冬春季节北极海冰的年际和年代际变化

利用1953～1990年海冰密集度资料,研究了冬、春季节北极海冰的时空变化特征.结果表明:冬,春季节海冰变率大的海区主要有巴伦支海、格陵兰海、巴芬湾、戴维斯海峡以及白令海;在巴芬湾、戴维斯海峡和白令海海区,冬季海冰变率比春季的大;冬、春季节喀拉海、巴伦支海海冰面积均与春季白令海海冰面积呈反向变化关系,与巴芬湾、戴维斯海峡海冰面积也存在相反的变化趋势.分析还表明:北极海冰面积还表现出年代际时间尺度变化,尤其在冬季.春季格陵兰海海冰明显存在12年变化周期,而在冬、春季节,喀拉海、巴伦支海海冰存在l0年变化周期.     

北极海冰变化对新疆冬季气温的影响研究

利用1961年12月—2022年2月新疆冬季气温、北极海冰等资料，探讨北极海冰变化影响新疆冬季气温的物理模态、影响机制。结果表明，北极海冰的变化与新疆大部冬季气温呈正相关，北极海冰变化通过改变北半球大气高低空配置进而影响新疆冬季气温。另外，不同海区的海冰变化对新疆冬季气温的影响有显著区别：格陵兰海—丹麦海峡、拉普捷夫海—东西伯利亚海海冰异常偏多时，新疆大部冬季气温偏高。巴伦支海—喀拉海、鄂霍次克海—白令海峡、哈德孙湾—戴维斯海峡海冰异常偏多时，新疆大部冬季气温偏低。     

冬季北极海冰与中国同期气温的关系

采用Hadley中心的海冰密集度资料和中国160站气温资料,对冬季北极海冰变化的主要模态进行了分析,定义了5个关键海区,重点讨论了冬季北极海冰异常与中国冬季气温的关系。结果表明,冬季北极海冰变化主要表现为第一模态,即太平洋、大西洋的海冰反位相分布。海冰变化的关键区域为区域Ⅰ巴伦支海、区域Ⅱ格陵兰海、区域Ⅲ戴维斯海峡、区域Ⅳ白令海以及区域Ⅴ鄂霍次克海。中国冬季平均气温、冬季最低气温、冬季最高气温均与北极关键海区的海冰异常有显著相关,但是与其对应的海区有所不同。     

冬季北极海冰与中国同期气温的关系

采用Hadley中心的海冰密集度资料和中国160站气温资料,对冬季北极海冰变化的主要模态进行了分析,定义了5个关键海区,重点讨论了冬季北极海冰异常与中国冬季气温的关系.结果表明,冬季北极海冰变化主要表现为第一模态,即太平洋、大西洋的海冰反位相分布.海冰变化的关键区域为区域Ⅰ巴伦支海、区域Ⅱ格陵兰海、区域Ⅲ戴维斯海峡、区...     

北极海冰的气候变化与20世纪90年代的突变

应用英国Had ley气候研究中心1968~2000年的1°×1°的北半球逐月海冰密集度资料,使用EOF分解等统计方法,探讨北极海冰的气候变化趋势、海冰的突变、海冰的季节持续性和各季的特色。结果表明:(1)自1968年以来,北极海冰的减小是北半球海冰变化的总趋势;海冰的趋势变化在海冰的年际总变化中占有相当重要的地位,可达50%左右。冬春季主要减少区域在格陵兰海、巴伦支海和白令海;夏秋季海冰减少是唯一趋势,中心在北冰洋边缘的喀拉海、拉普捷夫海、东西伯利亚海、楚科奇海、波弗特海。(2)20世纪80年代中后期北极海冰已出现减小趋势,在20世纪90年代,海冰又出现范围和面积的突然减少,中心在格陵兰海和巴伦支海;即海冰减少是加速的,其变化程度已远远超过一般的自然变化。(3)海冰有很好的季节持续性,有很强的隔季相关,也有较好的隔年相关;各季节海冰分布型之间有很好的联系,表现为海冰分布型的总体变化趋势是一致的,在海冰的减少中也体现了分布型的特征。     

