫主要来自沉积围岩,主要为无机还原成因,有少量硫来自本地区燕山晚期花岗岩;洞中拉铅锌矿床矿石铅主要来自上地壳物质。     

湘中龙山Au- Sb矿床成矿物质来源——来自S、Pb和Sr同位素证据

龙山Au-Sb矿床是湘中Au、Sb矿集区的代表性矿床,本文对其不同类型矿石、矿区围岩和区域地层进行了S、Pb、Sr同位素组成对比研究。矿石中硫化物的δ~(34)S值为-3.0‰～5.1‰,平均值2.3‰;矿区围岩的δ~(34)S值为4.0‰～5.9‰,平均值5.2‰;区域地层的δ~(34)S值为9.3‰～13.3‰,平均值11.3‰。矿石与矿区围岩、区域地层的硫同位素组成差别较大,矿石硫具岩浆来源特征。矿石中硫化物的~(206)Pb/~(204)Pb、~(207)Pb/~(204)Pb和~(208)Pb/~(204)Pb比值分别为16.992～18.457、15.392～15.722和37.586～38.960,矿区围岩的~(206)Pb/~(204)Pb、~(207)Pb/~(204)Pb和~(208)Pb/~(204)Pb比值分别为17.630～17.993、15.522～15.644和37.981～38.366;区域地层的~(206)Pb/~(204)Pb、~(207)Pb/~(204)Pb和~(208)Pb/~(204)Pb比值分别为17.566～18.092、15.430～15.630和37.988～38.710。矿石铅同位素组成变化较大,矿石铅的来源较复杂,赋矿地层、印支期岩浆岩和上地幔可能都为其提供了部分铅。石英流体包裹体的(~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr)_i比值为0.71540～0.72309,矿区围岩的(~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr)_i比值为0.71844～0.72153,区域地层的(~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr)_i比值为0.71792～0.71939,矿石、矿区围岩、区域地层的初始锶同位素值均较高,主要为壳源锶,部分锶来自赋矿地层,部分来自印支期岩浆岩。龙山矿床成矿物质具壳幔混合来源特征,矿化剂硫主要来源于岩浆,成矿物质部分来自江口组地层,部分来自印支期岩浆岩。     

内蒙古白音诺尔铅锌矿铅同位素研究

内蒙古白音诺尔铅锌矿床是大兴安岭地区储量最大的铅锌矿床,矿体主要沿花岗闪长（斑）岩与大理岩接触带产出。为了查明成矿物质来源,对矿石中的硫化物和矿区内及外围主要侵入岩开展了铅同位素示踪分析。测试结果表明：矿石中硫化物的N（206Pb）/N（204Pb）为18.266～18.372,平均值18.296,N（207Pb）/N（204Pb）为15.501～15.579,平均值15.536,N（208Pb）/N（204Pb）为38.016～38.339,平均值38.138。铅同位素年龄校正计算结果表明：矿石中硫化物的Pb同位素比值与大理岩和花岗闪长（斑）岩非常相似,表明矿石中的铅主要来自花岗闪长（斑）岩和大理岩,说明成矿物质也主要来自这两类岩石,进一步证明了白音诺尔铅锌矿床的成矿与花岗闪长（斑）岩和大理岩有关,属于矽卡岩型矿床,与喷流沉积型和火山岩块状硫化物矿床有明显的差别。与区域上其他银多金属矿床对比发现,本区银多金属矿床的Pb同位素组成非常相似,其组成范围多有重叠,暗示这些矿床的矿石铅来源也非常相似,可能表明有一个共同的富银的基底或地层为这些银多金属矿床的形成提供了成矿物质来源。     

Geology, Geochemistry and Minerogenesis of the Shijuligou Zinc–Copper Deposit in Gansu, China

