L—Fuzzy拓扑空间中的α—分离性

本文在Ｌ－Ｆｕｚｚｙ拓扑空间中考虑层次给出了具有层次特征的α－分离性，讨论了它们的性质，进而在Ｑ－紧空间中得到了与正则、正规性相关的几个结果。     

拓扑分子格的S紧化与S次紧化

利用半开元等半拓扑概念引入拓扑分子格的S紧化与S次紧化概念,给出了它们的刻画,推广了王国俊(1990)拓扑分子格的紧化与次紧化概念,得出了拓扑分子格与其最简单点S紧化关于分离性(半分离性)的性质,以及正统拓扑分子格与其最简单点S紧化(S次紧化)关于分离性(半分离性)的性质等。     

对称拓扑分子格中的仿S—闭性

本文引入三种仿Ｓ－闭对称拓扑分子格,研究了它们各自的等价刻划及特征性质,给出了它们之间的内在联系。     

拓扑分子格的直和及其性质

拓扑分子格是一种重要的格上拓扑的形式,已有一些文章中研究了拓扑分子格的分离性(ST分离性)、紧性(s紧性)及紧化(s紧化)等性质,一族拓扑分子格的乘积拓扑是一种重要的格上拓扑,研究它的性质有重要的理论意义与应用价值.文章给出了一族对称拓扑分子格的直和概念,给出了对称拓扑分子格的直和的特征,证明了对称拓扑分子格的分离性Ti(i=-1,0,1,2)及可数性CI,CII是可和性质.     

局部仿S闭空间

该文引入局部仿S闭空间的概念，讨论了它的一些性质，如局部仿S闭空间是极不连通的等价条件，局部仿S闭空间与局部仿紧、仿S闭空间、仿H（i）空间的关系、被连续开映射保持等，而且改进了陈必胜的四条定理。     

CSAMT自适应正则化一维全资料反演

相比于传统反演算法对初始模型依赖性强的弱点,自适应正则化对初始模型要求较低,正则化因子可以根据每次迭代的数据目标函数和模型目标函数的关系,快速计算得到.这里采用自适应正则化反演算法尝试对一维全资料CSAMT的层状介质进行反演,通过三层和五层模型及其使用近场视电阻率数据的反演计算,表明了CSAMT自适应正则化一维全资料反演算法稳定,也发现该方法不仅能够避免传统CSAMT近场校正带来的误差,而且由于不用反复搜索正则化因子,加快了迭代收敛速度.     

基于最小支持的2.5维直流电阻率正则化反演研究

地球物理反问题存在多解性和不稳定性,正则化是得到稳定解的重要手段之一,正则化方法中稳定因子的设计与正则化因子的选择是两项重要研究内容。稳定因子的主要功能是对模型的解空间进行限制,以减少多解性,求得稳定解;为更好的定位地下目标体,研究工作采用了最小支持稳定因子,并给出了统一表达形式。正则化因子在模型误差与数据误差之间起到平衡作用,研究工作在＂L曲线法＂自动选取正则化因子的基础上,提出一种修正的计算正则化因子算法。以2.5维直流电阻率为例,运用非线性共轭梯度法,进行了试算研究,结果表明了修正的＂L曲线法＂算法快速、稳定,最小支持稳定因子具有较好的聚焦特性,有利于实现陡变边界反演。     

大定源瞬变电磁一维自适应正则化反演

自适应正则化反演对初始模型要求较低,直接对瞬变电磁响应数据进行反演。正则化因子通过计算每次迭代的数据目标函数和模型目标函数自适应的得到,从而快速获得地下的地电结构。本文采用自适应正则化反演算法对大定源回线瞬变电磁一维层状模型进行反演,使用均匀半空间作为初始模型,首次采用模型对深度的二阶导数极小的模型约束,通过典型理论模型的反演计算,证明了TEM自适应正则化一维反演算法拟合效果好、精度高,由于不用反复搜索正则化因子,并且收敛速度快,体现了良好的稳定性和可靠性。     