南、北极海冰的时空演变特征

利用海水面积指数,分析了南、北极海冰年际时间尺度的时空演变特征。结果表明：南极海冰具有明显的年际振荡。南极夏季海水年际异常具有一定的整体性,秋、冬、春季海冰年际异常则表现出较强的区域性。北极海冰也具有显著的年际振荡。北极冬、春季海冰年际异常主要发生在格陵兰海、巴伦支海和喀拉海,夏、秋季海冰年际异常主要发生在东西伯利亚和海和波旨特海。     

冬季喀拉海、巴伦支海海冰面积变化对后期北太平洋海温的影响

采用Ｗａｌｓｈ的１９５３～１９９０年逐月北极海冰密集度资料、１９５３～１９８７年北半球海表温度资料、１９４６～１９８９年月平均５００ｈＰａ高度场以及１９８０～１９８９年８５０ｈＰａ高度场、风场和温度场资料,研究了冬季北极关键区（喀拉海、巴伦支海海区）海冰面积变化对后期北太平洋海表温度的影响。研究结果表明：冬季喀拉海、巴伦支海海冰可以影响初夏北太平洋中部海温。冬季该海区海冰偏多,则冬、春季节亚洲大陆冷空气活动偏北,春季白令海海冰偏少、阿留申低涡减弱西移,引导偏北的大陆冷空气南下,在热力和动力共同作用下,使北太平洋中部海温偏低;相反,冬季喀拉海、巴伦支海海冰偏少时,则冬、春季节亚洲大陆冷空气活动偏南,冷空气在东亚地区向南爆发,同时,白令海海冰偏多、阿留申低涡加深东移,北太平洋中部西风偏强且位置偏北,东太平洋副热带高压位置也偏北,使北太平洋中部海温受到来自低纬度地区暖湿气流的影响,海温将偏高。     

国外关于冰雪和大气相互作用的研究

国外对冰雪和大气相互作用作了大量研究,并把其成果应用于长期天气预报。现分以下几方面介绍其成果。一、主要海冰型和大气变化的关系北极海冰范围变化共有四个代表型: 第一型(I_1)最大海冰范围平均距平在白令海、巴芬湾地区和巴伦支海。巴伦支海的海冰距平与白令海和巴芬湾的海冰距平符号相反,此为冬季型。第二型(I_2)赫德森湾、巴芬湾、东格陵兰海和巴伦支海的距平符号与白令海的海冰距平符号相     

1966～1991年北极海冰模拟结果与观测的对比

利用宇如聪等1995年建立的北极区域冰-洋耦合模式,以1966～1991年期间逐月的月平均实测海平面气温和气压场为强迫场,模拟了上述26年间北极海冰的时间演变和空间分布,着重分析了大西洋及欧洲沿岸一侧的巴伦支海和格陵兰海的海冰状况,并与目前能够得到的北极海冰密集度观测资料做了对比,结果表明:（1）模式对巴伦支海海冰年际变化的模拟是比较成功的,表现在不仅模拟的1969～1979和1979～1987这两个时段的主要变化趋势和观测事实比较一致,而且模拟出了1979和1984这两个多冰和少冰的极端年份。模拟的主要     

冬季戴维斯海峡的海冰面积年陈变化与东亚气候关系研究

采用北极1°×1°海冰面积指数、海平面气压、500hPa高度场和中国160站气温等资料,分析了戴维斯海峡海冰的年际变化与大气环流及东亚气候的关系,结果发现冬季戴维斯海峡是影响东亚以及北半球气候变化的关键区之一,该区海冰面积年际变化与500hPa高度场的WA型、EU型遥相关以及东亚冬季风强、弱之间存在密切的关系.冬季该区海冰偏多,则500hPa高度场在北大西洋戴维斯海峡西欧一带为WA型遥相关(美国东部高度场偏高,北美东北部到格陵兰一带高度场偏低),在欧亚大陆为出现EU型遥相关(贝加尔湖及其以东和西欧高度场偏高),西伯利亚高压减弱,致使东亚冬季风偏弱,我国东北、西北和华北地区偏暖;而冬季该区海冰偏少时,情况正好相反.     

