沟岸侧蚀对泥石流不稳定动力过程的影响

泥石流作为非牛顿体,屈服应力大,运动过程通常不稳定。前人建立了许多模型来研究沟床揭底和堰塞体溃决对泥石流不稳定动力过程的影响,沟岸侧蚀对泥石流不稳定动力过程的影响研究较少。通过侧蚀为主的模型和完全底蚀的模型两种水槽实验的对比,针对泥石流的动力过程展开研究。实验发现两种工况条件下泥石流正应力和孔隙水压力随着龙头高度沿程波动性的增长而相应地波动性增大,但侧蚀作用使得这种波动特征更加明显。通过力学分析,证明侧蚀作用导致泥石流龙头的阻力更大,但是龙身颗粒和龙头颗粒的速度差更大,使得龙头附加坡降更大,因此,侧蚀作用使得泥石流龙头的平均速度更快。泥石流龙头浓度和容重的不断增大,使得阻力不断增大,阻力和动力的动态平衡关系是泥石流不稳定运动的原因之一。     

泥石流流变参数敏感性分析

合理的流变参数选取对准确刻画泥石流、高速远程滑坡运动过程和动力行为至关重要。本研究基于三维连续介质动态数值模型,构建Voellmy流变模型,结合方差分析方法,比较了不同流变参数对泥石流运动行为的影响程度。结果表明:动力底摩擦角和湍流系数均会对泥石流与高速远程滑坡的动力特征产生一定的影响,但影响程度各异。较大的动力底摩擦角会产生更大、更快的能量耗散过程,使得运动过程整体滞后;较高的湍流系数增加了流体层之间的动量交换强度,具有较大的与周围界质混合的能力,对周围介质的卷吸作用增大。物源区体积（湍流系数）在一定程度上仅影响泥石流运动速度,对致灾范围和规模影响作用不大。沟道下垫面情况、颗粒物组成、孔隙水压力（底摩擦角）与灾害体流速、移动距离和堆积区体积、面积关系很密切,在很大程度上影响泥石流、滑坡强度,致灾范围和规模。研究成果以期为流变参数选取提供很好的借鉴方法,也为地质灾害防治提供一定的技术参考。     

黏性泥石流沟道侵蚀启动机制研究

黏性泥石流具有非常强的侵蚀能力,在其运动过程中不断地对沟道进行下蚀和侧蚀,并将沟道中大量的松散物质带走,增大了泥石流的危害性。根据黏性泥石流本构模型和土体抗剪强度理论,以极限分析的上限定理为工具,在假定沟床以圆弧面侵蚀的条件下,研究了黏性泥石流运动对沟道土体的侵蚀启动机制,建议了相应的计算公式和判断准则,讨论了泥石流重度、沟道坡降、土体强度等因素对沟道土体受泥石流侵蚀启动速度的影响。     

基于旋转水槽试验的泥石流阻力坡降速率效应研究

使用自主研发的旋转水槽制作稳定循环流动的泥石流,通过实测泥石流阻力坡降和流动速度,探索泥石流阻力坡降的速率效应。在旋转水槽试验中,通过控制线速度v,制作出稳定循环运动的泥石流,其阻力坡降J等于槽底坡降tanθ,可以实测。试验再现了野外的泥石流运动特性,观察到“龙头”、颗粒弹跳、低阻力坡降、固液相分离、剪切速率效应等现象。试验结果表明,在一定的流动速度范围内（例如试验中1.88m·s-1≥v>0.47m·s-1）,泥石流的流动速度越高,阻力坡降越大;如果泥石流运动速率过低（例如试验中v<0.47m·s-1）,泥石流会出现固液两相分离现象,砾石（粒径>2mm）运动明显落后于液相运动。本项目的试验研究成果为泥石流制作和阻力坡降测量提供新途径,为泥石流阻力坡降的速率效应理论研究提供实验支持。     

冰碛土体起动泥石流的特征研究

与广泛分布于干旱河谷的宽级配砾石土体特征不同,冰碛土广泛分布在青藏高原地区,属粗大颗粒多、粘粒含量少、摩擦阻力大、粘滞阻力小的宽级配砾石土体。在冰川融雪与降雨的共同作用下冰碛土体可失稳并起动泥石流,形成灾害。针对冰碛土体起动泥石流机理研究薄弱的现状,本文选取波密县帕隆藏布流域的支流嘎弄沟一冰碛土堆积坡面,通过模拟降水与冰雪融水起动冰川泥石流实验,比较不同颗粒组成、不同实验条件下的土体起动泥石流特征,分析其起动成因及力学特性,探讨冰碛土体起动泥石流的机理。研究发现冰碛土体失稳起动泥石流是粘滞阻力降低、孔隙水压力升高、拖曳力与渗流侵蚀共同作用的结果,起动过程受粘土颗粒含量和径流类型的影响。当粘粒含量较高时(>3%),土体通过铲蚀与面蚀形成泥石流;粘粒含量中低时(不高于3%),大部分坡面土体主要经掏蚀与坍塌起动泥石流;粘粒含量过低时(<0.32%),土体难以起动泥石流。在降水作用下土体孔隙水压力迅速增加,易造成土体破坏,起动泥石流;而在冰雪融水的作用下,土体孔隙水压力波动幅度不大时,土体同样可能发生失稳破坏起动泥石流。     