直流电阻率测深二维自适应正则化反演

直流电阻率测深二维反演中,正则化参数的选取影响反演结果分辨率及反演过程稳定性。利用主动约束平衡正则化因子,进行直流电阻率光滑约束最小二乘二维自适应反演,改善直流电阻率测深二维反演的分辨率与稳定性。在反演迭代过程中,正则化因子根据模型参数的空间展布函数进行自适应计算、正则化参数的自适应计算。模拟数据反演结果验证了该方法的有效性与可行性,反演结果能准确地反映地下模型的真实电性结构。     

地基沉降预测模型的正则化算法

通过分析地基沉降预测模型,指出最小二乘的病态性会导致模型参数求解失败。应用正则化理论,基于矩阵求逆理论,提出了一种沉降预测模型参数的正则化无偏估计算法,说明了新算法的无偏性和方差最小性。在一定条件下,证明了新算法中正则参数的存在性,并给出了正则参数的计算公式。结合文献和工程实例进行的分析表明,新算法降低了矩阵条件数,减轻矩阵病态程度,能有效求得地基沉降预测模型参数。     

正多面体的结晶学分类及等大正二十面体共角顶连接的准晶结构模型

本文将正四面体、正八面体、正六面体归为结晶类,将正二十面体、正十二面体归为准晶类。大小相近的原子倾向于形成正二十面体配位;再将正二十面体看成球体,那末符合m35对称的理想堆垛方式是以等大正二十面体共角顶连接,形成大一级的正二十面体。继续按照这一规律连接将不断形成更大一级的正二十面体,从而获得理想准晶结构模型。此模型很好地解释了Al—Mn准晶体的高分辨结构图及Penrose拼图与准晶体的高分辨结构图的密切关系。     

Fluvial braidplain to shallow marine transition in the early Neoproterozoic Morar Group,Fannich Mountains,northern Scotland

The early Neoproterozoic Morar Group in northern Scotland forms the lower part of the Moine Supergroup, deformed and metamorphosed within the Precambrian Knoydartian and Lower Palaeozoic orogenies. It has remained uncertain whether it was deposited in a shallow-marine ‘failed rift’ basin within Rodinia or a foreland basin on the margin of the Grenville orogen, which is important to determine for tectonic reconstructions. In that context, we assess the sedimentology, depositional environment and tectonic setting of the middle part of the Morar Group in the Fannich Mountains. A ca. 4–6 km thick fining-upward facies succession contains three psammite dominated lithofacies (LF): LF1, at the base, contains amalgamated and multi-storey sets of trough and tabular cross beds, which passes upwards into LF2 consisting of trough and tabular cross-bedded units arranged in coarsening and fining-upward sequences with minor pelitic rocks. The stratigraphically highest lithofacies, LF3, contains finer and more complex coarsening-upward packages of rhythmically interbedded pelite and psammite. Palaeoflow develops from broadly unimodal NW–NE flow in LF1, to weakly bimodal NW–SE flow in LF3. The data indicate that this part of the Morar Group records deposition in a distal fluvial braidplain to tidally influenced shallow-marine setting. All facies and palaeocurrent transitions are gradual and occur systematically over many hundreds of metres vertically; such characteristics are incompatible with a rift-basin setting. We suggest that, instead, deposition occurred in a transition between a foreland basin to the Grenville orogen and a marine basin associated with the Asgard Sea between Baltica and Laurentia.     

南海北部陆架海底沙波基本特征及属性

南海北部陆架海底沙波是否为残留沙波长期存在争议。为配合陆丰油田的开发,在LF13-2和LF13-1站位之间进行了详细的地形、地貌和海底底流测量。观测数据显示,本研究区发育两组海底沙波。两组沙波的分布和当今的海底地形密切相关,沙波的波宽、波高,沙脊的长度及延伸的方向也都和现今的水深密切相关。此外,沙波区的底质、沉积物颜色等也随现今水深的变化而变化。跨年度的测量结果显示,从2003年夏季到2005年冬季,海底沙波发生了明显的变化,除有明显的沙波迁移,并有新的沙波生成外,沙波区的水深也整体变深,研究区东南端平均加深了0.29m。由于东沙海底高原的存在,东沙区底流有了复杂的变化。实际的观测结果显示,在9MKII站位,向南的退潮流明显大于向北的涨潮流,但在AEM-HR站位,WNW向的涨潮流则稍稍大于ESE向的退潮流。9MKII站位测得的最大底流速为48cm/s,有22%的底流速大于20cm/s,这是启动海底沉积物并能形成海底沙波的最小底流速。本文指出,东沙隆起后,由于强烈的底流侵蚀,在东沙区的中陆架和外陆架区几乎没有现代沉积。构成海底沙波的沉积物主要来自海底地层的剥蚀。测深结果显示的海底加深可能和海底剥蚀有关。很明显,海底沙波和现今的海底底流体系有很好的吻合关系,从而是在现今底流体系条件下形成的,而非晚更新世末次冰期的残留沙波。     