Quantifying Arctic contributions to climate predictability in a regional coupled ocean-ice-atmosphere model

The relative importance of regional processes inside the Arctic climate system and the large scale atmospheric circulation for Arctic interannual climate variability has been estimated with the help of a regional Arctic coupled ocean-ice-atmosphere model. The study focuses on sea ice and surface climate during the 1980s and 1990s. Simulations agree reasonably well with observations. Correlations between the winter North Atlantic Oscillation index and the summer Arctic sea ice thickness and summer sea ice extent are found. Spread of sea ice extent within an ensemble of model runs can be associated with a surface pressure gradient between the Nordic Seas and the Kara Sea. Trends in the sea ice thickness field are widely significant and can formally be attributed to large scale forcing outside the Arctic model domain. Concerning predictability, results indicate that the variability generated by the external forcing is more important in most regions than the internally generated variability. However, both are in the same order of magnitude. Local areas such as the Northern Greenland coast together with Fram Straits and parts of the Greenland Sea show a strong importance of internally generated variability, which is associated with wind direction variability due to interaction with atmospheric dynamics on the Greenland ice sheet. High predictability of sea ice extent is supported by north-easterly winds from the Arctic Ocean to Scandinavia.     

Atmospheric forcing of Fram Strait sea ice export: a closer look

Fram Strait is the primary region of sea ice export from the Arctic and therefore plays an important role in regulating the amount of sea ice and freshwater within the Arctic. We investigate the variability of Fram Strait sea ice motion and the role of atmospheric circulation forcing using daily data during the period 1979–2006. The most prominent atmospheric driver of anomalous sea ice motion across Fram Strait is an east–west dipole pattern of Sea Level Pressure (SLP) anomalies with centers of action located over the Barents Sea and Greenland. This pattern, also observed in synoptic studies, is associated with anomalous meridional winds across Fram Strait and is thus physically consistent with forcing changes in sea ice motion. The association between the SLP dipole pattern and Fram Strait ice motion is maximized at 0-lag, persists year-round, and is strongest on time scales of 10–60 days. The SLP dipole pattern is the second empirical orthogonal function (EOF) of daily SLP anomalies in both winter and summer. When the analysis is repeated with monthly data, only the Barents center of the SLP dipole remains significantly correlated with Fram Strait sea ice motion. However, after removing the leading EOF of monthly SLP variability (e.g., the North Atlantic Oscillation), the full east–west dipole pattern is recovered. No significant SLP forcing of Fram Strait ice motion is found in summer using monthly data, even when the leading EOF is removed. Our results highlight the importance of high frequency atmospheric variability in forcing Fram Strait sea ice motion.     

Decadal‐to‐interdecadal fluctuations of arctic sea‐ice cover and the atmospheric circulation during 1954–1994

Abstract

The relationship between the Arctic and subarctic sea‐ice concentration (SIC) anomalies, particularly those associated with the decadal‐scale Greenland and Labrador Seas “Ice and Salinity Anomalies (ISAs) “, and the overlying atmospheric circulation fluctuations is investigated using the singular value decomposition (SVD) and composite map analysis methods. The data analyzed are monthly SIC and sea level pressure (SLP) anomalies, which cover the northern hemisphere poleward of 45°N and extend over the 41‐year period 1954–1994.

The SVD₁ (first) mode of the coupled variability, which accounts for 57% of the square covariance, is for the most part an atmosphere‐to‐ice forcing mode characterized by the decadal timescale. The aforementioned ISA anomalies are clearly captured by this mode whose SIC anomalies are dominated by a strong dipole across Greenland. However, as part of the same mode, there is also a weaker SIC dipole in the northern North Pacific which has opposite‐signed anomalies in the Sea of Okhotsk and the Bering Sea. It is also shown that there exists a significant negative correlation between the decadal SIC variability in the Greenland‐Barents Seas region associated with this mode and the North Atlantic Oscillation, whose spectrum also exhibits a quasi‐decadal signal.

