缝洞型碳酸盐岩油气分布规律及成藏条件：以塔中北斜坡东部鹰山组为例

缝洞型碳酸盐岩储集层具有强烈的非均质性,其油气成藏及富集规律极其复杂,充分认识此类油气藏的形成条件及分布特点对油气藏进一步勘探及有效开发至关重要。通过对东部井区的统计分析,目的层油气性质与I号断裂带及走滑断裂密切相关,平面上塔中北斜坡东部鹰山组油气具有“西油东气,内油外气”的分布特征,纵向上油气集中在不整合面以下200 m内,沿风化壳不整合面呈“准层状”分布。从源、储、盖、运等成藏要素角度对油气成藏控制因素进行了综合研究,结果表明：该研究区发育两套烃源岩,且经历了多期充注,为油气聚集提供了充足的物质基础;后期构造抬升及断裂活动促进岩溶作用的进行,改善了储层的储集性能,为油气富集提供了有利的场所;良三段到良五段致密灰岩分布广、厚度大,可以有效封闭油气,为油气聚集提供了较好的保存条件;塔中北斜坡东部断裂及不整合面是油气成藏的关键,沟通源岩为油气运移聚集提供了良好的通道。     

塔中北斜坡富油气区油气分布规律与富集主控因素研究

塔里木盆地塔中北斜坡奥陶系油气藏类型多样、油气性质变化大、油气水分布复杂。通过对塔中北斜坡大量单井及其生产动态的分析解剖,结合分析化验资料,深入探讨了富油气区的流体分布特征、断裂发育特征、储层差异性以及典型高产井和出水井的对比,揭示了油气分布规律与控制因素。鹰山组顶部的风化壳型不整合面在垂向上控制了储层的发育深度范围和储层质量;平面上储层的非均质性是导致油气分布差异的重要原因。断裂引起的局部高差对流体聚集存在明显影响,使断裂上盘高部位更倾向于富油气,并发现断裂对储层改造强烈,特别是走滑断裂作为油气运移通道对油气分布具有重要的控制作用,决定了不同区域的古油藏在晚喜山期遭受气侵的强度,控制了不同相态油气藏的分布;奥陶系鹰山组上部发育的致密段对古油藏的保存具有积极的作用。该认识对相似地区碳酸盐岩油气富集规律研究及勘探开发具重要的参考价值。     

塔中地区鹰山组碳酸盐岩储层地震正演模拟

正塔里木塔中地区鹰山组岩性以浅灰、灰色薄~厚层状泥晶灰岩、细粉晶灰岩、泥粉晶砂屑灰岩、亮晶粒屑灰岩为主,夹薄层粉晶白云岩、砂屑白云岩。其储层在断裂及岩溶作用的改造下,形成了由裂缝沟通溶洞的碳酸盐岩缝洞复合型储集网络。宏观上,该套储层纵向叠置、平面连片、呈层状分布在中下奥陶统鹰山组顶面一定地层厚度范围内,在合成记录标定的基础上,在该套储层内部共识别出了"串珠状强反射"、"片状强反射"、"杂乱弱反射"     

塔中北斜坡鹰山组岩溶储层发育规律

塔中北斜坡奥陶系鹰山组的岩溶储层具有巨大的油气潜力。随着勘探和开发工作的细化,需要明确鹰山组内岩溶储层在空间上的展布形态。依据三维地震资料的反射特征,认为鹰山组顶部发育了四期次岩溶作用,经历了地层剥蚀—剥蚀与岩溶作用共存—岩溶发育—充填的成岩过程。各期次岩溶作用发生时潜水面逐渐上升,伴随有高构造部位的削蚀。提出了岩溶储层的多期次发育模式。     