青海油砂山油田第68层分流河道砂体解剖学

青海油砂山剖面第６８层三角洲分流河道砂体内部可识别出来Ｇｐｒ、Ｇｌｔ、Ｇｅ、Ｓｌｔ、Ｓｍｔ、Ｓｐｒ、Ｓｌａ、Ｓｂｍ、ＳＩｃｒ、ＳＩｈ和Ｍｒｉ等１２种岩石相，它们构成了６种岩石相组合，即:Ｇｅ－Ｇｐｒ－Ｇｌｔ组合，Ｇｌｔ－Ｓｌｔ组合，Ｓｌｔ－Ｓｍｔ组合，Ｇｌｔ－Ｓｂｍ组合，Ｓｓｔ－Ｍｒｌ组合，Ｇｐｒ（Ｓｐｒ）－Ｍｒｌ－Ｓｓｔ－Ｍｒｌ－ＳＩｃｒ－Ｍｒｌ组合。按照沉积界面之间的切割关系，建立一个包括７级界面的界面层次，第一级为砂体的上下边界，第七级为纹层边界，沉积界面将砂体分隔为三个沉积幕，它们由六个沉积亚幕组成。砂体建筑结构要素包括侧积体（ＬＡ），纵向砂坝（ＬＢ），横向砂坝（ＴＢ），简单砾质充填（ＧＦ），简单砂质充填（ＳＦ）和堤岸砂坪（ＬＦ）等六种类型，它们具有不同的宽度和厚度比。通过露头密网格采样和沉积学分析建立了砂体渗透率原型模型，均质模型，幕式模型以及建筑结构要素模型，其中建筑结构模型与原型模型相似性最好，证明了利用建筑结构分析可以建立符合砂体客观实际的储层地质模型。     

The topology of geology 2: Topological uncertainty

Uncertainty is ubiquitous in geology, and efforts to characterise and communicate it are becoming increasingly important. Recent studies have quantified differences between perturbed geological models to gain insight into uncertainty. We build on this approach by quantifying differences in topology, a property that describes geological relationships in a model, introducing the concept of topological uncertainty. Data defining implicit geological models were perturbed to simulate data uncertainties, and the amount of topological variation in the resulting model suite measured to provide probabilistic assessments of specific topological hypotheses, sources of topological uncertainty and the classification of possible model realisations based on their topology. Overall, topology was found to be highly sensitive to small variations in model construction parameters in realistic models, with almost all of the several thousand realisations defining distinct topologies. In particular, uncertainty related to faults and unconformities was found to have profound topological implications. Finally, possible uses of topology as a geodiversity metric and validation filter are discussed, and methods of incorporating topological uncertainty into physical models are suggested.     

处理DEM中闭合洼地和平坦区域的一种新方法

数字高程模型(DEM)中的闭合洼地和平坦区域影响着流域排水网络的自动提取.目前已提出很多方法来处理这两种地形,但均针对已经形成的DEM单元网格进行处理,结果往往生成伪河道及平行河道.在回顾分析了这些方法存在的问题后,提出了一种新的处理方法,该法认为DEM中的闭合洼地和平坦区域是由于低质量的资料输入、生成DEM时的内插误差等引起的.通过增加输入地形高程信息,避免了DEM中平坦区域和闭合洼地的生成,从而使由DEM生成的河网与实际河网能够精确拟合.实例分析表明,该方法效果明显.     

