大气稳定度分级国家标准中几个问题的研究

对国家标准HJ/T2.2-93大气稳定度分级中整数风速使用问题，日、夜分界问题及太阳倾角取值问题进行了综合研究。大量统计结果指出，整数风速不能直接按标准中稳定度等级规定的风速分级带入，而应以1／2计数法代入分级；日、夜分界应以日出后1小时与日落前1小时为界，太阳倾角每10日取一概略值已十分精确。     

独立变量频率法计算P—T大气稳定度频率及其误差分析与订正

本文把确定大气稳定度的因子:太阳高度角、云量和风速看作相互独立的变量,并用韦伯分布拟合风频,通过计算三个独立变量的频率的方法计算大气稳定度频率。成都地区实例计算表明,该法与传统的P-T法统计结果十分吻合,但却具有所需资料少,计算工作量小等明显优点,通过对该法的误差进行分析,提出合理的订正方法,得出精确的订正结果。并提出更精确的三参数风频拟合设想。通过与传统P-T法比较,指出了传统P-T法风速分级与实测风速整数取值之间的矛盾,给出了切实可行的解决方法。     

成都大气稳定度频率近年变化及市、郊稳定度差异研究

本文用改进的Pasquill-Turner法统计了成都近8年的大气稳定度频率,分析了其分布和变化特点,研究了变化原因,指出,由于局地环境和气候变化及热岛效应的增强导致稳定度频率的明显逐年改变;并提出用计算级差的方法,处理近郊和远郊的稳定度调级订正问题。结果表明:对不稳定类,近郊比远郊向不稳定方向高一级左右;中性,近郊和远郊无级差;对稳定类,近郊比远郊向稳定方向降约0.3～0.4级。由此推测;当用近郊稳定度推算市心区稳定度时,对不稳定类,市心区相对于近郊至少要向更不稳定方向提级修正一级,中性不修正,考虑热岛效应影响,稳定类可基本不作修正。     

城市热岛效应的分析

本文从大气热力——动力学方程组出发,分析了城市加热作用和摩察作用引起的热岛环流特征,讨论了环流的强度和温度空间分布与背景大气稳定度和平均风速的关系。本文的结果可以解释城市白天的某些气象现象。     

大气稳定度两种日、夜分界精度的对比

本文用实测温度梯度确定成都、重庆的大气稳定度频率，用Ｐ－Ｔ法的两种日、夜分界法统计大气稳定度频率；两种结果对比分析指出，ｈ＿１分界能更客观更精确地反映大气层结的实际状况。     

超声波测风仪设计中几个问题的探讨

通过比较Gill仪器的Winsonic 2D测风仪和螺旋浆式风速风向计05103L的实测效果,分析了超声波测风仪测风的特点.进而分析了几种超声波测风的检测机理、系统组成和设计的注意事项;同时探讨了如何解决超声波测风仪目前使用中存在的一些问题(如:全天候使用、环境影响补偿等).最后讨论了超声波的传输特性和大气中的杂质对风速、风向测量的影响.     

城市热岛强度的数值试验

本文从大气热力—动力学方程出发,导出形式较为简单的热岛分析解,通过数值试验,讨论了城市热岛强度与影响因子(如平均风速,城市加热量,摩擦效应和大气稳定度等)之间的关系。     

采样密度对大气稳定度频率的影响

分别以每日２４次、１２次、８次、４次采样密度统计了成都、重庆两地的各类大气稳定度频率分布。结果指出：对年平均而言，采样密度对两地各类稳定度频率统计无影响，每日４次采样已足够。采样密度对冬季稳定度频率影响较大，应加密为每８８次采样即可满足精度要求。在精细研究稳定度频率的日变化时，应以每日２４次采样为宜。为保证稳定度频率统计的正确和环境评价的精度，确定合宜的污染物排放时间，对不同的研究问题，应取不同的采样密度。     

