大别造山带岩石学结构和热结构及其地质意义

岩石学结构和热结构表明大别碰撞造山带是由两个不同岩石－构造单元叠置形成,代表两个深部地壳物质剖面。本文通过对高压、超高压岩石形成过程中岩石物理（密度）性质分析,指出大陆长英质地壳自身在特定岩石学结构情况下可以』俯冲至帽深度。低温、快速折返是缺乏同碰撞和碰撞后花岗岩类的主要原因。“浮沉子效应”是超高压岩石形成的折返的力学机制。     

应用花岗岩类谱系单位填图方法应注意的几个问题

结合野外实际资料，笔者就花岗岩类谱系单位填图方法能否以岩石结构演化特征为基础建立S型花岗岩的谱系单位，深成岩体间的接触关系类型能否作为划分花岗岩等级体制的标志进行了分析讨论，认为不同深成岩体之间的固结作用时间差仅仅是影响岩石结构变化及深成岩体间接触关系类型的因素之一，更主要的影响因素是与深成岩体形成时的物理化学环境(温度、压力、挥发组分的多寡)以及围岩介质的湿冷度、岩浆上侵规模的大小等有关。因此，S型花岗岩序列内部从早单元到晚单元岩石结构可以出现由粗粒结构一细粒结构演化的现象，同一起单元内部也可以出现起动型接触关系。另外，文中还对与火山岩关系密切的高位深成岩体能否单独建立谱系单位及混合岩浆成因的花岗岩可否利用同源岩浆演化理论建立谱系单位等问题进行了探讨。认为该方法尚有不妥之处，在具体使用过程中应加以注意。     

伊春地区上游新村晚三叠世二长花岗岩体成因及就位机制

伊春-延寿花岗岩带上的晚三叠世二长花岗岩体是一套呈结构演化系列的岩石,岩石类型按结构可划分出一期结构、二期结构、末期结构的完整系列.岩石中普遍发育同源闪长岩包体,在岩石学、岩石化学及地球化学方面表现出明显I型花岗岩特征.花岗岩类产出动力学地质背景分析表明其形成于碰撞后构造环境,造山后伸展体制是这期花岗岩形成的重要原因,岩浆就位机制呈现出被动侵位的特点.     

浅谈花岗岩浆热液的形成及成矿作用

与花岗岩类有关的矿床主要是与其具有时—空及成因联系的岩浆—热液矿床,岩浆能否出溶热液且出溶相当数量热液是花岗岩类成矿的必要前提,直接制约岩浆岩的成矿潜力。基于前人和作者的研究成果得出,与成矿有关的花岗岩中发育的单向固结结构(UST结构)、石英眼、晶洞以及雪球结构等是岩浆挥发分相饱和出溶的标志,岩浆岩组成对于成矿潜力判别的贡献基于元素的地球化学行为以及物理化学条件,挥发组分中卤化物含量的高低和岩石中主量元素的丰度不能作为成矿潜力的判别标志,而微量元素是识别花岗岩类成矿潜力的地球化学指纹。高场强元素以及现出系统地球化学行为变化的稀土元素特征有望成为成矿潜力的最佳判别标志。花岗岩类含矿潜力的评价研究为岩浆热液多金属矿床的成矿预测和勘查评价提供理论指导,本文也指出在研究花岗岩含矿潜力中存在的一些问题及未来的研究方向。     

岩石细观结构对其变形强度影响的数值分析

利用数字图像处理技术表征岩石的非均匀性,并映射到有限元网格中,建立了能比较准确地反映岩石细观结构的数值模型。通过对花岗岩数字图像的处理,利用该模型进行花岗岩单轴压缩数值试验,研究花岗岩细观结构对其变形和强度的影响。研究表明,花岗岩细观结构对应力集中影响显著,在不同方向对花岗岩进行加载时,其抗压强度差异较大,表现出较强的各向异性行为,但对花岗岩弹性模量的影响很小。基于数字图像的数值分析方法为研究岩石细观力学性质提供了一种新的方法。     

