极端条件下几种锦鸡儿属灌木的生理特性

研究了土壤极端干旱和旱后复灌条件下4种锦鸡儿属灌木(黄刺条、甘蒙锦鸡儿、白皮锦鸡儿和狭叶锦鸡儿)的光合作用、蒸腾作用、气孔调节、水势变化、叶绿素荧光和脯氨酸累积等特征。结果显示:土壤极端干旱叠加高温、高光辐射和低空气湿度,使4种灌木的生理活动降到极限,各项生理指标对小气候因子的变化已无明显响应;旱后复灌,使4种灌木的生理活动明显恢复,对小气候因子的变化响应明显;不同种对土壤干湿变化的响应程度不同,以甘蒙锦鸡儿变化幅度最大,以白皮锦鸡儿变化幅度最小;由土壤干湿条件下的生理响应可以说明,甘蒙锦鸡儿为一喜湿种,白皮锦鸡儿对土壤干湿变化的适应幅度较小,而以黄刺条和狭叶锦鸡儿的适应幅度最大。     

基于叶片微形态结构评价10种锦鸡儿属(Caragana)植物的抗旱特征

以中国西北荒漠地区的10种锦鸡儿属(Caragana)植物的叶片为对象,通过光学显微镜和扫描电子显微镜的观察,选择叶片厚度、气孔密度、绒毛盖度、角质层厚度等10项叶片结构指标对叶肉细胞解剖结构和表皮微形态结构进行了研究,探究10种锦鸡儿对干旱环境的适应特征,并用层次聚类分析法进行分类和模糊数学隶属函数值法进行抗旱性综合评价。结果表明:10种锦鸡儿在长期适应各自生境的过程中,叶片表面微形态结构和叶肉细胞结构均表现出明显的适应特征。10种锦鸡儿属植物的叶片形态结构适应特征聚为3类,第1类主要特征是气孔、叶片厚度和表皮细胞厚度大,绒毛盖度和叶片组织结构紧密度小;第2类是绒毛盖度较大,栅栏组织厚度和叶片组织结构紧密度小;第3类是栅栏组织厚度和叶片组织结构紧密度大,气孔、角质层厚度、叶片厚度和表皮细胞厚度小。根据隶属函数值,10种锦鸡儿属植物的抗旱性由大到小排列的顺序为卷叶锦鸡儿>荒漠锦鸡儿>短脚锦鸡儿>狭叶锦鸡儿>柠条锦鸡儿>小叶锦鸡儿>中间锦鸡儿>红花锦鸡儿>鬼箭锦鸡儿>刺叶锦鸡儿。     

储藏温度、NaCl及PEG渗透处理对中间锦鸡儿(Caragana intermedia)种子萌发的影响

以中间锦鸡儿(Caragana intermedia)种子为试验材料,进行储藏温度(室温,15~35℃;保鲜,4~5℃;冷藏,-10~-4℃)、NaCl盐胁迫及PEG渗透胁迫处理下的萌发试验。结果表明:前期经保鲜处理的种子无论在盐胁迫还是在干旱胁迫条件下都要比经室温和冷藏处理的种子发芽率高,其种子在盐胁迫条件下的最高发芽率为90%,在干旱胁迫条件下的最高发芽率为87%。     

不同林龄柠条(Caragana korshinskii)的光合特性和水分利用特征

柠条(Caragana korshinskii)是宁夏沙坡头地区的主要固沙灌木,建植初期表现出较强适应性,但随着年龄增长和土壤水分耗竭,开始出现衰退。为探明灌木年龄与其退化的关系,野外原位测定了不同林龄(3、13、25龄)柠条的叶水势、叶相对含水量、叶表观导水率、净光合速率及水分利用效率,分析了其光合特性与叶水势的关系。结果表明:(1)不同林龄柠条的光合能力和水分利用效率差异显著,中龄、幼龄的光合能力高于老龄,而水分利用效率低于老龄;(2)净光合速率、气孔导度与叶水势的非线性关系,反映出不同林龄柠条采取不同策略应对干旱胁迫,幼龄柠条通过快速关闭气孔来减少水分散失,而中龄和老龄柠条通过调整水分利用策略来应对干旱。老龄柠条通过提高水分利用效率来使水分利用最大化,但其植物水势和光合的降低可能导致生长减缓和衰退。     