风速传感器检定与校准方法研究

为提高风速传感器检定校准的精确性,通过几种途径:计算各检定点测量值偏离均值百分比,分析风速传感器测量数据的一致性,评价检定环境的稳定性和气流均匀性;以3次测量数据平均值作为风速传感器示值进行比对,克服因风杯自身和环境因素对测量结果的影响;对风速传感器测量数据的误差处理,分析3种误差曲线间的趋势关系,找出传感器示值中的异常数据;对传感器测量数据和实际风速数据进行线性拟合,进一步验证传感器示值的精确度。得出拟合曲线斜率为1.0213相关系数达到0.99989。研究表明,通过以上方法综合应用,风速传感器检定校准的精确性得到显著提高。     

体感温度客观分析方法研究

影响人体体感温度的气象要素主要包括温度、湿度、风以及太阳辐射,依据这些气象要素影响人体体感温度的原理,确定了平均气温与体感温度相同时的临界相对湿度、风速及太阳辐射值.以全国有水平面直接辐射曝辐量观测项目的77个气象台站的历年逐日4次定时观测资料为基础,把相邻两个白昼(夜间)的气温差作为因变量,相对湿度差、风速差、垂直辐射差(白昼)作为自变量,以旬为时问分辨率,建立了逐旬多元回归方程.各地所建立的逐句多元线性拟合方程拟合优度相当高,F统计量检验也充分证明线性回归方程总体成立,从气候意义、统计角度来看该方法都具有充分的可行性.     

大气环境影响评价的实用方法探讨

根据三轴风速仪实测大气扩散参数的实测值及其表达形式，以适当的数学方式拟合成可供大气污染物浓度预测的实用公式，并提出了三轴扩散参数实用形式的应用范围，使三轴风速仪测得的参数可直接应用于环评工作中     

风场反演中距离圈上速度退模糊方法研究

在深入分析速度模糊的特点后,根据在距离圈上不模糊点到模糊点的不连续性,以及对模糊跳变处风速差和最大不模糊速度间关系的判定,从零方位开始在距离圈上逐点进行速度模糊的判定,并引入模糊标记的形式以确定退模糊处理的区间.然后通过实例分析,证明了方法的可用性和正确性.最后利用经过该方法处理的低仰角基本速度资料成功反演了雷达风场.     

基于VAP方法的多普勒雷达风场反演研究

采用VAP(Velocity Azimuth Processing)方法反演多普勒雷达风矢量场,在利用各个距离圈径向速度随方位角分布的廓线推算风向和风速的设计中,要求基数据速度资料中没有明显的脉动.介绍了在多普勒天气雷达风场反演设计中,直接将方格法的速度资料处理过程融入到方格法风场反演的过程中,利用距离方格内保持中尺度特性的特点,不改变原始资料的同时保证风场反演的正确性.     

Impacts of wave and current on drag coefficient and wind stress over the tropical and northern Pacific

By taking into consideration the effects of ocean surface wave-induced Stokes drift velocity U,w and current velocityU,c on the drag coefficient,the spatial distributions of drag coefficient and wind stress in 2004 are computed over the tropical andnorthern Pacific using an empirical drag coefficient parameterization formula based on wave steepness and wind speed.The globalocean current field is generated from the Hybrid Coordinate Ocean Model (HYCOM) and the wave data are generated from Wave-watch Ⅲ (WW3).The spatial variability of the drag coefficient and wind stress is analyzed.Preliminary results indicate that theocean surface Stokes drift velocity and current velocity exert an important influence on the wind stress.The results also show thatconsideration of the effects of the ocean surface Stokes drift velocity and current velocity on the wind stress can significantly im-prove the modeling of ocean circulation and air-sea interaction processes.     