Abstract: The Shijuligou deposit was separated by an arcuate ductile shear zone cross the center of the deposit region, resulting in the difference between the southern and northern ore bodies. The lead (Pb) isotopic data of ores of the Shijuligou copper deposit have averages of 206Pb/204Pb, 207Pb/204Pb, and 208Pb/204Pb in 17.634, 15.444, and 37.312, respectively. It has been shown that ore-forming metals originated from intrusive and extrusive rocks in the upper part of ophiolites. The sulfur isotopic data of pyrite and chalcopyrite in the northern part change from +7.61‰ to +8.09‰ and +4.95‰ to +8.88‰ in the southern part. Isotopes of δ18O in the Shijuligou copper deposit are between +11.1‰ and +18.6‰, with the calculated δ18OH2O at +0.65‰. It is suggested that the mineralized fluid is a mixture of magma fluid, meteorological water, and seawater through circulating and leaching metals from the volcanic rocks. The zircon uranium-lead (U–Pb) dating of gabbro is 457.9±1.2 Ma, and the lower crossing age of the discordant and concordia curves of pyroxene spilite of zircon is 454±15 Ma. It is indicated that the Shijuligou deposit formed in a new ocean crust (ophiolite) of the back-arc basin in the late Ordovician. Mineralization should occur in the intermittence period after strong volcanic activity, and the age should be the late Ordovician. Moreover, the mineralization of ophiolite-hosted massive sulfide deposits in the ancient orogenic belt of the late Ordovician in the northern Qilian Mountains was controlled by the primary fault/fracture, with the forming of a metallogenic hydrothermal system by a mixture of volcanic magma fluid and seawater, which circularly leached the metallogenic metals from the volcanic rocks, resulting in their accumulation. The ore bodies were transformed with morphology and metallogenic elements. Jasperoid is an important sign for prospecting such deposits. There were many island arcs in the continent of China. This study provides evidence for understanding and exploration of ophiolite-hosted massive sulfide deposits in western China, especially in the area of northern Qilian Mountains.     

Lead Isotopic Composition and Lead Source of the Huogeqi Cu-Pb-Zn Deposit, Inner Mongolia, China

The Huogeqi orefield located on the northern side of Mt. Langshan, Inner Mongolia occurs in the Middle Proterozoic Langshan Group metamorphic rocks, and the orebodies arc stratiform. In the past twenty years, many Chinese geologists have conducted researches on the Huogeqi Cu-Pb-Zn deposit, but there has been still a controversy on its origin. Some advocate that the deposit is of sedimentary-metamorphic rcworking origin, some hold that it is of sea-floor SEDEX origin, and others have a preference for magmatic superimposition origin. The crux of the controversy is that there is no common understanding about the source of ore-forming materials. In this paper, the Pb isotopic compositions of regional Achaean-Early Proterozoic basement rocks, various types of sedimentary- metamorphic rocks and volcanic rocks in the mining district, Late Proterozoic and Hercynian magmatic rocks arc introduced and compared with the orc-lead composition, so as to constrain the source of the ore lead. The result indicates that （1） sulfides in the ores have homogeneous Pb isotopic compositions, showing a narrow variation range. Their ^206pb/^204pb ratios arc within a range of 17.027- 17.317; ^207Pb/^204pb ratios, 15.451-15.786 and ^208Pb/^204pb ratios, 36.747-37.669; （2） the Pb isotopic compositions of the regional Achaean-Early Proterozoic basement rocks arc characteristic of the old Pb isotopic composition at the early-stage evolution of the Earth, which varies over a wider range, reflecting significant differences in Pb isotopic compositions of the ores. All this indicates that the source of ore lead has no bearing on the basement rocks; （3） the sedimentary-metamorphic rocks in the mining district arc characterized by highly variable and more radiogenic Pb isotopic compositions and their Pb isotopic ratios arc obviously higher than those of ores, demonstrating that ore lead did not result from metamorphic rcworking of these rocks; （4） Pb isotopic compositions of Late Proterozoic diorite-gabbro and Hercynian granite are higher than those of ores. Meanwhile, the Pb isotopic compositions of sulfides in the small-sized strata-penetrating mineralized veinlets formed at later stages arc completely consistent with that of sulfides in stratiform-banded ores, suggesting that these veiniets arc the product of autochthonous rcworking of the stratiform-banded ores during the period of metamorphism and the late magmatic superimposition-mineralization can be excluded; （5） amphibolite, whose protolith is basic volcanic rocks, has the same Pb isotopic compositions as ores, implying that ore lead was derived probably from basic volcanism. So, the source of ore-forming materials for the Huogeqi deposit is like that of the volcanic massive sulfide （VMS） deposits. However, the orebodies do not occur directly within the volcanic rocks, and instead they overlie the volcanic rocks, showing some differences from those typical VMS-type deposits.     