山门银金矿铅同位素地球化学研究

在研究中将矿石铅、岩石铅同位素数据投影于Zartman铅构造模式图中。矿石铅数据点都位于造山带和地幔铅演化线之间,大洋火山岩范围内,更靠近地幔铅演化曲线,说明矿石铅主要来自地幔;岩石铅数据点都落在造山带和上地壳演化线之间,说明岩石铅来自地壳物质重熔或同熔产生的花岗岩类。从而认为山门矿床成矿物质主要来自赋矿地层。矿区印支期或印支燕山期花岗岩是该区老地层重熔形成。该花岗岩的热液活动对山门矿床的最终形成具有重要作用。     

陕西金堆城花岗岩类主要造岩矿物特征及其岩石学意义

本文依据大量测试数据,对金堆城地区花岗岩类主要造岩矿物学特征同钼迁移富集成矿关系进行了探讨。研究结果表明:异常晶胞条纹长石和正长石以及富重稀土和具明显负铕异常的黑云母是含钼花岗岩类标型矿物,并且可作为花岗岩类岩石发育地区寻找隐伏钼矿体的指示性矿物。钾钠长石和斜长石的结构状态和成分不仅可以提供有关花岗岩类成因演化的信息,其矿物本身亦可成为钼的载体矿物。岩浆期后,强烈的热液蚀变作用可造成钾钠长石和斜长石分解,并且引起钼的释放,从而形成高品位钼矿石。     

关于A型花岗岩命名问题的讨论

针对目前国内A型花岗岩命名中出现的一些问题，建议以“碱性花岗岩类”一词代替A型花岗岩。碱性花岗岩类包括碱性和过碱性花岗岩及与之伴生的英碱正长岩、石英正长岩，以及与之伴生并且成分相近的碱长花岗岩和富碱的偏铝质花岗岩。这些岩石有相近的岩石化学成分、矿物成分和成岩构造环境。采用“碱性花岗岩类”一词易为国人接受，特别是有利于初学者和野外地质填图工作者进行岩石定名。     

答“对秦岭奥长环斑花岗岩质疑”

环斑花岗岩是一种特殊结构的花岗岩类，并且多数产在元古宙克拉通中。笔者曾报道了在秦岭造山带中发育有印支期具有环斑结构的花岗质岩石。“对秦岭奥长环斑花岗岩质疑”一文认为它们不是环斑花岗岩，并引用Ramo的图表来说明自己的观点。本文将从以下几方面进行讨论：秦岭环斑花岗岩的研究历史；环斑花岗岩的定义；世界上环斑花岗岩的成因类型；秦岭环斑花岗岩的副矿物及铁镁含量和环斑钾长石特征；秦岭环斑花岗岩与基性岩共存等。本文还论证了秦岭环斑花岗岩不同于元古宙非造山环斑花岗岩，而是一种造山型的环斑花岗岩，其形成于后造山环境，是挤压（造山）向拉张（稳定）转折时期的产物。最后对研究秦岭环斑花岗岩的几个理论问题进行了探讨。     

从稀土元素和岩石化学成分的对应分析探讨新疆东准噶尔花岗岩类演化

从花岗岩类岩石的稀土元素与岩石化学成分的对应分析结果出发，论述了新疆准噶尔地区花岗岩类稀土元素与岩石化学成分的相互关系，以及该区花岗岩类演化与锡的成矿作用。     

Diffusion versus recrystallization processes in Rb-Sr geochronology: Isotopic relics in eclogite facies rocks, Western Gneiss Region, Norway