沙埋对小叶锦鸡儿幼苗生长和生物量分配的影响

沙埋是沙地植物生长和分布的重要选择压力之一,是影响植物种子萌发、幼苗出土和幼苗存活的关键因素.本研究对科尔沁沙地常见的沙生灌木小叶锦鸡儿(Caragana microphylla)幼苗进行了不同深度的沙埋试验.结果表明:各处理间叶片数量在沙埋初期有差异,后期差异不显著;各处理植株生物量均主要分配在叶片中,随着沙埋深度的增加叶片生物量比逐渐降低,而茎生物量比逐渐增加.当沙埋深度达到其株高的133%时,可使幼苗全部死亡;而在沙埋深度与株高相同时,其存活率仅为37%.沙埋30天后,中度沙埋(67%)能促进小叶锦鸡儿幼苗的株高、根长、总生物量以及根茎相对生长速率的增加;而重度沙埋抑制植株地上部分的高生长和叶相对生长速率.这说明中度沙埋在一定程度上可以促进小叶锦鸡儿的生长,而重度沙埋抑制幼苗的生长,甚至导致幼苗的死亡.     

京津风沙源浑善达克沙地治理区退耕还林地的植被变化

本文选择京津风沙源区浑善达克沙地治理区大兴安岭南部亚区2004年退耕的榆树-小叶锦鸡儿林及山杏林和浑善达克沙地亚区2002年退耕的榆树-小叶锦鸡儿、小叶锦鸡儿退耕林及榆树疏林沙地设置监测样地,对植被盖度、生物量、物种多样性等进行了连续4年的监测调查,结果表明:在大兴安岭南部亚区,退耕后4~7年,榆树-小叶锦鸡儿林总盖度和总生物量均极显著高于对照的蒿类草地(p<0.01),且呈逐年上升趋势;山杏人工林总盖度在前期低于天然胡枝子灌丛,但后期优于对照;山杏人工林总生物量逐年增加,并在2010年和2011年显著大于胡枝子灌丛(p<0.05)。榆树-小叶锦鸡儿和山杏人工林及其对照样地的Shannon-Wiener指数均呈波状变化,差异不显著。在浑善达克沙地亚区,退耕后6~9年,榆树-小叶锦鸡儿林地的总盖度显著高于小叶锦鸡儿和榆树疏林沙地(p<0.05),但榆树疏林沙地在年际间的变化更稳定,榆树疏林沙地总生物量在2008-2010年间均高于榆树-小叶锦鸡儿和小叶锦鸡儿人工林,但人工林逐年增加的趋势更明显。小叶锦鸡儿人工林和榆树疏林沙地的Shannon-Wiener指数明显高于榆树-小叶锦鸡儿林地,并且都呈波状增加趋势,而榆树-小叶锦鸡儿林地的Shannon-Wiener指数表现出与降雨变化同样的趋势。     

干旱胁迫对唐古特白刺(Nitrariatangutorum)种子吸胀萌发和幼苗生长的影响

以生长在荒漠地区的唐古特白刺(Nitraria tangutorum)种子为材料,采用PEG-6000模拟干旱条件,研究了6种渗透势(-0.05、-0.148、-0.295、-0.490、-0.734、-1.032 MPa)下种子吸水特性、萌发特性和幼苗生长特性.结果显示:唐古特白刺吸水速度快,效率高,3 h吸水量随水势的降低而增高;随着干旱胁迫程度的加剧,唐古特白刺种子的萌发率、发芽指数、活力指数降低,萌发起始天数推迟,初生芽高度和幼苗生长量表现出降低的趋势,而幼苗干重、根干重和根冠比均呈先升后降的趋势,表明唐古特白刺种子在适当的干旱胁迫下可以提高幼苗的抗旱性,有利于培育壮苗;唐古特白刺种子萌发对水势变化既敏感又抗旱,种子能够萌发的最低渗透势阈值为-0.490 MPa;因干旱胁迫未能萌发的种子复水后萌发率较高.唐古特白刺种子萌发和幼苗生长对干旱胁迫的响应特征对幼苗的成功定植和避旱具有重要生态学意义,但在人工栽培时保证土壤墒情应是保障建植成功的关键措施.     