塔中北斜坡奥陶系鹰山组岩溶储层特征及古岩溶发育模式

塔中北斜坡奥陶系鹰山组碳酸盐岩古岩溶发育,油气资源丰富,具有广阔的勘探开发前景。本次利用岩石化学分析、岩芯钻井、地震测井及成像测井资料,对岩溶储层发育规律及岩溶缝洞发育模式进行研究。认为:鹰一段和鹰二段发育质纯厚层灰岩地层,属强岩溶层组,溶蚀孔,溶蚀裂缝及溶洞均发育,后期古岩溶作用是该区油气聚集的主要场所。垂向岩溶缝洞系统主要发育在鹰山组顶面以下0~50 m及80~180 m范围。同时,溶洞在该区发育,洞穴型岩溶是该区优质岩溶储层,钻井过程常伴有放空、水漏失现象。结合古地貌特征,建立了ZG18~ZG22井区古岩溶缝洞系统发育模式,为岩溶储层预测及勘探开发井位部署提供地质依据。      

塔里木盆地玉北地区奥陶系储层成因及分布

基于岩心观察、薄片鉴定、成像测井及物性等资料,结合地球化学分析,塔里木盆地玉北地区奥陶系岩溶储层具有明显的"上下分层、东西分异"特征。纵向上储层可以分为3套,分别为表层(以鹰山组上段为主)、鹰山组下段和蓬莱坝组,表层储层储集空间以裂缝型为主,鹰山组下段以裂缝-溶蚀孔洞型为主,蓬莱坝组则以溶蚀孔洞型为主。平面上储层特征具有明显差异,东部断褶区的断裂带,储层发育,以裂缝型为主,东部断褶区的断洼区、中部平台区及西部斜坡区,储层相对较差。纵向上按成因分类,将储层划分为2种类型:表层风化壳岩溶型和内幕断控岩溶型。建立了玉北地区储层发育地质模式。表层风化壳岩溶储层主要分布在南部斜坡区、中部平台区、东部断褶区的断裂带、西部斜坡区罗斯2井区的断裂带等古构造高部位,断控岩溶储层主要沿规模断裂分布。指出中部平台区为下一步有利勘探区带。     

Formation and Distribution of Deep High Quality Reservoirs of Ordovician Yingshan Formation in the Northern Slope of the Tazhong Area in Tarim Basin

塔中地区是塔里木盆地的重点勘探区域,奥陶系鹰山组蕴藏了丰富的油气资源.鹰山组发育大套台地相碳酸盐岩,以高能相的台内滩沉积为主.鹰山组埋藏较深,但岩溶储层呈大面积厚层状分布.早奥陶世塔中Ⅰ号断裂使得塔中隆起隆升并遭受强烈剥蚀形成下奥陶统鹰山组顶部风化壳,以孔洞型和裂缝-孔洞型储层为主.通过古地貌恢复、地震属性分析和地震测井联合波阻抗反演技术和方法识别溶洞发育带和断层裂缝发育带,确定出有利储层的分布范围.研究认为,岩性岩相是岩溶型储层发育的重要基础,层间岩溶控制了储层的成层性和横向展布规模,断裂和裂缝网络是岩溶水的主要渗滤通道,埋藏岩溶形成大量有效的缝洞空间,极大地提高了储集性能.研究发现,优质储层主要分布在鹰山组顶面以下120 m地层厚度范围内,横向有一定连通性,在断层、构造裂缝和溶蚀作用下形成统一的储集体,呈准层状展布.     

塔里木盆地塔中北斜坡奥陶系鹰山组深部优质岩溶储层的形成与分布

塔中地区是塔里木盆地的重点勘探区域,奥陶系鹰山组蕴藏了丰富的油气资源。鹰山组发育大套台地相碳酸盐岩,以高能相的台内滩沉积为主。鹰山组埋藏较深,但岩溶储层呈大面积厚层状分布。早奥陶世塔中I号断裂使得塔中隆起隆升并遭受强烈剥蚀形成下奥陶统鹰山组顶部风化壳,以孔洞型和裂缝-孔洞型储层为主。通过古地貌恢复、地震属性分析和地震测井联合波阻抗反演技术和方法识别溶洞发育带和断层裂缝发育带,确定出有利储层的分布范围。研究认为,岩性岩相是岩溶型储层发育的重要基础,层间岩溶控制了储层的成层性和横向展布规模,断裂和裂缝网络是岩溶水的主要渗滤通道,埋藏岩溶形成大量有效的缝洞空间,极大地提高了储集性能。研究发现,优质储层主要分布在鹰山组顶面以下120m地层厚度范围内,横向有一定连通性,在断层、构造裂缝和溶蚀作用下形成统一的储集体,呈准层状展布。     