Rb-Sr and U-Pb isotopic data for granulite facies rocks, forming textural relics with respect to eclogite facies metamorphism in the Western Gneiss Region (WGR) of Norway, highlight the importance of textures and mineral reaction kinetics for the interpretation of geochronological data. Studied rocks from Bårdsholmen, southern WGR, were subjected to granulite facies metamorphism at 955 ± 3 Ma (U-Pb, zircon). Later on, they experienced a subduction-related, kinetically stranded eclogitization (T > 650 °C at ∼20 kbar) at 404 ± 2 Ma (Rb-Sr multimineral internal isochron data), followed by exhumation through amphibolite facies conditions. Full conversion of granulite to eclogite was restricted to zones of fluid infiltration and deformation. Despite the fact that metamorphic temperatures vastly exceeded the commonly assumed ‘closure temperature’ for Rb-Sr in submillimeter-sized biotite for several Ma during eclogite facies overprint, Sr-isotopic signatures of relic biotite have not been fully reset. Large biotite crystals nearly record their Sveconorwegian (Grenvillian) crystallization age. Sr signatures of other granulite facies phases (feldspar, pyroxenes, amphibole) remained unchanged, with the exception of apatite. The results imply that isotopic signatures much closer correspond to the P, T conditions of formation recorded by a dated phase and its paragenesis, than to a temperature history. In texturally well-equilibrated high-grade rocks which experienced no mineral reactions and remained devoid of free fluids during exhumation, like granulites or eclogites, isotopic resetting during cooling is either kinetically locked, or restricted to sluggish intermineral diffusion which demonstrably does not lead to full isotopic homogenization. In texturally unequilibrated rocks, textural relics are likely to represent isotopic relics. It is shown that for both high-grade rocks and for rocks with textural disequilibria, geologically meaningful isotopic ages based on isochron methods can only be derived from sub-assemblages in isotopic equilibrium, which have to be defined by analysis of all rock-forming minerals. Conventional two-point ‘mica ages’ for such rocks are a priori geochronologically uninterpretable, and valid multimineral isochron ages a priori do not record cooling but instead date recrystallization-inducing processes like fluid-rock interaction.     

Retrogressive Microstructures:A Key to Post Collisional Uplift and Extension Tectonics of Ultrahigh-Pressure Metamorphic Rocks from Dabie Orogenic Belt,China

ThereisanunanimousunderstandingthattheUHPmetamorphisminDabie-SuluareaswasformedduringtheTri-assiccollisioneventbetweentheYangtzeandNorthChinacratons(Congetal.,l994$Zhouetal-,l996;Liouetal.,l994)-Eclogiteisthemostimportantrocktypeamongtheul-trahigh-pressure(UHP)metamorphicrocks.Accordingtotheiroccurrencethereare3typesofeclogites:typeIisen-clavesinultramaficintrusionsandasmembersinthelayeredmafic-ultramaficcomplex(Jahnl998);typeIispodsorlay-ersinthehighlymetamorphicsupracrustals(mainlying…     

海拉尔盆地火山碎屑岩的成岩作用

对来自海拉尔盆地40口井的白垩系火山碎屑岩样品显微镜观察与分析显示,火山碎屑岩的成岩作用具有特殊性,表现在熔结作用、脱玻化与重结晶作用、粘土矿物形成与转变和交代作用等方面。熔结作用可以区分出熔浆/熔岩熔结、浆屑熔结和热灰熔结三种类型。脱玻化与重结晶作用常常是交织在一起,流纹质玻璃物质经脱玻化,并进一步重结晶,常具有特殊的结构,呈现一种复杂的硅质胶结样式。粘土矿物形成与转变在成岩作用早期就开始了,如蒙脱石化。一些特征性矿物如浊沸石、绿泥石的出现也不代表变质作用的开始,而是特定成岩环境的产物。碳酸盐的交代-胶结和溶解在火山碎屑岩中普遍发育,使得原岩面貌发生了严重的改变。成岩作用的特征揭示海拉尔盆地火山碎屑岩的成分和结构演变,这在测井岩性解释和孔隙度预测上具有意义。     