寒旱环境4种草本和灌木植物耐盐性试验研究

选取4种适宜于西宁盆地及其周边地区生长的老芒麦(Elymus sibiricus Linn.)、垂穗披碱草(Elymus nutans Griseb.)、柠条锦鸡儿(Caragana korshinskii Kom.)、霸王(Zygophyllum xanthoxylon Maxim.)作为供试种,采用室内种植方式进行0、30、60、90、120 mmol/L 5种浓度的Na_2SO_4溶液胁迫试验。研究4种植物地茎(径)、株高、干重等生长指标及地上和地下部分Na~+、K~+、Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)、Cl~-、SO_4~(2-)6种易溶盐离子含量,探讨4种植物的耐盐性特征。结果表明:盐胁迫对4种植物的生长具有一定抑制效应,其地茎(径)、株高、干重均逐渐降低,其中盐胁迫条件下对老芒麦的抑制作用相对较为显著,其次为垂穗披碱草、霸王和柠条锦鸡儿;随着胁迫浓度增加,4种植物地上和地下部分Na~+和SO_4~(2-)含量显著增加,而K~+、Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)、Cl~-含量呈逐渐降低;柠条锦鸡儿地上部分K~+/Na~+值相对较高,为0.73~9.70,其次为霸王和垂穗披碱草,为0.46~8.35和0.45~7.57,老芒麦相对较低,为0.25~6.12,表明区内4种植物耐盐性由大至小依次为柠条锦鸡儿、霸王、垂穗披碱草、老芒麦。研究结果对于西宁盆地及其周边地区开展利用植物有效防治土地盐渍化具有理论指导意义。     

干旱胁迫对不同株型玉米大喇叭口期生长的影响

干旱胁迫条件下,在大喇叭口期对2种株型玉米自交系(紧凑株型的廊黄及昌7-2和平展株型的TS141)的形态、生理生化特性进行了研究。结果表明:(1)干旱胁迫导致3个自交系的叶夹角、叶长、叶宽和株高趋于减小,叶向值增大;与廊黄及昌7-2相比,干旱胁迫后,TS141的叶夹角、叶长、叶宽及株高有较大的降低幅度,叶向值有较小的增加幅度。(2)干旱胁迫处理后,3个自交系的地上部鲜重、地下部鲜重、鲜干比、根长和根数都有不同程度的下降;根冠比加大;与TS141相比,廊黄及昌7-2变化的幅度较小;紧凑株型玉米自交系在干旱胁迫下仍能保持较正常的根系形态。(3)干旱胁迫后,3个自交系的相对电导率、丙二醛、脯氨酸、可溶性糖含量、保护酶活性都有不同程度的升高,相对电导率及丙二醛含量在TS141中的上升幅度大于廊黄和昌7-2,而脯氨酸、可溶性糖含量以及保护酶活性在廊黄和昌7-2中上升的幅度大于TS141。(4)干旱胁迫后,3个自交系的雌、雄穗发育都受到不同程度的影响,但廊黄及昌7-2受到的影响小于TS141,花丝数量远远多于TS141。     

干旱胁迫对不同株型玉米大喇叭口期生长的影响

干旱胁迫条件下,在大喇叭口期对2种株型玉米自交系(紧凑株型的廊黄及昌7-2和平展株型的TS141)的形态、生理生化特性进行了研究。结果表明: (1)干旱胁迫导致3个自交系的叶夹角、叶长、叶宽和株高趋于减小,叶向值增大;与廊黄及昌7-2相比,干旱胁迫后, TS141的叶夹角、叶长、叶宽及株高有较大的降低幅度,叶向值有较小的增加幅度。(2)干旱胁迫处理后,3个自交系的地上部鲜重、地下部鲜重、鲜干比、根长和根数都有不同程度的下降;根冠比加大;与TS141相比,廊黄及昌7-2变化的幅度较小;紧凑株型玉米自交系在干旱胁迫下仍能保持较正常的根系形态。(3)干旱胁迫后,3个自交系的相对电导率、丙二醛、脯氨酸、可溶性糖含量、保护酶活性都有不同程度的升高,相对电导率及丙二醛含量在TS141中的上升幅度大于廊黄和昌7-2,而脯氨酸、可溶性糖含量以及保护酶活性在廊黄和昌7-2中上升的幅度大于TS141。(4)干旱胁迫后,3个自交系的雌、雄穗发育都受到不同程度的影响,但廊黄及昌7-2受到的影响小于TS141,花丝数量远远多于TS141。     