Thermodynamic effects on particle movement: Wind tunnel simulation results

Sand/dust storms are some of the main hazards in arid and semi-arid zones. These storms also influence global environmental changes. By field observations, empirical statistics, and numerical simulations, pioneer researchers on these natural events have concluded the existence of a positive relationship between thermodynamic effects and sand/dust storms. Thermodynamic effects induce an unsteady stratified atmosphere to influence the process of these storms. However, studies on the relationship of thermodynamic effects with particles (i.e., sand and dust) are limited. In this article, wind tunnel with heating was used to simulate the quantitative relationship between thermodynamic effects and particle movement on different surfaces. Compared with the cold state, the threshold wind velocity of particles is found to be significantly decrease under the hot state. The largest decrease percentage exceedes 9% on fine and coarse sand surfaces. The wind velocity also has a three-power function in the sand transport rate under the hot state with increased sand transport. Thermodynamic effects are stronger on loose surfaces and fine particles, but weaker on compacted surfaces and coarse particles.     

青藏高原500hpa暖性高压生成的热成风适应机制

本文利用热成风适应原理,采取分解分析法对青藏高原500hpa暖性高压的生成机制作了一些定性和定量的讨论。结果表明:在扰动的水平尺度大于热成风适应的特征尺度的条件下,当源地有明显的负值非热成风涡度出现时,流场将向温度场适应,而温度场由于高原的加热作用存在暖中心或暖脊,则适应的结果在高原大气500hpa形成暖性高压,并伴随高层辐合,低层辐散及下沉运动。     

Fracture analysis for torsion problems of a gravity platform column with cracks under wind load

Ocean platforms are subjected to a variety of environment loads, such as those from winds, waves, currents, etc. In this study, the torsion problems of a gravity platform column with cracks under wind load were investigated. The column was assumed to be a composite cylinder. Therefore the torsion fracture problem of a composite cylinder was considered, and new boundary integral equations for the Saint-Venant torsion problem of a composite cylinder with curvilinear cracks were derived. The problem was reduced to solving the boundary integral equations on every boundary. By using the new boundary element method, the torsion problem of the gravity platform column with a straight crack under various wind loads was calculated. The obtained results were compared with those obtained for a torsion problem of the same column without cracks to prove the applicability of the present method. The comparison showed that the detrimental effect of cracks in a column should be considered in marine engineering.     

Characteristics of Wind Erosion and Deposition in Oasis-desert Ecotone in Southern Margin of Tarim Basin,China

The oasis-desert ecotone is a fragile ecological zone that is affected both by oasis and desert conditions. To understand the impact of the differences in wind power, and the influence of wind erosion and deposition on the ecotone, meteorological data and con- temporaneous wind erosion and deposition data were collected on the southern margin of Tarim Basin with serious sand-blown hazards. The wind velocity, average wind velocity, sand drift potential （DP）, resultant sand drift potential （RDP）, and sand transportation rate decrease significantly and successively across four landscape types with increasing vegetation coverage （VC）. Flat surfaces and areas of shifting sandy ground experience intense wind erosion with fast movement of mobile sand dunes; semi-fixed sand areas experience ex- tensive wind deposition but only slight wind erosion; and fixed sand areas experience only slight wind erosion and deposition. Volume of wind erosion on bare newly reclaimed farmland is up to 6.96 times that of bare shifting sandy ground. Wind erosion volume per unit area and VC follow an exponential function relationship in natural conditions, while wind deposition volume per unit area does not conform to any functions which has close relationship with vary topography and arrangement patterns of vegetation besides for VC. The results indicate that the volume of wind erosion has a close correlation with VC, and different types and distribution patterns of topog- raphy and vegetation also profoundly influence the wind deposition volume in the field, and underground water tables in different land- scape types control the plant community distribution. Keywords： wind erosion; wind deposition; oasis-desert ecotone; vegetation coverage （VC）; topography; Cele County     

计算Darcy流速时第一类边界的处理

提出了一种求解Darcy流速时一类边界的处理方法.该法利用有限元方程得出一类边界节点的水力坡度和渗流速度,并且模拟了一个理想算例,结果显示解析解与数值解吻合地很好,这表明了该法的有效性.