运用Voellmy模型方法模拟泥石流运动堆积动力过程

泥石流流体具有速度快、破坏力强的特征,严重威胁着山区城镇的建设、民众生命以及财产安全。如何针对泥石流的运动堆积过程进行模拟一直是泥石流研究的热点和难点。基于近似Voellmy解的连续介质理论,建立泥石流动力模型,采用数值模拟仿真的方法,以一典型的泥石流沟为研究实例进行分析,通过模拟泥石流运动、堆积的动力过程,分析其最大速度、压力、过流量、堆积高度以及堆积面积,为后期泥石流危险性评价区划及防治提供有力支撑。     

基于GIS和Voellmy模型的泥石流运动堆积过程模拟

泥石流流体具有速度快、破坏力强的特征,严重威胁着山区城镇的发展建设、群众生命财产安全。如何针对泥石流运动堆积过程进行模拟一直是泥石流研究的热点和难点。本文基于GIS技术以及近似Voellmy解的连续介质理论,建立了泥石流动力模型,采用数值模拟仿真的方法,以一典型泥石流沟为研究实例进行分析,通过模拟泥石流运动、堆积的动力过程,分析其最大速度、压力、过流量、堆积高度以及堆积面积,为后期泥石流危险性评价区划及防治提供有力支撑。     

水力类泥石流冲出规模模拟实验

在物源条件一定的情况下,通过实验模拟,研究水力类泥石流在不同流速、流量和纵比降组合条件下的沟道启动、揭底机理和运动特征。用Herschel-ulkley模型分析泥石流运动时的受力情况,整理实验数据获得侵蚀高度与纵比降的关系和流量与揭底距离的关系。     

基于FLOW-3D的泥石流龙头运动过程模拟研究

由于2020年10月3日四川省阿坝州理县米亚罗镇突发暴雨,二经里沟暴发了泥石流,损坏沟口的高速公路,并堵塞河道。为了探索泥石流龙头运动特征,选取二经里沟为研究对象,通过调查分析得到泥石流物源分布及规模、沟道形态等特征,采用FLOW-3D数值模拟方法对该泥石流的运动特征进行分析。依据泥石流运动过程的不同特征,将全过程划分...     

基于CFX的江口沟泥石流危险区范围预测模拟

拟建猴子岩水电站移民安置点位于江口沟泥石流堆积扇上,通过现场调查泥石流形成条件和运动特征,获得了1958年发生的50 a一遇泥石流危险区范围,根据雨洪法计算确定了泥石流的相关运动学参数。使用基于有限体积法的CFX软件,选择Bingham流变模型对江口沟泥石流流动过程的液面分布情况和速度场进行了三维数值模拟,得出了泥石流危险区范围和速度场分布情况。模拟结果显示,江口沟50 a一遇泥石流流过堆积区的平均速度为5.76 m/s,其中最大速度为13.59 m/s。数值模拟计算得出的危险范围较1958年扩大,是因为早期泥石流堆积物将原有地面特别是沟道附近地面抬高,使得现状条件下泥石流更容易向两侧漫流泛滥而扩大。上述结果为泥石流防治工程设计及危险区范围划定提供了一种新的方法,对工程实践具有重要的指导意义。     

水力冲刷过程中塌岸淤床交互影响试验

在弯道水槽中展开系列试验,研究水力冲刷过程中非粘性岸坡冲刷崩塌与河床冲淤交互作用过程及其影响因素,进一步分析塌岸淤床泥沙贡献率。试验成果表明,水流冲刷过程中岸坡破坏是水流淘刷岸坡坡脚、岸坡崩塌及崩塌体淤积坡脚并在河床上输移掺混的交互作用反复循环过程。塌岸淤床模式及掺混程度与近岸流速、主流贴岸程度、水位及河床边界条件等关系密切。近岸流速越大、水位越高,岸坡总冲刷坍塌量、河床总淤积量以及河床累计淤积率也越大,稳定后的岸坡越趋平缓;河床可动程度越大,岸坡总冲刷坍塌量及其在河床上的总淤积量也越大,但河床累计淤积率却越小;水位越高,在弯道段等横向输沙强度较大的地方,岸坡冲刷崩塌体与河床发生掺混的程度也越大。     

