基于信噪辨识的矿集区大地电磁噪声压制

为了避免形态滤波方法在大地电磁强干扰分离中的"过处理"、进一步保留大地电磁低频段的有用信息,提出基于信噪辨识的矿集区大地电磁噪声压制方法.首先,从信号处理的角度剖析矿集区典型强干扰与天然大地电磁微弱信号之间的定量辨识关系,利用形态分形维数和形态膨胀谱熵对大地电磁信号与强干扰进行信噪辨识.然后,结合形态滤波技术和阈值法,仅对辨识出明显不是天然大地电磁信号的异常波形进行噪声压制.最后,重构大地电磁有用信号,并对算法进行性能评价.仿真结果表明,形态分形维数和形态膨胀谱熵能较好地定量辨识大地电磁信号与强干扰,大地电磁信号中一些缓变化的低频信息得到了更为精细的保留;与形态滤波整体处理相比,本文所提方法获得的卡尼亚电阻率曲线更为光滑、连续,视电阻率值相对稳定,其结果更为真实地反映了测点本身所固有的大地电磁深部构造信息.     

基于压缩感知重构算法的大地电磁强干扰分离

为压制大地电磁信号中的强人文干扰,提出一种基于压缩感知重构算法的大地电磁信号去噪方法.通过构建与常见典型强干扰相匹配而对有用信号不敏感的冗余字典原子,利用改进的正交匹配追踪算法,分离出大地电磁信号中的强干扰成分.为了验证所述方法的强干扰分离效果,首先通过在实测大地电磁信号中加入理想的强干扰信号进行了仿真分离实验,然后从大量实测数据中选取三种含有不同类型强干扰的时间域片段,用所述方法对实测数据中的强干扰进行分离,最后将所述方法应用于青海试验点以及庐枞矿集区某测点实测数据的综合处理.仿真实验结果表明,该方法在分离出强干扰的同时,能够较好地保留有用信号.实测数据处理结果表明,该方法能够有效压制强干扰,改善强干扰区大地电磁数据的质量.     

基于IITD和PNN的广域电磁法数据信噪分离方法

矿产资源开发需求加速了广域电磁法(Wide Field Electromagnetic Method, WFEM)的发展与应用,但强电磁干扰严重降低了原始数据质量与探测效果.为此,本文提出基于改进固有时间尺度分解(Improved Inherent Time-scale Decomposition, IITD)和概率神经网络(Probabilistic Neural Network, PNN)的广域电磁法数据信噪分离方法.首先,通过改进固有时间尺度分解算法,提高信号分解精度,消除原始数据中存在的趋势噪声;然后,构建WFEM数据样本库,提取最大值、峰值因子、脉冲因子、裕度因子等多个时域特征,结合概率神经网络进行信噪辨识;最后,将识别为有效信号的部分按原采样顺序进行整合与重构,实现WEFM数据去噪;通过数值模拟与实测分析,结果表明,趋势噪声和异常波形均能被有效辨识及剔除,处理后的电场曲线形态趋于平滑稳定,原始数据质量得到提升.     

基于匹配追踪和遗传算法的大地电磁噪声压制

针对匹配追踪计算量大、大地电磁数据处理效率低的问题,提出基于匹配追踪和遗传算法的大地电磁噪声压制方法.首先,利用Gabor原子构建过完备原子库,并对过完备原子库集合进行划分.然后,借助遗传算法的自适应性,快速搜寻最优匹配原子及所在位置.最后,运用最优匹配原子对待处理信号进行稀疏分解,重构有用信号.通过对计算机模拟的典型强干扰和矿集区实测大地电磁数据进行分析处理,实验结果表明,相对于匹配追踪和正交匹配追踪,文中所提方法能从过完备原子库中快速、自适应地选取最优匹配原子与不同噪声干扰类型高精度的匹配,极大地提升了计算效率;大地电磁时间域序列中的大尺度强干扰被有效剔除,视电阻率曲线更为光滑、连续,低频段的数据质量得到明显改善.     

