弯道水流对下游回水响应特征试验研究

弯道水面横比降及断面环流是弯道水流的显著特性。通过U形弯道水流壅水试验,对弯道水面横向比降、横向流速分布、环流强度、紊动能及纵向流速沿程的变化进行了试验研究。结果显示,随着下游回水的抬高,弯道水面横比降、横向流速分布、环流强度、紊动能及纵向流速将发生明显的改变。为深入探讨下游回水对弯道水流结构的影响提供了科学依据。     

冰盖下水流紊动特性试验研究

河冰是陆地冰冻圈的重要组成要素,在生消演变过程中影响水流运动规律,受冰凌影响河流流态可分为明流、完全冰封和部分冰封。为探究冰盖下水流的紊动特性,采用声学多普勒三维测速仪测量3种流态的恒定均匀流场,对比分析纵向时均流速、雷诺应力和紊动强度的分布规律。结果表明：完全冰封流纵向时均流速垂向上呈不对称“■”型分布,雷诺应力在垂向上线性分布,紊动强度在基于双层假定划分的冰盖层和床面层均符合指数分布律;部分冰封流纵向时均流速垂向分布兼具明流和完全冰封流的特性,存在横向动量交换,导致冰盖区、明流区和过渡区的雷诺应力和紊动强度在水深方向上也存在明显的差异。试验结果可为冰凌灾害防治和供水安全保障提供理论指导。     

淹没刚性植被明渠紊流沿程流动特性差异

淹没刚性植被通过改变水流结构,造成时均流速、紊动强度、雷诺应力等水力参数垂线分布不均匀和沿程差异化。采用声学多普勒测速仪(ADV)测量3种淹没度(3.0、4.0、5.0)下的流速,结合统计学方法,系统分析植被段内及其上、下游过渡段流速和紊动特性差异。结果表明：植被显著增强了水流紊动,且紊动特性取值与淹没度正相关;植被段内流速差异在低淹没度下的植被层内和高淹没度下的自由流动层内更加显著,而紊动特性沿程增强,且垂线分布具有相似性,最大值点位于冠层顶部附近;当淹没度满足KH涡的形成和发展条件时,随淹没度的增大,植被段内紊动特性垂线分布出现转折点(临近此点梯度急剧减小并趋于0)的断面数量增多,经验证,在充分发展的紊流区此点可作为KH涡的上边界点。     

沉水植被斑块尾流多尺度紊流结构研究

探究斑块尾流中多尺度紊流结构对理解植被群落影响下的泥沙输移规律和河床演化过程有着重要意义。通过室内水槽试验,分析不同高径比及植被体积分数影响下的斑块后水流特性,得到时均流速及雷诺应力分布规律;通过谱本征正交分解对其脉动场进行分析,探究不同尺度涡的空间模态及能量分布规律。研究结果表明：(1)冠层垂向剪切层内剪切强度及其最大量纲一剪切层垂向厚度随着植被体积分数增大而增大,随着高径比增大而减小。(2)斑块尾流中,大尺度涡旋对应频率集中在0.15～0.29 Hz,对应斯特劳哈尔数为0.16～0.32,垂向分布介于0.2～1.3倍植被高度,纵向分布介于2～6倍斑块直径,横向关于植被中心线呈现出非对称分布。(3)纵向出流流速及剪切层内紊动强度是影响稳定尾流区长度的重要因素。剪切层纵向输运速度随着纵向出流流速增大而增大,剪切层垂向扩散速度随着紊动强度的增大而增大。     

明渠弯道水流平均运动规律试验研究

利用高频粒子图像测速PIV(Particle Image Velocimetry)系统对明渠弯道水流进行了测量,在两种不同试验方式的配合下,不仅提供了大量高精度的平面二维流场数据,还成功重构了弯道水流的三维平均流速场,为深入研究弯道水流复杂的时均流动结构提供了试验依据。试验结果表明,由于弯道曲率不连续,水流主流区在弯道入口位于凸岸附近,随后在离心力的作用下逐渐转移至凹岸,并一直维持至弯道出口;凹岸顶托及环流运动导致不同横向位置处的纵向流速剖面近床面区域速度梯度及最大流速的位置沿程发生改变;弯道曲率越大,最大水深平均纵向流速转移至靠近凹岸一侧的位置离弯道入口越远;受上游直段二次流的影响,环流运动在弯道入口断面呈三涡结构,随后快速衰减为双涡结构;弯道主环流的强度沿程先增加后减小,涡核位置沿程往复摆动。     