湿润条件下几种锦鸡儿属灌木的气体交换特征及调节机制

土壤水分充足时柠条、中间锦鸡儿和小叶锦鸡儿的Pn、E和Gs均大幅度提高,Pn和Gs值的大小顺序为:中间锦鸡儿>小叶锦鸡儿>柠条,E值的大小顺序为:柠条>中间锦鸡儿>小叶锦鸡儿。柠条一日内的Fv/Fo、Fm/Fo和Fv/Fm值最高,日间没有明显的降低;中间锦鸡儿的上述各项荧光参数值最低,且在13:00~ 17:00出现"低谷",说明发生了明显的光合作用光抑制;小叶锦鸡儿各项测值的大小和波动幅度居于两者之间;3种灌木的光抑制均可在黄昏得到恢复。3种灌木的Chl以中间锦鸡儿为高,柠条和小叶锦鸡儿相近;Car的日均值仍以中间锦鸡最高,柠条和小叶锦鸡儿则相近。一日内以柠条的水势最低且波动平缓;中间锦鸡儿和小叶锦鸡儿的水势较高,日间降幅较大,在15:00~ 17:00降至最低。柠条脯氨酸含量在日间明显增加,中间锦鸡儿稍有增加,小叶锦鸡儿则不明显;3种灌木的脯氨酸含量依次为柠条>中间锦鸡儿>小叶锦鸡儿。     

脆弱生态带典型区域几种锦鸡儿属优势灌木的光合特征

小叶锦鸡儿在原产地科尔沁沙地光合速率可达12.21μmol·m^-2·s^-1,引种至腾格里沙漠后降低了11.63倍,光合日变化曲线由"凹谷"型变为"单峰"型;毛乌素沙地中间锦鸡儿的光合速率在引种前为4.5μmol·m^-2·s^-1,引种后降低了3倍,光合日变化曲线由"双峰"型变为"单峰"型;在相同的环境条件下,柠条和中间锦鸡儿光合等特性相似,以小叶锦鸡儿光合速率最低,引种前后降幅最大,说明其对引种地的适应性不及中间锦鸡儿。     

科尔沁沙地几种常见植物茎叶吸水特征

植物通过茎叶吸水能够极大地改善自身水分条件。为研究科尔沁沙地植被茎叶吸收水分变化特征,于2017年7-8月选取科尔沁沙地常见植物差不嘎蒿（Artemisia halodendron）、小叶锦鸡儿（Caragana microphylla）、猪毛菜（Salsola collina）,通过自然降雨、茎叶隔雨、根部隔雨的控制试验,运用压力室法测定了降雨前后的植物水势（Ψ）变化。结果表明：（1）根部隔雨试验中,差不嘎蒿、小叶锦鸡儿和猪毛菜降雨后的水势值与降雨前相比分别升高了约66.7%、59.5%和87.9%,在降雨后第2天的水势值与降雨前相比分别升高了约73.2%、86.7%和90.6%。（2）差不嘎蒿和猪毛菜在不同部位隔雨试验中的茎叶水势值差异不明显（P>0.05）,小叶锦鸡儿茎叶水势值存在显著差异（P<0.05）。（3）差不嘎蒿、小叶锦鸡儿和猪毛菜都存在茎叶吸水现象。小叶锦鸡儿比差不嘎蒿和猪毛菜更能够适应科尔沁沙地的生存环境。     