基于站间天然电磁场单位脉冲响应的大地电磁时间序列去噪方法

针对天然大地电磁场信号在人文活动密集地区易受噪声干扰的问题,本文提出利用两个同步测点天然电磁场时间序列之间的单位脉冲响应,合成本地点受干扰时段的数据,从而去除大地电磁噪声.首先,选择高信噪比时段的数据,采用最小二乘法,估算本地点与参考点之间的单位脉冲响应,再根据卷积定律,结合参考磁场合成本地点的磁场和电场.最后用合成数据替换含噪声时段数据,实现时间域去噪.实测高信噪比数据和含噪数据的处理结果表明,该方法可以高精度合成本地点磁场与电场信号,有效去除本地点电场和磁场噪声,包括相关噪声,提高大地电磁数据质量.     

利用变分模态分解(VMD)和匹配追踪(MP)联合压制音频大地电磁(AMT)强干扰

为了有效分离矿集区音频大地电磁（AMT）信号中的大尺度强干扰、抑制近源效应,本文提出利用变分模态分解（VMD）和匹配追踪（MP）联合压制AMT强干扰的方法.首先,对比了VMD与经验模态分解（EMD）、固有时间尺度分解（ITD）的处理效果,验证了VMD在避免模态混叠和端点效应方面的优势;讨论了VMD中模态个数对典型大尺度强干扰的去噪性能,并选择合适的模态初步获取待处理信号的重构信息.然后,运用MP对VMD重构信号做二次信噪分离处理,进一步滤除残余的尖脉冲干扰.通过对模拟和实测数据的分析处理,以及与远参考法结果对比,本研究能有效剔除时间域序列中的大尺度强干扰,且重构信号中保留了更多的低频缓变化信息和细节成分,近源干扰得到有效压制;视电阻率-相位曲线更为光滑、连续,低频段的数据质量得到明显改善,其结果能更为真实、可靠地反映地下电性结构信息.     

基于m伪随机序列的电磁法抗噪能力分析

电磁法在金属矿、油气资源等矿产的勘探中发挥重要作用,同时电磁干扰也越来越强,在强干扰区利用传统的抗噪方法很难再获取高信噪比信号.鉴于伪随机序列的抗噪能力,近年来国内正在掀起伪随机编码仪研制的高潮.伪随机序列的抗干扰能力与从伪随机响应中提取方法息息相关,本文介绍了两种最常用的提取大地脉冲信号的方法:第一种通过将时间域信号转到频率域,对电流归一化处理后,再转回时间域求取大地脉冲响应;第二种直接在时间域解Wiener-Hopf方程求取.研究表明,在无干扰情况下两种提取方法都可获得高精度大地脉冲信号.随后在具有噪声干扰的情况下,对两种方法提取结果的精度进行了对比分析,表明方法2的抗噪声能力明显优于方法1的,对造成这种状况的原因进行了解析.最后研究了提高伪随机序列抗噪能力的方法,主要包括提高伪随机序列阶数、针对不同噪音使用不同的编码方式、改变循环次数的方法等,以达到抑制噪声的目的.     

基于相关辨识的逆重复m序列伪随机电磁法

分析了变频法和2ⁿ系列伪随机电磁法的场源信号特点,提出了基于相关辨识的逆重复m序列伪随机电磁法.逆重复m序列伪随机信号具有与白噪声类似的自相关函数,在频带内,频谱等间距均匀分布.由Wiener-Hopf方程,分析了逆重复m序列伪随机相关辨识大地系统冲激响应的原理.理论证明,合理地选择产生逆重复m序列的几个参数可以很好地压制各种干扰,高精度地辨识大地系统.讨论了影响测量精度与勘探分辨率的信号参数设计原则,为进一步研制具有自主产权的高分辨精细电磁勘探仪器和方法奠定了基础.     

基于曲波变换的航空电磁数据去噪方法研究

航空电磁法作为一种地形复杂地区资源探测的有效方法,近年来得到了广泛的应用.然而,由于系统所处的动态环境,噪声干扰严重.为了改善航空电磁数据质量,提高地下电性反演的准确性,需要研发相关去噪技术.传统航电去噪大多针对特定噪声或单一测线上的信号进行处理,难以兼顾相邻测线之间观测信号的相关性.本文采用曲波变换进行二维航空电磁数据去噪.由于曲波变换具有多尺度和多方向性特征,可以在对噪声精细分析的基础上进行有效去除,同时还保证了整个测区内信号的相关性.进而,我们提出Sigmoid阈值函数对传统阈值函数进行改进,以进一步改善去噪效果.为了验证曲波变换方法对航空电磁数据去噪的有效性,将曲波变换和传统去噪方法分别应用于理论模型和实测数据进行对比.试验证明本文曲波变换用于航空电磁数据去噪具有明显的优越性.     