塔中北斜坡鹰山组岩溶储层发育规律

塔中北斜坡奥陶系鹰山组的岩溶储层具有巨大的油气潜力。随着勘探和开发工作的细化,需要明确鹰山组内岩溶储层在空间上的展布形态。依据三维地震资料的反射特征,认为鹰山组顶部发育了四期次岩溶作用,经历了地层剥蚀—剥蚀与岩溶作用共存—岩溶发育—充填的成岩过程。各期次岩溶作用发生时潜水面逐渐上升,伴随有高构造部位的削蚀。提出了岩溶储层的多期次发育模式。     

塔里木盆地富满大型碳酸盐岩油气聚集区走滑断裂控储模式

塔里木盆地台盆区深层海相油气勘探目标由层间岩溶向断控岩溶转变,并在处于坳陷区的富满地区发现了以走滑断裂为主控因素的断控型油田。富满地区储层特征与盆地内古隆起区、斜坡区均有不同,因此需要建立适合研究区的走滑断裂控储模式。本次研究通过高密度三维地震资料刻画了研究区走滑断裂的分布,利用岩心、测井、试井资料以及缝洞体识别技术明确了不同类型的储层分布,分析了研究区走滑断裂样式与差异变形对储层发育的影响,建立了走滑断裂控储模式。研究结果表明:(1)富满大型碳酸盐岩油气聚集区储集空间主要由多期走滑构造破裂作用与岩溶作用形成的洞穴型、裂缝-孔洞型、裂缝型与孔洞型空间组成;(2)走滑断裂活动性越强,断裂带宽度越大,储层发育规模越大,张扭段与压扭段断层破碎带型储层较平移段平面分布范围更广,纵向发育深度更大;(3)张扭段为汇水区,断裂联通性好,有利于大气流体下渗以及热流体上涌从而对储层进行溶蚀改造;压扭段为分流区,岩溶储层多发育于断裂带两侧,断裂开启程度低,受流体改造程度低于张扭段。     

塔里木盆地塔中隆起及北围斜区断裂体系与油气成藏关系

笔者探讨了断裂在油气聚集中的作用,它是制约塔中隆起及北围斜区油气分布规律的关键因素。基于地震资料断裂解析,塔中隆起及北围斜区断裂体系主要由北西—南东延伸的压扭性断裂带与北东—南西延伸的走滑断裂构成。断裂体系主要形成于中晚加里东中期,此后经历了晚加里东、晚海西和喜山期的继承性活动与改造。中加里东中期构造是该区构造的主要定型期,断裂不仅控制了构造带发育,也是风化壳岩溶储层、礁滩相储层、热液溶蚀碳酸盐岩储层形成关键因素。断裂带后期活动为油气运聚提供了通道,北北东断裂是油气由北部坳陷向隆起长距离运聚的主要通道。断裂带的复杂性造就了研究区油气具有沿断裂带分布,成藏模式多样,差异富集特征。     

Characteristics and differential accumulation of oil/gas in Lower Paleozoic marine carbonate on northern slope of Tazhong Low Rise,Tarim Basin,NW China: a case study of Lower Ordovician Yingshan Formation

Marine carbonate reservoirs, as a focus of petroleum exploration and development all over the world, are involved with high exploration risk and prediction difficulty owing to high heterogeneity and diversity of reservoir beds. In the Tarim Basin, NW China, carbonate reservoirs with resources about 38 % of the whole basin in a large prospecting area are mainly distributed in the Cambrian and Ordovician in central (Tazhong) and northern (Tabei) Tarim. Recently on the northern slope, Tazhong Low Rise, Central Uplift, Tarim Basin, a breakthrough has been made in the karsted weathering crust of Lower Ordovician Yingshan Formation and reef-flat reservoir of Upper Ordovician Lianglitag Formation. As a new frontier of exploration, oil/gas distribution and controlling factors of carbonate reservoirs in the Yingshan Formation are not clearly understood. In this work, play elements of the Yingshan Formation, such as seal-reservoir bed assemblage, oil/gas properties, and faulting, were studied by core and slice observation and field investigation. High-quality reservoir beds of Yingshan Formation are quasi-layer distributed in the interstratal karst belt about 250 m below the unconformity. The reservoir beds of fracture–void and void are formed by faulting, associated fracturing, and karstification. The Yingshan Formation is a large-scale condensate gas reservoir with partly oil. Owing to different oil–gas infilling periods, isolated pools far from the faults are primarily oil in the Hercynian; oppositely, condensate gas reservoirs near the faults are intensely influenced by gas invasion during the Himalayan movement. Laterally, oil/gas distribution is controlled by stratal pinch-out and strike-slip faults. Vertically, cap rock of the third to fifth members of the Lianglitag Formation and Yingshan interior high resistivity layers are superimposed with Yingshan reservoir beds to form several seal-reservoir bed assemblages. Oil and gas are superimposed and affected by gas invasion with characteristics of oil in the upper horizon and gas in the lower horizon.     