科尔沁沙地优势固沙灌木叶片凋落物分解的主场效应

在气候变化和人类活动的影响下，科尔沁沙质草地中灌木植物种增加，导致沙质草地逐渐向灌木地转变。选取该地区优势固沙灌木差不嘎蒿（Artemisia halodendron）和小叶锦鸡儿叶（Caragana microphylla）凋落物及其混合凋落物开展交互移置培养试验，分析了培养过程中CO₂释放和干物质损失量以及混合凋落物CO₂释放量实测值与预测值的差异，辨析主场效应产生的原因及其驱动机制，以期为将主场效应纳入到凋落物分解模型提供理论基础。结果表明：与高质量的小叶锦鸡儿叶凋落物相比，质量较低的差不嘎蒿叶凋落物分解具有更强的主场效应；其次，引起叶凋落物分解的主场效应归因于土壤微生物的特化作用，而不是土壤动物的搬运或贮藏行为。此外，混合凋落物主场效应与其分解生境中长期输入的凋落物的质量相似性紧密相关，质量相似性越大，主场效应越强，这也是本研究中混合凋落物分解在差不嘎蒿灌丛土壤下具有较强主场效应的原因。     

Stable isotopes reveal varying water sources of Caragana microphylla in a desert-oasis ecotone near the Badain Jaran Desert

Understanding the variation in a plant's water sources is critical to understanding hydrological processes in water-limited environments. Here, we measured the stable-isotope ratios(δ18 O) of xylem water of Caragana microphylla, precipitation,soil water from different depths, and groundwater to quantitatively analyze the proportion of water sources for the shrub.We found that the water sources of C. microphylla differed with the plant's ages and the seasons. The main water source for young shrubs was upper-soil water, and it showed significant changes with seasonal precipitation inputs. In summer,the proportion contributed by shallow water was significantly increased with increased precipitation inputs. Then, the contribution from shallow-soil water decreased with the decline in precipitation input in spring and autumn. However, the adult shrubs resorted to deep-soil layers and groundwater as the main water sources during the whole growing season and showed much less seasonal variation. We conclude that the main water source of the young shrubs was upper-soil water and was controlled by precipitation inputs. However, once the shrub gradually grew up and the roots reached sufficient depth, the main water sources change from the upper-soil layer recharged by precipitation to deep-soil water and groundwater, which were relatively stable and abundant in the desert ecosystem. These results also suggest that desert shrubs may be able to switch their main water sources to deep and reliable water sources as their age increases, and this adjustment to water availability carries significant importance for their acclimation to the desert habitat.     

甘肃金昌市引种植物抗旱性的比较研究

对金昌市新引进的30种植物进行了PV曲线主要水分状况参数的测定,以抗旱性指数大小为基础,结合束缚水与自由水的比值,分析了引种植物的抗旱性,通过植物叶水势、相对水分亏缺及细胞弹性模量的分析,提出了初步种植建议。     

科尔沁沙地优势固沙灌木的生物量预测模型

灌木生物量预测模型对于快速估算固沙灌木林生产力具有重要作用。以科尔沁沙地3种常见的固沙灌木小叶锦鸡儿（Caragana microphylla）、差不嘎蒿（Artemisia halondendron）、黄柳（Salix gordejevii）为对象,基于对灌木地上、根系和整株生物量及高度、冠幅等的测定,建立3种灌木地上、根系和总生物量的估算模型,通过决定系数（R²）、估计值的标准误（SEE）和回归检验显著水平（P<0.05）筛选最优的生物量预测模型。结果表明：小叶锦鸡儿和黄柳生物量的最佳估算变量为冠幅体积,而差不嘎蒿的最佳预测变量为冠幅面积。幂函数回归模型具有最大的R²和较小的SEE,说明相对生长方程是估算小叶锦鸡儿、黄柳、差不嘎蒿灌木生物量较理想的模型。通过实测值检验,3种灌木幂函数模型预测生物量的预估精度在93%以上,具有较好的预测精度。     

Seasonal characteristics of chlorophyll fluorescence kinetics of heteromorphic leaves in Populus Euphratica