Episodic sedimentation on an early Silurian, storm-dominated carbonate ramp, Becscie and Merrimack formations, Anticosti Island, Canada

The 150–160 m thick lowermost Silurian (Rhuddanian) Becscie and Merrimack formations of Anticosti Island, Canada, represent continuous deposition on a shallow, open marine carbonate ramp. Several rock types are identified: (a) laminated and homogenous mudstone; (b) laminated and homogenous packstone; (c) argillaceous mudstone and packstone; (d) calcareous shale; (e) laminated calcisiltite; (f) medium- to fine-grained grainstone; and (g) bio/intraclastic rudstone. These rock types are arranged into five distinct lithofacies: (LF1) calcareous mudstone-shale; (LF2) laminated-homogenous mudstone; (LF3) calcareous grainstone-shale; (LF4) laminated mudstone-grainstone; and (LF5) laminated calcisiltite-grainstone. The sequence reflects deposition on a low-energy, muddy, carbonate to argillaceous ramp subject to short-lived, episodic high-energy storms. These events produced fining-upwards storm units 5–80 cm thick, or tempestites, consisting of: a sharp scoured base overlain by intra/bioclastic rudstone grading upwards into medium-grained grainstone, finely laminated calcisiltite and mudstone, or shale. These are interbedded with low-energy, fairweather mudstones and calcareous shales. Deposition progressed from a carbonate mud-dominated ramp in the Becscie Formation to an argillaceous mud-dominated ramp in the Merrimack Formation. Lateral tempestite proximality trends and lithofacies distribution indicate that the Anticosti Basin deepened to the south-east into the Iapetus Ocean and shallowed towards a SW—NE-orientated shoreline to the north-west. Vertical tempestite proximality trends and lithofacies changes identify third-order eustatic sea-level changes. After an initial deepening at the base of the formation, a shallowing-deepening event dominated the sequence. Several higher order fluctuations, defined by lithofacies and tempestite proximality trends, are superimposed on these changes. The fluctuations identified with the aid of tempestite proximality trends are of an order of magnitude higher than those identified by either lithofacies or palaeontological methods.     

Topological relations in multisystems of more than n+ 3 phases 1

Multisystems of n+k (k > 3) phases are very complicated and knowledge of them has suffered as a result. The successful solution of the topological relationships in n+ 3 phase multisystems by Zen (1966, 1967) and Zen & Roseboom (1972) has aroused much interest regarding what will happen in a multisystem of more than n+ 3 phases. Since 1979, some important research results on this topic have been published. These results have expounded the substantial rules governing the appearance of phase relations in phase diagrams of n - k (k > 3) phase multisystems. The most significant conclusions include: (1) It is impossible to incorporate all the possible phase relations in an n+k (k > 3) phase multisystem in a single closed net. Therefore, it is no longer enough to use only a single closed net to depict the topological relations involved in these types of multisystems. Instead, one or more groups of closed nets, namely the complete system(s) of closed nets are necessary for this purpose. (2) A principle called the Combination Principle has been proposed and proved. It states: Any closed net of one n+k (k > 3) phase multisystem must be a combination of two or more distinct n+ 3 order submultisystem closed nets belonging to the given n+k phase multisystem, if it is not one of the n+ 3 order submultisystem closed nets itself. The combination principle provides both a theoretical basis and a practical method for the construction of closed nets and, hence, for the derivation of the real phase diagrams for any n+k (k > 3) phase multisystem. (3) A theorem on divariant-assemblage-characteristic-stability-polygons is also important to our understanding of the n+k (k± 3) phase multisystem closed nets. This theorem can be stated as follows: A divariant assemblage of an n+k (k± 3) phase multisystem will be stable in an l-polygon lacking diagonals in an appropriate set of closed-net-diagrams, and this l-polygon may be at least a triangle, and at most a k-polygon. In addition, the closed-net-diagrams of unary and binary n+ 4 phase multisystems derived respectively by Guo (1980b, 1980c, 1981a) and by Roseboom & Zen (1982) have also been summarized. The combination principle is applied to a practical petrological problem in this paper, dealing with 7 phases in the system FeO-Fe₂O₃-SiO₂.     

Glossary of fault and other fracture networks

Increased interest in the two- and three-dimensional geometries and development of faults and other types of fractures in rock has led to an increasingly bewildering terminology. Here we give definitions for the geometric, topological, kinematic and mechanical relationships between geological faults and other types of fractures, focussing on how they relate to form networks.