过渡区动床明渠流的流速分布

利用激光流速仪测量了随水流强度加大松散床面,从定床到具有一定输沙强度的动床流动,试验水流条件均处于过渡区。试验资料分析表明,动床过渡区明渠流的卡门常数小于通常所采用的0.4;水流强度逐渐增大,随着推移质运动量增加,阻力系数有减小再增大的趋势;雷诺应力分布和紊动强度分布规律同光滑明渠流类似。     

苦草对水流结构的影响研究

为研究沉水植被对水流结构的影响,以苦草为对象,利用实验室水槽实验研究了含淹没水生植被水流时均流速、雷诺应力及紊动能的垂向分布特征。受苦草冠层的影响,时均流速在冠顶以上呈对数分布,且随着流量的增加,冠层倾伏高度降低,对数剖面愈加明显;冠层内部,由于冠层阻流面积在垂向分布上的差异,冠层内时均流速出现逆梯度分布,且在床面附近出现局部流速最大值。雷诺应力在冠顶附近达到最大值,并向水面与床底方向逐渐减小;受逆流速梯度的影响,冠层内部雷诺应力出现负值以及局部最大值。雷诺应力产生的剪切紊动使得紊动能在冠顶处最大,并向水面与床底进行垂向传输;受紊动传输距离的限制,冠层底部以叶片后产生的尾流紊动为主,紊动能较小。     

深尾水消力池非完全宽尾墩消能试验研究

为解决下游深尾水工程中常规底流式消力池内由于消能紊动不足引起出池水流二次水跃、冲刷下游天然河床等一系列工程难题,结合物理模型和数值模拟对比研究平尾墩、常规宽尾墩以及非完全宽尾墩下游消力池内流场差异。研究结果表明:非完全宽尾墩利用平尾墩闸室与相邻宽尾墩闸室入池水流横向水位落差和纵向流速梯度,迫使雍高射流入池水流呈弧形横向扩散、碰撞,显著增强剪切紊动,促使消力池上游区域形成由底至表不断发展壮大的立轴旋滚,提升消力池内能量紊动耗散、降低出池水流流速,完全解决常规底流式消力池中易出现的二次水跃、消能不充分等问题。     

宽窄相间河道水流紊动特性试验研究

为了探索宽窄相间河道的水流紊动特性,以西南地区宝兴河上游宽窄相间河段为研究对象,基于室内概化模型试验,采用多普勒声学流速仪(ADV)测量了室内模型典型断面上的三维瞬时流速,分析典型断面上的纵向时均流速、紊动强度、雷诺切应力和紊动能的分布规律。试验结果显示:宽窄相间水槽中,扩散段边壁的紊动强度大于中心区域的紊动强度,最大值位于0.2倍水深处;扩散段两侧坡脚处紊动能最大;侧壁区的平面和立面雷诺切应力最大值出现在扩散段内,中心区域最大雷诺切应力位于两槽间的中间断面处;扩散段内水流紊乱,两侧出现旋涡和涡脱,易造成侧壁侵蚀加强,引起河道拓宽。深入分析了宽窄相间河道水流的紊动特性,可为山区河流治理和自然灾害防治提供参考。     

宽窄相间河道水流紊动特性试验研究

为了探索宽窄相间河道的水流紊动特性，以西南地区宝兴河上游宽窄相间河段为研究对象，基于室内概化模型试验，采用多普勒声学流速仪（ADV）测量了室内模型典型断面上的三维瞬时流速，分析典型断面上的纵向时均流速、紊动强度、雷诺切应力和紊动能的分布规律。试验结果显示：宽窄相间水槽中，扩散段边壁的紊动强度大于中心区域的紊动强度，最大值位于0.2倍水深处；扩散段两侧坡脚处紊动能最大；侧壁区的平面和立面雷诺切应力最大值出现在扩散段内，中心区域最大雷诺切应力位于两槽间的中间断面处；扩散段内水流紊乱，两侧出现旋涡和涡脱，易造成侧壁侵蚀加强，引起河道拓宽。深入分析了宽窄相间河道水流的紊动特性，可为山区河流治理和自然灾害防治提供参考。     