安徽峙门口矿床黄铁矿的Pb同位素测定和成矿物质来源探讨

安徽峙门口矿床中黄铁矿的Pb同位素组成为:206Pb/204Pb=18.06～18.20,207Pb/204Pb=15.55～15.58,208Pb/204=38.19～38.30.其变化范围很小,落在侵入岩Pb的变化范围内,而与安徽沿江地区沉积岩Pb的变化范围不同,说明峙门口矿床不是沉积成因的.前人的Pb和S同位素以及微量元素分析支持这一结论.前人的Re-Os年龄(303 Ma左右)表明该矿床的形成很可能与石炭纪海底喷流有关,但大的年龄误差指示中生代岩浆活动的改造.钟鸣地区叶山石炭系黄龙组底部砾岩中黄铁矿的Pb同位素组成为206Pb/204Pb=18.11～18.14,207Pb/204Pb=15.57～15.59,208Pb/204=38.23～38.31,与峙门口黄铁矿的一致,变化范围也很小,两者可能有相同成因.但是长江中下游的大部分铜、铁、金、硫矿床的成矿与晚中生代岩浆活动同时,石炭纪海底喷流成因这一结论不能推广到这些矿床.同样,现有的同位素和年龄证据不能判别这些矿床的成矿物质来自石炭纪喷流形成的层状黄铁矿还是来自晚中生代岩浆岩.     

Pb Isotopic Composition and Metal Sources of Au and Ag Deposits of the South Verkhoyansk Region (Yakutia,Russia) According to High-Precision MC-ICP-MS Data

The paper considers the results of high-precision Pb–Pb isotopic analysis of 120 galena samples from 27 Au and Ag deposits of the South Verkhoyansk Synclinorium (SVS) including large Nezhdaninsky deposit (628.8 t Au). The Pb isotopic composition is analyzed on a MC-ICP-MS NEPTUNE mass-spectrometer from solutions with an error of no more than ±0.02% (2σ). Four types of deposits are studied: (i) stratified vein gold–quartz deposits (type 1) hosted in metamorphosed Upper Carboniferous–Lower Permian terrigenous rocks and formed during accretion of the Okhotsk Block to the North Asian Craton synchronously with dislocation metamorphism and related granitic magmatism; (ii) vein gold–quartz (Nezhdaninsky type) deposits also hosted in Lower Permian metasedimentary rocks; (iii) Au–Bi deposits localized at the contact zones of the Late Cretaceous granitic plutons; and (iv) Sn–Ag polymetallic deposits related to granitic and subvolcanic rocks of the Okhotsk Zone of the SVS. The deposits of types 2, 3, and 4 are postaccretionary. The general range of ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, and ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb ratios is 18.1516–18.5903 (2.4%), 15.5175–15.6155 (0.63%), and 38.3010–39.0481 (2.0%), respectively. In ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb–²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb and ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb–²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb diagrams, the data points of Pb isotopic compositions of all deposits occupy restricted, partly overlapping areas along a general elongated trend. The various SVS Au–Ag deposits can be classified according to the Pb isotopic composition in accordance with all three Pb ratios. Deposits of the same type show distinct Pb isotopic compositions that strongly exceed the scale of analytical error (±0.02%). The differences in Pb isotopic composition within specific deposits are low and subordinate and have little effect on variations in the Pb isotopic composition of the SVS deposits. The μ₂ values (Stacey–Kramers model), which characterize the ²³⁸U/²⁰⁴Pb ratios of ore lead sources of the SVS deposits, widely vary from 9.7 to 9.38. The ω₂ values (²³²Th/²⁰⁴Pb) are 39.82–36.61, whereas the Th/U ratios are 4.04–3.86. The content of all three radiogenic Pb isotopes and μ₂ values of feldspars from SVS intrusive rocks are strongly distinct from those of galena of stratified gold–quartz and vein gold–quartz deposits and are identical to Pb of galena from Au–Bi and Sn–Ag polymetallic deposits, indicating a mostly magmatic origin for the Pb of these deposits. Detailed isotopic study of the Nezhdaninsky deposit shows different Pb isotopic composition of two consecutive mineral assemblages (gold–sulfide and Ag polymetallic): ~0.30, ~0.07, and ~0.22% for ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, and ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb ratios, respectively. These differences are interpreted as a result of involvement of at least two metal sources during the evolution of an ore-forming system: (i) host Lower Permian terrigenous rocks and (ii) a magmatic source similar in Pb isotopic composition to that of Sn–Ag polymetallic deposits. The Pb isotopic composition and μ₂ and Th/U values show that lead of stratified gold–quartz deposits combines isotopic tracers of lower and upper crustal sources (Upper Carboniferous–Lower Permian terrigenous rocks), lead of which was mobilized by ore-bearing fluids. The high ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁶Pb ratios and Th/U evolutionary parameter are common to all Pb isotopic composition of all studied Au–Ag deposits and SVS Cretaceous intrusive rocks and indicate that Pb sources were depleted in U relative to Th. Taking into account the structure of the region and conceptions on its evolution, we can suggest that the magma source was related to lower crustal subducted rocks of the Archean (~2.6 Ga) North Asian Craton and the Okhotsk terrane.     