The SVD₂ mode accounts for 12% of the square covariance and shows no evidence of a dominant forcing field of either SIC or SLP. This SVD mode exhibits very low frequency (interdecadal) variability, and its co‐variability is mainly concentrated in the northern North Pacific. It appears to be a high‐latitude extension of the recently investigated interdecadal North Pacific Oscillation. The spatial structure of the second mode complements the case of the first SVD mode whose co‐variability mainly occurs in the northern North Atlantic.     

冬季北极海冰长期变化对华北降水的可能影响

分析表明,从长期趋势来看,冬季喀拉海、巴伦支海海冰可以影响８月份海河、辽河匠降水;而冬季巴芬湾、戴维斯海峡海冰对７月黄河中上游流和水有有影响,海冰与降水变化均呈相反的变化趋势     

On the interannual variability of arctic sea‐level pressure and sea ice

Abstract

Monthly mean sea‐level pressure (SLP) data from the Northern Hemisphere for the period January 1952‐December 1987 are analysed. Fluctuations in this field over the Arctic on interannual time‐scales and their statistical association with fluctuations farther south are determined. The standard deviation of the interannual variability is largest compared with that of the annual cycle along the seaboards of the major land masses. The SLP anomalies are generally in phase over the entire Arctic Basin and extend south over the northern Russia and Canada, but tend to be out of phase with fluctuations at mid‐latitudes. The anomalies are most closely associated with fluctuations over the North Atlantic and Europe except near the Chukchi Sea to the north of Bering Strait. The associations with the North Pacific fluctuations become increasingly more prominent at most Arctic sites (e.g. the Canadian Arctic Archipelago) as the time‐scale increases.

Associations between the SLP fluctuations and atmospheric indices that represent processes affecting sea‐ice drift (wind stress and wind stress curl) are determined. In every case local associations dominate, but some remote ones are also evident. For example, changes in the magnitude of the wind stress curl over the Beaufort Sea are increased if the atmospheric circulation over the North Pacific is intensified; wind stress over the region where sea ice is exchanged between the Beaufort Gyre and the Transpolar Drift Stream is modulated by both the Southern and North Atlantic Oscillations.

Severe sea‐ice conditions in the Greenland Sea (as measured by the Koch Ice Index) coincide with a weakened atmospheric circulation over the North Atlantic.     

Simultaneous winter sea‐ice and atmospheric circulation anomaly patterns

Abstract

This study looks at simultaneous changes in atmospheric circulation and extremes in sea‐ice cover during winter. Thirty‐six years of ice‐cover data and 100‐kPa height and 50–100‐kPa thickness data are used. For the entire Arctic, the study found a general weakening of the Aleutian and Icelandic lows for heavy (i.e. severe) compared with light sea‐ice conditions suggesting reduced surface heating as a possible cause. The weakening of the two lows would also reduce meridional atmospheric circulation and poleward heat transport into the Arctic. The study also looks at three regions of high sea ice and atmospheric variability: the Bering Sea, the Davis Strait/Labrador Sea and the Greenland Sea. For the Bering Sea, heavy sea‐ice conditions were accompanied by weakening and westward displacement of the Aleutian Low again suggesting reduced surface heating and the formation of a secondary low in the Gulf of Alaska. This change in circulation is consistent with increased cold air advection over the Bering Sea and changes in storm tracks and meridional heat transport found in other studies. For the Davis Strait/Labrador Sea, heavy ice‐cover winters were accompanied by intensification of the Icelandic Low suggesting atmospheric temperature and wind advection and associated changes in ocean currents as the main cause of heavy ice. For the Greenland Sea no statistically significant difference was found. It is felt that this may be due to the important role that ice export through Fram Strait and ocean currents play in determining ice extent in this region.