云南文山县天生桥铝土矿地球化学特征与物源分析

云南文山县天生桥地区铝土矿是典型的沉积型铝土矿,矿体赋存于上二叠统龙潭组,其下伏地层为上石炭统灰岩或与峨眉山大火成岩省有关的玄武岩。矿石以泥晶结构为主,含少量粒屑结构与鲕粒结构;矿石的结构特征表明风化物质可能经过短距离的搬运。常量元素分析结果显示铝土矿石中Al₂O₃分别与Fe₂O₃ 和TiO₂具有较好的负相关关系。在铝土矿矿化过程中,微量元素Zr、Hf、Nb、Ta和Bi相对于Li、Rb、Sr、Ba不断富集。元素Zr、Hf、Nb、Ta 分别与TiO2显示较高的相关性。运用稳定元素相关性(如Zr-Hf、Nb-Ta)、lgNi和lgCr二元图解以及稀土元素配分模式等方法探讨矿床成矿物质来源,研究结果表明玄武岩为铝土矿的形成提供了主要的物质来源,下伏碳酸盐岩可能也提供了少量的物质来源。     

Paleo-environment of iron-rich sedimentary rocks

It is possible to apply actualistic principles to the interpretation of the paleoenvironment of iron-rich sedimentary rocks, although few iron-rich sediments form today. The sedimentary textures and structures of cherty iron-formations, Minette-tpye ironstones and limestones are similar. These similarities prove that the hydrodynamic processes of the deposition of the three rock types are the same. Therefore, it is possible to define facies of cherty iron-formations and Minette-type ironstones on the basis of their sedimentary textures and structures, disregarding mineralogy, and to interprete the formative environment by comparison with Recent limestones. Shaly sulfide iron-formation and sideritic clay ironstones are ferriferous mudstones. Methods applied to the interpretation of iron-poor shales may also be applied to these two rock types. The mineralogy of iron-rich sedimentary rocks is determined by diagenetic processes. Depositional organic content of the sediment, sediment texture (which controls diffusivity and permeability) and the groundwater flow system during diagenesis are the primary controls of iron-mineral diagenesis. Paleogeography and basin bathymetry are indirect controls of iron mineralogy, because they affect organic content and sediment texture.     

Setting,sulfur isotope variations,and metamorphism of Jurassic massive Zn‐Pb‐Ag sulfide mineralization associated with arc‐type volcanism (Skra,Vardar zone, Νorthern Greece)

Massive Zn‐Pb‐Ag sulfide mineralization appears conformable with felsic volcanism, developed in an Upper Jurassic volcanic arc to the Southwest (SW) of the Serbo‐Macedonian continent in Northern Greece. The host volcanic sequence of the mineralization comprises mylonitized rhyolitic to rhyodacitic lavas, pyroclastics, quartz‐feldspar porphyries, and cherty tuffs. A “white mica—quartz—pyrite” mineral assemblage characterizes the volcanic rocks in the footwall and hanging‐wall of massive sulfide ore layers, formed as a result of greenschist‐grade regional metamorphism on “clay‐quartz‐pyrite” hydrothermal alteration haloes. Massive ore lenses are usually underlain by deformed Cu‐pyrite and quartz‐pyrite stockworks. Most of the sulfide ore bodies have proximal‐type features. Ductile deformation and regional metamorphism have transformed many of the stockwork structures. The mineralization is characterized by high Zn, Pb, and Ag contents, while Cu and critical metals are low. Primary depositional textures, for example, layering, clastic pyrite, colloform, and atoll textures were identified. The overall textural features of the mineralization indicate it has undergone mechanical deformation. The most prominent features of the effects of metamorphism, folding and shearing, are modification of the ore body morphology toward flattened and boudinage structures and transformation of the ore textures toward the dominance of planar fabrics. Sulfur isotope analyses of sulfides along with textural observations are consistent with a dual source of sulfide sulfur. Sulfur isotope values for sphalerite, non‐colloform pyrite, galena, and chalcopyrite fall in a limited range from ?1.6 to +4.8‰ (mean δ³⁴S + 2‰), indicating a hydrothermal source derived from the reduction of coeval seawater sulfate in the convective system. Pyrites with colloform and atoll textures are characterized by a ³⁴S depletion, indicating a bacterial reduction of coeval seawater sulfate. The morphology of ore beds, the mineralogy, sulfide textures, and ore chemistry along with the petrology and tectonic setting of the host rocks can be attributed to typical of a bimodal‐felsic metallogenesis. Although similar in many respects to classic Kuroko‐type volcanogenic massive sulfide mineralization, it has some atypical features, like the absence of barite ore, which is possibly a result of significant temporal depletion in sulfate due to bacterial reduction, a conclusion supported by the widespread occurrence of colloidal and atoll textures of pyrite.     