塔中隆起走滑断裂分层变形机制研究的物理模拟实验

塔中隆起位于塔里木盆地中央隆起带中部,是塔里木盆地油气勘探的重点区块之一。塔中地区奥陶系碳酸盐岩走滑断裂发育,控储控藏作用明显,走滑断裂成因机制的研究对于油气勘探开发十分重要。塔里木盆地塔中隆起走滑断裂具有典型的分层变形特点,为了明确塔中隆起走滑断裂分层变形机制的主控因素设计了4组物理模拟实验模型。实验结果表明:走滑断裂分层变形特征的形成主要与垂向上地层性质变化(分层)和多期活动(分期)有关,分层与分期都能造成走滑断裂产生分层变形的特征,塔中走滑断裂分层差异变形特征,是由垂向上地层岩性差异性和构造活动多期性共同造成的。     

塔里木盆地奥陶系鹰山组台内滩的特征与分布

塔里木盆地早奥陶世晚期进入伸展转向挤压的区域构造背景,造成台缘带挠曲下沉与台内地貌起伏,有利中下奥陶统鹰山组台内滩的发育。钻井资料表明鹰山组台内滩以中高能砂屑滩为主,台内滩主要分布在鹰山组上部,纵向上多旋回叠置,横向呈透镜状尖灭。通过井—震标定,鹰山组台内滩在地震响应上多具有平缓顶底面的丘状外部形态,内部多出现高频杂乱...     

Early Palaeozoic carbonate reservoirs from the Yingshan Formation of Well block ZG‐43 in Tazhong Low Rise,Central Uplift,Tarim Basin,NW China: geological features and controlling factors

Marine carbonate reservoirs, as a focus of petroleum exploration and development in China, are involved with high exploration risk and prediction difficulty owing to high heterogeneity and diversity of reservoir beds. In the Tarim Basin, NW China, carbonate reservoirs host about 38% of the whole basin's hydrocarbon resources in a large prospecting area mainly distributed in the Cambrian and Ordovician rocks in central (Tazhong) and northern (Tabei) Tarim. Recently, a better understanding has been made of the karsted weathering crust at the top of the Lower Ordovician Yingshan Formation in the northern slope area of the Tazhong Low Rise, Central Uplift, Tarim Basin. As a new frontier of exploration, oil/gas distribution and controlling factors of carbonate reservoirs in the Yingshan Formation are not clearly understood. In this work, we investigated the reservoir beds and oil/gas properties in 13 wells in Well block ZG‐43 on the No. 10 structural belt in the Tazhong Low Rise, and studied hydrocarbon accumulation characteristics with seismic and geochemical data. The Yingshan Formation in Well block ZG‐43 is mainly composed of calcarenite, dolomitic limestone, dolomite, cryptite, as low porosity and low permeability reservoir beds, with fracture‐void porosity constituting the main reservoir pore space. Oil/gas is quasi‐layer distributed beneath the unconformity between the Yingshan and Lianglitag formations to a depth of 140 m. The oil in Well block ZG‐43 is condensate with low density, low viscosity, low sulphur, low resin, low asphaltene, and high wax. The gas is 87.3% methane, generally containing H₂S. The oil/gas distribution pattern is oil in the east and gas in the west, and H₂S content in the west is lower than that in the east. The controlling factors for hydrocarbon are multi‐source supply and multi‐phase charging, interstratal karstification, hydrothermal activity, structural location and sealing condition. A structural–lithological trap is the main type of oil/gas accumulation. Oil/gas distribution was clearly affected by strike–slip faults. Oil/gas with multi‐source supply and multi‐phase charging was controlled by favourable local palaeo‐highs, and affected by later karsting and hydrothermal activity, as well as gas invasion in the Himalayan (Cenozoic) period. Under the caprock of compact limestone in the third to fifth members of the Lianglitag Formation, oil/gas migrated up along the strike–slip fault planes, and moved laterally to both sides in a ‘T’ shape, and formed large‐scale quasi‐layer condensate gas reservoirs controlled by reservoir bed quality. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