出渗对均匀大粒径泥沙附近水动力特性影响

为探讨出渗对均匀大粒径泥沙颗粒周围水流特性的影响,基于粒子图像测速技术（PIV）对出渗影响下的均匀大粒径泥沙颗粒群周围水流结构进行测量,并对不同出渗强度下颗粒群周围立面二维流场结构进行了分析。试验结果表明:出渗能够减小颗粒群周围原水流运动方向的流速,而增大垂直向上的流速,且两者均随着出渗强度的增强而对流速的影响愈加明显;根据实测数据,拟合出考虑出渗影响下的均匀大粒径泥沙周围纵向流速分布公式,相关性较好;出渗能增强颗粒群附近的紊动强度,加剧周围水体的能量耗散;随着出渗强度的增强,颗粒群周围的涡量值随之减小。     

90°支流入汇区域时均流速分布特征试验研究

通过多组次水槽试验,应用声速多普勒测速仪研究入汇角为90°时,不同汇流比水流条件下支流入汇区域及其附近的水面比降变化和时均流速分布特征。试验表明,入汇口上游的干支流水面坡降取决于干支流相互顶托影响,而入汇口处及其下游合流掺混区水面坡降随干流流量增大而增大,随汇流比增大而有所减小。不同位置垂线时均流速分布主要受主支汇流比和水流流态的双重影响,随着汇流比的增大,入汇口上游断面时均流速逐渐减小,而入汇口下游断面产生了明显的高、低流速带,形成回流分离区。     

Changes in velocity profiles at roughness transitions in coarse grained channels

Heterogeneous coarse grained channels are often characterized by local transitions in bed surface roughness. Distinct spatial zones in terms of grain size have been reported, for example sand ribbons and bedload sheets. The transition from areas of finer to coarser grained surface sediment is often abrupt. However, the effects of these transitions on the shape of the velocity profile and associated shear velocity and roughness length estimates have not been investigated in detail in coarse grained channels. This paper therefore examines the combined effects of a sudden change in surface roughness and of superimposed scales of resistancé on the structure of the turbulent boundary layer. Measurements along roughness transitions from smooth to rough beds were conducted in a flume using artificial roughness features and in a natural gravel bed river. Immediately at the transition from a zone of close packed roughness to a rougher section dominated by obstacles superimposed on the more or less uniform roughness surface, boundary shear stress and roughness length increase considerably. Downstream from this transition, velocity profiles become concave upwards. Downstream and upstream sections show significant differences in terms of near bed velocities (deceleration downstream of the transition), velocity gradient and turbulence intensity of the streamwise velocity component. Comparing the mean velocity profiles corresponding to these two different roughness surfaces gives some indication of the proportion of total shear velocity (or shear stress) associated with the pressure drag produced by large and isolated obstacles.     

The vertical turbulence structure of experimental turbidity currents encountering basal obstructions: implications for vertical suspended sediment distribution in non‐equilibrium currents

Large roughness features, caused by erosion of the sea floor, are commonly observed on the modern sea floor and beneath turbidite sandstone beds in outcrop. This paper aims to investigate the effect of such roughness elements on the turbulent velocity field and its consequences for the sediment carrying capacity of the flows. Experimental turbidity currents were run through a rectangular channel, with a single roughness element fixed to the bottom in some runs. The effect of this roughness element on the turbulent velocity field was determined by measuring vertical profiles of the vertical velocity component in the region downstream of the basal obstruction with the Ultrasonic Doppler Velocity Profiling technique. The experiments were set up to answer two research questions. (i) How does a single roughness element alter the distribution of vertical turbulence intensity? (ii) How does the altered profile evolve in the downstream direction? The results for runs over a plane substrate are similar to data presented previously and show a lower turbulence maximum near the channel floor, a turbulence minimum associated with the velocity maximum, and a turbulence maximum associated with the upper flow interface. In the runs in which the flows were perturbed by the single roughness element, the intensity of the lower turbulence maximum was increased between 41% to 81%. This excess turbulence dissipated upwards in the flow while it travelled further downstream, but was still observable at the most distal measurement location (at a distance ca 39 times the roughness height downstream of the element). All results point towards a similarity between the near bed turbulence structure of turbidity currents and free surface shear flows that has been proposed by previous authors, and this proposition is supported further by the apparent success of a shear velocity estimation method that is based on this similarity. Theory of turbulent dispersal of suspended sediment is used to discuss how the observed turbulent effects of a single large roughness element may impact on the suspended sediment distribution in real world turbidity currents. It is concluded that this impact may consist of a non‐equilibrium net‐upwards transport of suspended sediment, counteracting density stratification. Thus, erosive substrate topography created by frontal parts of natural turbidity flows may super‐elevate sediment concentrations in upper regions above equilibrium values in following flow stages, delay depletion of the flow via sedimentation and increase their run‐out distance.     