基于同步大地电磁时间序列依赖关系的噪声处理

本文从信号与系统的角度讨论了同步大地电磁时间序列信号之间的依赖关系,选取高信噪比的时间序列信号作为先验数据,用最小二乘法估算依赖关系;结合参考道的数据,合成本地道含噪声时段的数据,最后用合成数据替代噪声段数据,组成新数据,从而在时域中去除大地电磁噪声.西藏地区高信噪比实测数据的试算结果表明,无论电场还是磁场,信号之间的依赖关系是相对稳定的,只与先验数据的长度有关,与时间无关;虽然不同参考点之间的依赖关系不同,但都可以精确合成本地点数据,与参考点地下电性结构和参考距离无关.仿真实验显示,去噪后的信号与原始信号基本一致.实测数据处理结果表明,该方法可以有效去除强噪声干扰,抑制中高频段的近场源效应,同时保留了微弱的有效信号,保证了处理结果的正确性.最后针对方差比方法无法识别的方波噪声,提出了一种简单的平移方法,成功去除了持续时间大于窗口长度的方波噪声;将该方法与远参考技术结合,可以有效抑制近场源噪声干扰,获得光滑连续并且可信的测深资料.     

Full‐waveform based microseismic event detection and signal enhancement: An application of the subspace approach

Microseismic monitoring has proven invaluable for optimizing hydraulic fracturing stimulations and monitoring reservoir changes. The signal to noise ratio of the recorded microseismic data varies enormously from one dataset to another, and it can often be very low, especially for surface monitoring scenarios. Moreover, the data are often contaminated by correlated noises such as borehole waves in the downhole monitoring case. These issues pose a significant challenge for microseismic event detection. In addition, for downhole monitoring, the location of microseismic events relies on the accurate polarization analysis of the often weak P‐wave to determine the event azimuth. Therefore, enhancing the microseismic signal, especially the low signal to noise ratio P‐wave data, has become an important task. In this study, a statistical approach based on the binary hypothesis test is developed to detect the weak events embedded in high noise. The method constructs a vector space, known as the signal subspace, from previously detected events to represent similar, yet significantly variable microseismic signals from specific source regions. Empirical procedures are presented for building the signal subspace from clusters of events. The distribution of the detection statistics is analysed to determine the parameters of the subspace detector including the signal subspace dimension and detection threshold. The effect of correlated noise is corrected in the statistical analysis. The subspace design and detection approach is illustrated on a dual‐array hydrofracture monitoring dataset. The comparison between the subspace approach, array correlation method, and array short‐time average/long‐time average detector is performed on the data from the far monitoring well. It is shown that, at the same expected false alarm rate, the subspace detector gives fewer false alarms than the array short‐time average/long‐time average detector and more event detections than the array correlation detector. The additionally detected events from the subspace detector are further validated using the data from the nearby monitoring well. The comparison demonstrates the potential benefit of using the subspace approach to improve the microseismic viewing distance. Following event detection, a novel method based on subspace projection is proposed to enhance weak microseismic signals. Examples on field data are presented, indicating the effectiveness of this subspace‐projection‐based signal enhancement procedure.     

高阶统计量在大地电磁测深数据处理中的应用研究

在大地电磁（MT）测深法中,大地电磁响应函数经常出现个别频点分散、误差棒较大、形态异常等现象,在作反演解释时,许多地质特征难以有效提取出来,这些问题严重阻碍了MT的实际应用效能和发展.本文利用高阶统计量方法检验了MT信号的高斯性. 结果表明,MT信号是非高斯的. 根据任何高斯过程,其高阶统计量（高阶累积量,高阶谱）均为零的性质,通过信号的高阶谱恢复功率谱,再由功率谱估算MT响应函数,能有效抑制高斯有色噪声的影响,提高MT资料的处理质量. 从应用效果看,这种方法在抑制高斯有色噪声、提取信号中有用信息方面优于传统功率谱方法.     