火成岩结构的二维定量化分析方法

近些年,定量化火成岩结构研究表明,利用常规的岩矿鉴定设备,获取不同尺度的火成岩二维岩相学照片,通过肉眼识别矿物颗粒,并借助图像处理和结构分析软件,可以准确地量化火成岩的结构特征。本文结合近些年国内外同行的研究成果,对火成岩二维定量化结构分析方法中常用的多种观测方式优缺点进行了总结。粒度在毫米级以下的火成岩的定量化结构参数,可以用偏光显微镜下的透射光、反射光、阴极发光和电子探针背散射成像中的两种或两种以上观测方式进行分析,并具有较高的精度和准确度。粒度小于0.03 mm的各种镁铁质矿物可用反射光和背散射图进行分析,灰度近似的镁铁质矿物可以利用图像处理软件赋予不同的彩色,提高颗粒间的辨识度。常规偏光显微镜下不易区分的长英质矿物和多数副矿物可用偏光显微镜阴极发光进行分析。粒度在毫米级以上的造岩矿物可以用光片或野外测量的方式进行定量分析。为了方便相关领域学者使用火成岩二维定量化结构分析方法,本文详细列出了具体的分析步骤,并结合一个玄武岩样品中的橄榄石斑晶数据结果,重点分析以下4个方面的问题:(1)如何准确识别矿物颗粒边界;(2)矿物含量和形态的确定;(3)分析区域面积和颗粒数的确定;(4)不同晶体群的区分。分析结果表明,颗粒数100~500颗时,晶体粒度分布(CSD)的截距和斜率、矿物含量、定向程度和粒状矿物的三轴比在误差范围内没有显著区别,但颗粒最大长度和聚集程度会被低估。当颗粒数小于300颗时,晶体空间聚集程度的R值会被高估0.05~0.2,这一点在以往的研究中没有得到充分重视。当颗粒数大于500颗时,所有结构参数都趋于稳定,且精度和准确度都会显著提高。目前多数研究者提供的结构参数往往与观测和统计方式有关,缺乏对应的原始数据,不方便同行间的对比研究,建议学者今后发表相关成果时,提供详细的分析步骤和最原始的数据。分析步骤重点说明包括:(1)聚集矿物边界的识别和处理方式;(2)晶体三维形态的确定方法,样品间CSD参数的变化是否是由形态参数变化引起;(3)能够准确识别的矿物颗粒最小粒度;(4)利用颗粒数较多的样品选取较小的不同区域重复分析3到5个不同区域,评估样品的均一性,并据此估计样品的分析精度。原始数据方面包括:(1)提供同一个样品至少一个不同区域的分析结果,如果是多个作者的研究成果,建议提供至少两人独立分析的结果用来评估数据的精度和准确度;(2)文章正文或附件中应该提供每个样品不同粒度间隔的颗粒数,样品原始的高分辨率矿物轮廓描绘图或图片分析的相关原始参数。火成岩出现复杂晶体群时,定量化的结构参数往往体现的是多种晶体群的混合特征,并且与不同晶体群的比例有关。未来的研究需要结合多种观测方式和微区成分分析重点识别不同晶体群的结构参数,对粒度和成分近似的多种晶体群的识别,还需要开发更多有效的方法,这对准确认识火成岩结构多样性的成因和岩浆作用过程都有重要意义。     