Populus euphratica Oliver grown in desert areas have polymorphic leaves, which include lanceolate to serrate oval leaves.This paper measures the chlorophyll fluorescence-induction kinetics curves of two types of heteromorphic leaves(lanceolate and serrate oval) of P. euphratica over the growth season in the Ejina Desert area, China. This is in order to study the electron transport, as well as absoprtion, distribtution, and dissipation of light energy and their adaptation characteristics.The results indicate that(1) serrate oval leaves' photosystem II(PSII) initial light-energy-conversion efficiency(Fv/Fm),potential activity(Fv/F_0), and the light-energy-utilization parameter(PI) are higher than those of lanceolate leaves; the accumulated amount of Q_A-(V_j) and the relative speed of Q_A deoxidation(M_0) are lower than those of lanceolate leaves;(2)the reaction center density(RC/CS_0) and electron-transfer energy(ET_0/CS_0) in the unit cross-sectional area of serrate oval leaves are higher than those of lanceolate leaves; the energy consumed in unit cross-sectional area(DI_0/CS_0), and energyflow parameters(ABS/RC, ET_0/RC, TR_0/RC, and DI_0/RC) in the unit reaction center of serrate oval leaves are lower than those of lanceolate leaves;(3) the proportion of energy used for photochemical reaction and energy electron transport in serrate oval leaves(Φ_(P0), Ψ_0, and Φ_(E0)) are larger than those in lanceolate leaves, and the maximum quantum yield(Φ_(D0)) of nonphotochemical reaction is less than that of lanceolate leaves. Thus, serrate oval leaves of P. euphratica have a more efficient energy-distribution strategy and better adaptability to extreme environmental conditions than lanceolate leaves.     

沙地小叶锦鸡儿群落持续经营的对策

主要研究了极度干旱对小叶锦鸡儿生长的影响及小叶锦鸡儿人工固沙林的密度和现有林的经营利用对策,探讨了干旱条件下土壤水分与植株密度、植被盖度的关系。结果表明:天然群落表现出对干旱条件极强的适应性,人工群落则出现了生长衰退甚至大面积枯萎现象,这主要是由于人工群落密度过大所造成的。轻度放牧可以增加小叶锦鸡儿可食部分,是持续经营利用小叶锦鸡儿群落的有效途径。     

Water sources for typical desert vegetation in the Ebinur Lake basin

In arid and semi-arid environments, desert vegetation plays an important role in preventing soil erosion by wind and helps maintain the stability of desert and oasis ecosystems. Four types of typical desert vegetation, namely Populus euphratica, Haloxylon ammodendron, Nitraria sibirica, and Halostachs caspica, corresponding to different habitats (i.e., river bank, sand dune, desert, and salt marsh) were chosen as the model vegetation in this research. The δ²H and δ¹⁸O for rainwater, soil water, and plant water were applied to identify the water sources and quantify the proportions of different water sources used over the entire plant growth period (from March to October). The results showed that the precipitation δ²H and δ¹⁸O in the Ebinur Lake basin varied from -142.5‰ to -0.6‰ and from -20.16‰ to 1.20‰, respectively. The largest δ²H and δ¹⁸O values occurred in summer and the smallest in winter. The soil water δ²H and δ¹⁸O of the four habitats decreased gradually with increasing depth. The δ²H and δ¹⁸O values of water extracted from the stems of the four plants had similar variation trends, that is, the maximum was observed in spring and the minimum in summer. Among the four plants, H. caspica had the highest stable isotopic values in the stem water, followed by N. sibirica, H. ammodendron, and P. euphratica. The water sources and utilization ratios of desert vegetation varied across different growth stages. Throughout the growing period, H. ammodendron mainly used groundwater, whereas the water source proportions used by N. sibirica varied greatly throughout the growing season. In spring, plants mainly relied on surface soil water, with a contribution rate of 80%-94%. However, in summer, the proportion of deep soil water used was 31%-36%; and in autumn, the proportion of middle soil water used was 33%-36%. H. caspica mainly relied on topsoil water in spring and autumn, and the proportion of soil water in the middle layer slightly increased to 20%-36% in summer. P. euphratica mainly used intermediate soil water in spring with a utilization rate of 53%-54%. In summer, groundwater was the main source, with a utilization rate of 72%-88%, and only 2%-5% came from river water, whereas in autumn, the river water utilization rate rose to 11%-21%. The results indicated that there were significant differences in water use sources during the growing period for desert vegetation in arid areas. This research provides a theoretical basis for understanding water use mechanisms, water adaptation strategies, and vegetation restoration and management in arid areas.