塔中Ⅱ区奥陶系鹰山组岩溶古地貌恢复方法研究

塔中地区在构造上是塔里木盆地中央隆起的一部分,属于中央隆起带中段的塔中低凸起。良里塔格组沉积之前吐木休克组、一间房组、鹰山组地层遭受不同程度的剥蚀,精确雕刻鹰山组顶面古岩溶地貌,对岩溶储层地质建模及有利区块预测具有重要意义。论文对比了不同古地貌恢复方法:认为印模法可以很好地雕刻微地貌形态,但是区域构造趋势却与实际不符;残厚与残厚趋势面法构建了当时的古构造,但不能刻画微地貌形态。本次研究首次提出“残厚趋势面与印模残差组合法”古地貌恢复技术,该方法不仅解决了塔中地区古地貌恢复难题,且有利于计算机实现。研究认为塔中Ⅱ区奥陶系鹰山组古地貌形态可划分为三种二级地貌单元:岩溶台地、岩溶缓坡地和岩溶盆地,并给出了不同岩溶地貌单元的划分指标体系。      

塔里木盆地塔中地区奥陶系构造-沉积模式与碳酸盐岩裂缝储层预测

奥陶系碳酸盐岩是塔中地区油气勘探的重要目的层。本文在讨论塔中地区奥陶纪区域构造背景和奥陶系岩性段划分的基础上,建立了塔中地区奥陶系构造 -沉积模式,并用三维有限元数值模拟方法对塔中地区有利碳酸盐岩裂缝储层发育区进行了预测,以期指导塔中地区碳酸盐岩的油气勘探。     

Spatial Characteristics and Controlling Factors of the Strike‐slip Fault Zones in the Northern Slope of Tazhong Uplift,Tarim Basin: Insight from 3D Seismic Data

The detailed characteristics of the Paleozoic strike-slip fault zones developed in the northern slope of Tazhong uplift are closely related to hydrocarbon explorations. In this study, five major strike-slip fault zones that cut through the Cambrian-Middle Devonian units are identified, by using 3D seismic data. Each of the strike-slip fault zones is characterized by two styles of deformation, namely deeper strike-slip faults and shallower en-echelon faults. By counting the reverse separation of the horizon along the deeper faults, activity intensity on the deeper strike-slip faults in the south is stronger than that on the northern ones. The angle between the strike of the shallower en-echelon normal faults and the principal displacement zone(PDZ) below them is likely to have a tendency to decrease slightly from the south to the north, which may indicate that activity intensity on the shallower southern en-echelon faults is stronger than that on the northern ones. Comparing the reverse separation along the deeper faults and the fault throw of the shallower faults, activity intensity of the Fault zone S1 is similar across different layers, while the activity intensity of the southern faults is larger than that of the northern ones. It is obvious that both the activity intensity of the same layer in different fault zones and different layers in the same fault zone have a macro characteristic in that the southern faults show stronger activity intensity than the northern ones. The Late Ordovician décollement layer developed in the Tazhong area and the peripheral tectonic events of the Tarim Basin have been considered two main factors in the differential deformation characteristics of the strike-slip fault zones in the northern slope of Tazhong uplift. They controlled the differences in the multi-level and multi-stage deformations of the strike-slip faults, respectively. In particular, peripheral tectonic events of the Tarim Basin were the dynamic source of the formatting and evolution of the strike-slip fault zones, and good candidates to accommodate the differential activity intensity of these faults.