Relationship between the fractal dimension of orthopyroxene distribution and the temperature in mantle xenoliths

As rock textures reflect the physical conditions and the mechanisms of formation of the rocks, new approaches are used for improving texture analyses, both qualitatively and quantitatively. Pioneer work has recently boosted interest in fractal analysis for quantifying and correlating patterns. Fractal‐like patterns relate to a degree of multiscale organization, and fractal dimensions (FD) and their potential variations can be used to infer the physical conditions of rock formation at various scales of observation. Here, we characterize quantitatively the shape and distribution of orthopyroxene grains in ultramafic xenoliths in terms of FD and their relation with temperature of equilibration. Fractal analysis has been applied to several populations of mantle xenoliths: 7 xenoliths collected in the vicinity of Pico Santa Isabel on Bioko Island, an alkaline basaltic volcano in oceanic domain (Gulf of Guinea, Equatorial Atlantic), 9 samples from Sangilen, in the Agardag alkaline lamprophyre dyke (Russia), and 11 samples form Śnieżnik (Lutynia, Poland), in the continental domain. Fractal analysis has been conducted to characterize the degree of complexity of the petrographic textures: it is indeed known that large values of FD are associated to more complex textures. The correlation here observed between the orthopyroxene fractal dimension and the temperature of equilibration suggests that FD captures a significant textural feature directly related to the temperature (i.e. generated by a temperature‐controlled process). The significant difference in the FD–T correlation observed for the continental and oceanic mantle domains suggests that the mechanical and rheological behaviour is distinct in the oceanic and continental lithospheres. These first promising results should be confirmed by analysing other mantle suites of rocks in different geodynamic settings. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Textural characterisation of rocks

Textural characteristics are a major factor in determining the mechanical behaviour of rocks and in the prediction of performance of rock cutting and drilling equipment. The principal textural characteristics of rocks are grain size, grain shape, grain orientation, relative proportion of grains and matrix material which were herein quantitatively measured using a modern image analysis system. These features resulted in a texture coefficient represented by a single number for each rock specimen. In this study a range of both textural and mechanical data for a range of rock types are given with some of the textural determination methodology. Correlation between textural and physical properties are also highlighted. The results of drilling tests using polycrystalline diamond compact (pin and hybrid) and impregnated diamond core bits in the rocks are presented which demonstrate the influence of rock texture on drillability. The rock texture can be used as a predictive factor for assessing the drillability and cuttability, mechanical and wear performance of rocks.     

Three-dimensional quantitative textural analysis of metamorphic rocks using high-resolution computed X-ray tomography: Part I. Methods and techniques

Macroscopic textures resulting from different atomic-scale mechanisms for metamorphic crystallization display different degrees of order, clustering, intergrowth and relative isolation of porphyroblasts. Data on the sizes and locations of thousands of crystals in a three-dimensional volume are required to identify reliably the mechanisms governing nucleation and growth of porphyroblasts from these textural features. These data can now be acquired by means of high-resolution computed X-ray tomography. Numerical models that simulate porphyroblast formation governed by either interface-controlled or diffusion-controlled reaction mechanisms indicate that quantitative textural analysis can discriminate between these possibilities. These numerical models also allow a comparison between textures predicted for different crystallization mechanisms and textures measured in natural samples, from which inferences can be drawn concerning the relative importance of these mechanisms in nature. An independent test of the validity of such inferences is possible for porphyroblasts such as garnet that may preserve prograde growth zoning and allow the examination of normalized radius–rate relations.