Detection of point scatterers using diffraction imaging and deep learning

Diffracted waves carry high-resolution information that can help interpreting fine structural details at a scale smaller than the seismic wavelength. However, the diffraction energy tends to be weak compared to the reflected energy and is also sensitive to inaccuracies in the migration velocity, making the identification of its signal challenging. In this work, we present an innovative workflow to automatically detect scattering points in the migration dip angle domain using deep learning. By taking advantage of the different kinematic properties of reflected and diffracted waves, we separate the two types of signals by migrating the seismic amplitudes to dip angle gathers using prestack depth imaging in the local angle domain. Convolutional neural networks are a class of deep learning algorithms able to learn to extract spatial information about the data in order to identify its characteristics. They have now become the method of choice to solve supervised pattern recognition problems. In this work, we use wave equation modelling to create a large and diversified dataset of synthetic examples to train a network into identifying the probable position of scattering objects in the subsurface. After giving an intuitive introduction to diffraction imaging and deep learning and discussing some of the pitfalls of the methods, we evaluate the trained network on field data and demonstrate the validity and good generalization performance of our algorithm. We successfully identify with a high-accuracy and high-resolution diffraction points, including those which have a low signal to noise and reflection ratio. We also show how our method allows us to quickly scan through high dimensional data consisting of several versions of a dataset migrated with a range of velocities to overcome the strong effect of incorrect migration velocity on the diffraction signal.     

Comparison of migration‐based location and detection methods for microseismic events

Microseismic monitoring in the oil and gas industry commonly uses migration‐based methods to locate very weak microseismic events. The objective of this study is to compare the most popular migration‐based methods on a synthetic dataset that simulates a strike‐slip source mechanism event with a low signal‐to‐noise ratio recorded by surface receivers (vertical components). The results show the significance of accounting for the known source mechanism in the event detection and location procedures. For detection and location without such a correction, the ability to detect weak events is reduced. We show both numerically and theoretically that neglecting the source mechanism by using only absolute values of the amplitudes reduces noise suppression during stacking and, consequently, limits the possibility to retrieve weak microseismic events. On the other hand, even a simple correction to the data polarization used with otherwise ineffective methods can significantly improve detections and locations. A simple stacking of the data with a polarization correction provided clear event detection and location, but even better results were obtained for those data combined with methods that are based on semblance and cross‐correlation.     

在随机噪音背景下地震反射信号的增强

提高地震资料的信噪比，增强反射波同相轴连续性是地震勘探的基本问题之一。本文针对因存在噪音和信号比较弱，致使正常时差（NMO）校正加方法难以奏效的问题，提出提高信噪比和增强反射信号同相轴连续性的共反射面元（CRS）迭加方法，该方法将来自菲涅尔带的信息经校正迭加在一起，计算结果表明，该方法能有效提高信噪比，增强反射信号同相同的连续性。     

基于Duffing振子混沌系统的地震速度分析方法

强随机噪声干扰是导致地震勘探资料低信噪比的主要原因,如何在强随机噪声干扰下获取有效的信息是值得关注的问题.Duffing振子混沌系统是一个非线性的动力学系统,其对强随机噪声具有免疫能力,而对特定的周期性信号具有敏感性.本文提出一种基于Duffing振子混沌系统的速度分析方法.对CMP道集按照时距曲线关系进行移动窗口截取,将所截取的信号构建为待测信号加入Duffing振子混沌系统,通过相图网格分割方法(GPM)判断系统状态的改变,从而在强随机噪声背景下获得高分辨率的速度谱.理论模型和实际资料的处理结果表明,与传统的水平叠加速度分析方法相比,本方法能够在强随机噪声背景下获得更准确的速度分析结果.     

基于Curvelet变换的探地雷达资料噪声衰减方法

噪声衰减是探地雷达信号处理中的关键问题之一。当探测目标埋藏深度比较浅时,其反射信号与直耦信号和地面回波信号相互重叠,直接影响目标反射波到达时刻的检测及目标的正确定位。针对这个问题,本文提出了一种基于Curvelet变换的噪声衰减方法。通过对理论数值模拟数据和实测数据的处理,以及与平均消去法和二维连续小波该方法处理结果的对比,验证了该方法的可行性和有效性。处理结果显示,该方法不仅可以去除背景噪声、同时可以衰减倾斜相关的相干干扰和数据中的随机噪声。与二维连续小波变换方法相比有更高的计算效率。