Effects of bed longitudinal inflexion and sediment porosity on basal entrainment mechanism: insights from laboratory debris flows

Channel morphology and bed sediment erodibility are two crucial factors that significantly affect debris flow entrainment processes. Current debris flow entrainment models mostly hypothesize the erodible beds are infinite with uniform slopes. In this study, a series of small-scale flume experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of bed longitudinal inflexion and sediment porosity on basal entrainment characteristics. Experimental observations revealed that sediment entrainment is negligible at early stages and accelerates rapidly as several erosion points appear. Continual evolution of flow-bed interfaces changes interactions between debris flows and bed sediments, rendering the interfacial shear action involved into a mixed shear and frontal collisional action. Lower bed sediment porosity will change the spatial arrangement and orientation of particle mixture, strengthen the interlocking and anti-slide forces of adjacent sediment particles, and promote the formation of particle clusters, all of which will increase bed sediment resistance to erosion. By examining the post-experimental bed morphology, the slope-cutting amounts and topographic reliefs are determined to positively correlate with longitudinal transition angles. These high topographic reliefs may indicate the propensity of triangular slab erosion, rather than strip-shaped slab erosion, in non-uniform channels with relatively steep erodible beds. Empirical formulas are obtained that denote the relationships among bed sediment strength, channel curvature radius, and sediment porosity through a multi-parameter regression analysis. This study may aid in clarifying the complex coupling effects of spatial variations in debris flow dynamics as well as sediment erodibility and bed morphology in non-uniform channels with abundant seismic loose material.

     

A prototype experiment of debris flow control with energy dissipation structures

Large-volume debris flow events are defined when the volume of solid materials exceeds 1 million m³. Traditional engineering measures, such as check dams, diversion channels, and flumes, are effective for normal debris flow control but are not sufficient to control large-volume debris flows. Experiments were conducted with an artificial step-pool system on the new Wenjiagou Gully to mitigate large-volume debris flows. The old Wenjiagou Gully was buried by 81.6 million m³ of loose solid material created by a landslide that was triggered by the Wenchuan earthquake on May 12, 2008. The new gully was formed during the scouring process caused by debris flows in 2008. Large-volume debris flows were initiated by rainstorm flood with high kinetic energy. The artificial step-pool system was constructed with huge and big boulders on the new Wenjiagou Gully in 2009. The step-pool system dissipated flow energy in steps and hydraulic jumps. Analysis proved that the step-pool system dissipated two-third of the kinetic energy of flow; thus, the critical discharge for triggering debris flow increased threefold. Due to the step-pool system maximized the flow resistance and protected the bed sediment and banks from erosion, the rainstorm floods in 2009 did not trigger debris flows. In 2010, the step-pool system was replaced with 20 check dams. Huge boulders were broken into small pieces of diameter less than 0.5 m and were used as building materials for the 20 dams. Without the protection of the step-pool system, a rainstorm flood scoured the base of the dams and caused failures for all of the 20 check dams in August 2010. The flow incised the gully bed by 50 m. The loose bank materials slid into the flow mixed with water and formed a large-volume debris flow with a volume of 4.5 million m³. Many houses were buried by the debris flow, and 12 people were killed. Comparison of the two strategies proved that energy dissipation structures are necessary for controlling large-volume debris flows. Check dams, if they are stable, may reduce the potential of bank failures and control debris flows. The step-pool system dissipates flow energy and control gully bed incision and bank failure. A combination of check dams and step-pool systems may be the most effective for mitigating debris flows.     

The orientation of helical flow in curved channels

The planform patterns of meandering submarine channels and subaerial fluvial bends show many similarities that have given rise to strong analogies concerning the fluid dynamics of these channel types. Existing models of helical motion in open‐channel bends depict flow that is characterized by surface flow towards the outer bank, and basal flow towards the inner bank. This paper investigates and compares, through an analytical model and physical experiment, flows within fluvial meanders, and submarine channel bends that contain density‐driven gravity currents. The results indicate that the sense of helical motion can be reversed in submarine bends that contain density currents when compared with fluvial bends, and that the orientation of the helical flow is dependent on the vertical distribution of downstream velocity. Specifically, the sense of helical motion is reversed in bends when the maximum downstream velocity is near the bed, resulting in near‐bed flow towards the outer bank. These findings suggest that the dynamics of sediment transport and deposition in curved channels with such velocity profiles will be fundamentally different to those currently assumed from sinuous open‐channels.     