黔西南紫木凼金矿床成矿物质来源:S⁃C⁃O⁃Pb⁃Sr同位素制约

紫木凼金矿床是黔西南卡林型金矿区一个重要的大型金矿床,其成矿物质来源尚不明确.对紫木凼金矿床不同类型矿石和赋矿围岩进行了S、C、O、Pb和Sr同位素组成对比研究.矿石中硫化物的δ34S值为-13.49‰~17.91‰（主要为-0.99‰~3.58‰）,赋矿围岩的δ34S值为-26.23‰~-19.63‰,矿床成矿期硫主要来源于岩浆,部分来源于赋矿地层中成矿前黄铁矿.热液期方解石的δ13C和δ18O分别为-9.10‰~0.59‰和15.65‰~23.82‰,与赋矿围岩、区域地层的碳、氧同位素组成差别较大,成矿流体的碳、氧部分来源于碳酸盐岩溶解,部分可能来源于岩浆.矿石中硫化物的206Pb/204Pb、207Pb/204Pb和208Pb/204Pb比值分别为18.064~18.973、15.585~15.670和38.219~39.054,赋矿围岩的206Pb/204Pb、207Pb/204Pb和208Pb/204Pb比值分别为18.136~18.650、15.574~15.656和38.423~38.812,矿石铅的来源较复杂,赋矿地层和岩浆可能都为其提供了部分铅.矿石中石英和方解石（87Sr/86Sr）_i比值为0.707 26~0.708 11,赋矿围岩的（87Sr/86Sr）_i比值为0.707 28~0.707 31,成矿流体中的锶主要来源于赋矿地层.紫木凼金矿床成矿物质具壳幔混合来源特征,成矿物质主要来自矿床深部隐伏岩浆岩,部分来自二叠系-三叠系赋矿地层.      

S,Pb, and Sr isotope geochemistry and genesis of Pb–Zn mineralization in the Huangshaping polymetallic ore deposit of southern Hunan Province,China