The effects of atmospheric stability intensity on the movement of windblown sand

Using a model that couples wind flow with the motion of sand particles under different atmospheric stability intensities, this paper studied the effects of atmospheric stability on the trajectory and velocity of sand particles in the saltation layer, and the duration before a steady state was achieved. The vertical velocity, horizontal distance, and the maximum height of saltating sand particles increased with increasingly negative stability intensity under unstable conditions. The wind–sand flow reached equilibrium more quickly with increasingly negative stability intensity under unstable conditions, but reached equilibrium more slowly with increasing stability intensity under stable conditions.     

Suspended-load fallout rate as an independent variable in the analysis of current structures

The dynamic interpretation of most current-structure sequences derives directly from experiments on the succession of bedforms produced by flows in flumes. The results of these and related studies have been used to construct stability field diagrams in which the fields of individual bedforms are usually expressed as a function of flow intensity (power, velocity, bed shear stress, etc.) and grain size. The data underlying existing stability-field diagrams were collected largely from the study of flows carrying coarse-grained sediment entrained through particle-by-particle bed erosion. Many flows, however, do not entrain sediment through simple bed erosion. Most turbidity currents originate by the development of turbulence in slumps, slides, and other slope failures. Such flows generally form with highly concentrated suspended loads and their bed-load layers derive sediment from the collapsing suspended-sediment clouds. Because the collapse properties of such clouds may be related as much to suspended particle concentration, size distribution, particle interactions, and other factors as to flow intensity, the stability fields of bedforms developed beneath such flows may differ in flow intensity-grain-size relationships from those beneath flows deriving sediment from bed erosion alone. Useful stability-field diagrams for turbidity currents must include suspended-load fallout rate as a third variable, independent of flow intensity and mean grain size. A preliminary stability-field diagram of this type indicates that Bouma T_abc sequences may theoretically form with essentially no velocity variation of the attendant flow. This type of analysis may have considerable relevance to the interpretation not only of turbidites but also of other deposits formed where bed-load layers are fed from above rather than below. These include shallow-shelf storm units deposited from highly concentrated flows and volcaniclastic layers formed where pyroclastic debris falls directly into moving water.     

Threshold of motion and settling velocities of mollusc shell debris: Influence of faunal composition

Bioclastic particles derived from mollusc shell debris can represent a significant fraction of sandy to gravelly sediments in temperate and cool‐water regions with high carbonate productivity. Their reworking and subsequent transport and deposition by waves and currents is highly dependent on the shape and density of the particles. In this study, the hydrodynamic behaviour of shell debris produced by eight mollusc species is investigated for several grain sizes in terms of settling velocity (measurements in a settling tube) and threshold of motion under unidirectional current (flume experiments using an acoustic profiler). Consistent interspecific differences in settling velocity and critical bed shear stress are found, related to differences in shell density, shell structure imaged by scanning electron microscopy and grain shape. Drag coefficients are proposed for each mollusc species, based on an interpolation of settling velocity data. Depending on the shell species, the critical bed shear stress values obtained for bioclastic particles fall within or slightly below empirical envelopes established for siliciclastic particles, despite very low settling velocity values. The results suggest that settling velocity, often used to describe the entrainment of sediment particles through the equivalent diameter, is not a suitable parameter to predict the initiation of motion of shell debris. The influence of the flat shape of bioclastic particles on the initiation of motion under oscillatory flows and during bedload and saltation transport is yet to be elucidated.     

西南某水电站旦波北沟泥石流形成条件及运动特征研究

旦波北沟为雅砻江中游右岸河段的一级支流,历史上曾发生多次泥石流.在查明泥石流形成条件的基础上,分析了旦波北沟泥石流的运动特征,包括泥石流的流速、流量、冲击力.这一结论为评价该泥石流对水电站的建设和安全运行的影响具有现实意义.建议左岸前期施工场地和左岸上游备料场沿江设置挡墙,且场地要注意少占行洪断面,防止泥石流沉积淤塞河...     

泥石流平均流速预测模型及敏感因子研究

为了探求泥石流平均流速敏感因子及影响因素耦合关系,本文采用BP神经网络和支持向量机模型对蒋家沟泥石流数据进行预测,对两种泥石流平均流速预测模型的学习与泛化能力进行比较,并对平均流速各影响因素的敏感程度进行分析,建立了泥石流平均流速敏感因子预测模型。结果表明:支持向量机的泛化能力优于BP网络,更适合样本数量较少的泥石流动态预测。沟道比降和不稳定层厚度是泥石流平均流速的主要影响因子,各因子之间存在复杂的耦合关系。基于不稳定层厚度和泥面比降的泥石流平均流速预测模型精度较高,能够定量描述泥石流动态与影响因子间的响应关系。研究成果可为泥石流防治提供依据。