The Huangshaping Pb–Zn–W–Mo polymetallic deposit, located in southern Hunan Province, China, is one of the largest deposits in the region and is unique for its metals combination of Pb–Zn–W–Mo and the occurrence of significant reserves of all these metals. The deposit contains disseminated scheelite and molybdenite within a skarn zone located between Jurassic granitoids and Carboniferous sedimentary carbonate, and sulfide ores located within distal carbonate-hosted stratiform orebodies. The metals and fluids that formed the W–Mo mineralization were derived from granitoids, as indicated by their close spatial and temporal relationships. However, the source of the Pb–Zn mineralization in this deposit remains controversial.Here, we present new sulfur, lead, and strontium isotope data of sulfide minerals (pyrrhotite, sphalerite, galena, and pyrite) from the Pb–Zn mineralization within the deposit, and these data are compared with those of granitoids and sedimentary carbonate in the Huangshaping deposit, thereby providing insights into the genesis of the Pb–Zn mineralization. These data indicate that the sulfide ores from deep levels in the Huangshaping deposit have lower and more consistent δ³⁴S values (− 96 m level: + 4.4‰ to + 6.6‰, n = 13) than sulfides within the shallow part of the deposit (20 m level: + 8.3‰ to + 16.3‰, n = 19). The δ³⁴S values of deep sulfides are compositionally similar to those of magmatic sulfur within southern Hunan Province, whereas the shallower sulfides most likely contain reduced sulfur derived from evaporite sediments. The sulfide ores in the Huangshaping deposit have initial ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios (0.707662–0.709846) that lie between the values of granitoids (0.709654–0.718271) and sedimentary carbonate (0.707484–0.708034) in the Huangshaping deposit, but the ratios decreased with time, indicating that the ore-forming fluids were a combination of magmatic and formation-derived fluids, with the influence of the latter increasing over time. The lead isotopic compositions of sulfide ores do not correlate with sulfide type and define a linear trend in a ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb vs. ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb diagram that is distinct from the composition of the disseminated pyrite within sedimentary carbonates and granitoids in the Huangshaping deposit, but is similar to the lead isotopic composition of sulfides within coeval skarn Pb–Zn deposits in southern Hunan Province. In addition, the sulfide ores have old signatures with relative high ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁶Pb ratios, suggesting that the underlying Paleoproterozoic basement within southern Hunan Province may be the source of metals within the Huangshaping deposit.The isotope geochemistry of sulfide ores in the Huangshaping deposit shows a remarkable mixed source of sulfur and ore-forming fluids, and the metals were derived from the basement. These features are not found in representative skarn-type Pb–Zn mineralization located elsewhere. The ore-forming elements (S, Pb, and Zn) from the granitoids made an insignificant contribution to sulfide precipitation in this deposit. However, the emplacement of granitoids did provide large amounts of heat and fluids to the hydrothermal system in this area and extracted metals from the basement rocks, indicating that the Jurassic magmatism associated with the Huangshaping deposit was crucial to the Pb–Zn mineralization.     

西藏甲玛铜多金属矿床S、Pb、H、O同位素特征及其指示意义

西藏甲玛铜多金属矿床是中国近年来发现的特大型铜铅锌多金属矿床之一,其产出的环境和形成机理为国内外矿床学家所关注。对甲玛铜多金属矿床中代表性岩（矿）石样品进行了S、Pb、H和O同位素分析,并从成矿系统中“源”的角度对其变化规律和成因意义进行了探讨。研究结果表明,甲玛铜多金属矿床的围岩和矿石中δ34S值变化于-4.9‰～0.5‰,在硫同位素直方图上呈塔式分布,成矿热液δ34SΣS在0值附近,与矿区内斑岩体的δ34S组成（-0.2‰～-0.7‰）十分接近。表明了矿石中硫的来源单一,主要来源于岩浆。矿石铅同位素变化范围较大,明显分为两组：第一组样品富放射性成因铅,其206Pb/204Pb变化范围为18.603～18.752,207Pb/204Pb变化范围为15.610～15.686,208Pb/204Pb变化范围为38.910～39.135;第二组样品具有低放射性成因铅特征,其206Pb/204Pb变化范围为18.130～18.270,207Pb/204Pb变化范围为15.470～15.480,208Pb/204Pb变化范围为38.140～38.850。各同位素比值相对稳定,变化范围较小。将含矿斑岩的岩石铅与矿石铅进行综合投图,两种类型的铅并非单阶段正常铅,而是混合铅,有放射性成因铅的加入。可能存在不同的源区或在演化过程中有不同源区物质的混入。氢氧同位素研究结果显示,氢同位素的来源主要为深部的花岗岩体,而氧同位素由于后期大气降水增多、水/岩比值升高,导致含矿石英脉中δ18OH2O降低。因此推断甲玛铜多金属矿床成矿流体早期以深源流体为主,随着成矿过程的演化,大气降水所占的比例也越来越大。