堰槽组合设施测流机制试验研究

山区季节性溪流流量变化大,已有灌溉渠道量水设施难以在较大流量范围内均达到测流精度要求,本文以克伦普堰和排淤量水槽组合而成的堰槽组合量水设施为试验对象,通过试验探究其测流机制。根据流量在5~79 L/s范围内的概化水槽水力性能试验,分析不同流量下的水面线、弗劳德数、垂线纵向时均流速、薄水层特征长度和特征宽度的变化,建立不同流量阈值范围内的测流公式。结果表明:①随流量的增大,堰槽组合设施流动形态从槽内流变为堰流,流量阈值对应的阈值相对水深为0.885,拟合得到组合设施槽内流和堰流的测流公式,与实测流量对比,相对误差小于3%。②组合设施槽内流和堰流水力特性不同,槽内流时槽内各测点纵向时均流速、薄水层的特征长度和特征宽度以及综合流量系数均随着流量增大而增大;堰流时,排淤量水槽槽内前段各测点纵向时均流速随着流量增大而减小,后段各测点纵向时均流速随着流量增大而增大,槽内收缩扭面段中部附近断面平均流速大小一致。③堰槽组合流量系数随着流量增大而减小。④堰槽设施下游薄水层的特征长度和特征宽度随着流量增大有下降趋势,最大值均出现在流量阈值情况下。本研究有效解决了流量变幅较大的明渠测流设施匮乏问题,可为山区季节性溪流测流设施应用提供参考。     

低坝影响下的流场与淤积形态特性试验研究

为研究径流式低坝影响下的水流流动与泥沙淤积特性,开展水槽试验,基于图像测量技术,获取并解析坝附近区域流场信息及典型淤积形态。结果表明：坝前附近流段纵向流速在垂线上出现衰减区,减幅随水流强度增大而减小;坝顶断面纵向和垂向流速沿垂线的分布均呈现显著的分区特性,分区界限几乎不受水流强度的影响;随坝顶水深增加,坝下游漩涡涡心向下游及河底移动,面积和强度皆增大;坝上游淤积形态特性对水流强度的变化非常敏感,在较低强度来流下,呈接近坝体的稳定曲面斜坡,而在高强度来流下,不形成稳定淤积体;坝下游形成动态稳定的淤积斜坡,纵剖表面线呈抛物线规律,随来流强度变异程度小。     

低坝影响下的流场与淤积形态特性试验研究

为研究径流式低坝影响下的水流流动与泥沙淤积特性,开展水槽试验,基于图像测量技术,获取并解析坝附近区域流场信息及典型淤积形态。结果表明:坝前附近流段纵向流速在垂线上出现衰减区,减幅随水流强度增大而减小;坝顶断面纵向和垂向流速沿垂线的分布均呈现显著的分区特性,分区界限几乎不受水流强度的影响;随坝顶水深增加,坝下游漩涡涡心向下游及河底移动,面积和强度皆增大;坝上游淤积形态特性对水流强度的变化非常敏感,在较低强度来流下,呈接近坝体的稳定曲面斜坡,而在高强度来流下,不形成稳定淤积体;坝下游形成动态稳定的淤积斜坡,纵剖表面线呈抛物线规律,随来流强度变异程度小。     

Mean flow and turbulence structure over fixed, two-dimensional dunes: implications for sediment transport and bedform stability

Detailed measurements of flow velocity and its turbulent fluctuation were obtained over fixed, two-dimensional dunes in a laboratory channel. Laser Doppler anemometry was used to measure the downstream and vertical components of velocity at more than 1800 points over one dune wavelength. The density of the sampling grid allowed construction of a unique set of contour maps for all mean flow and turbulence parameters, which are assessed using higher moment measures and quadrant analysis. These flow field maps illustrate that: (1) the time-averaged downstream and vertical velocities agree well with previous studies of quasi-equilibrium flow over fixed and mobile bedforms and show a remarkable symmetry from crest to crest; (2) the maximum root-mean-square (RMS) of the downstream velocity values occur at and just downstream of flow reattachment and within the flow separation cell; (3) the maximum vertical RMS values occur within and above the zone of flow separation along the shear layer and this zone advects and diffuses downstream, extending almost to the next crest; (4) positive downstream skewness values occur within the separation cell, whereas positive vertical skewness values are restricted to the shear layer; (5) the highest Reynolds stresses are located within the zone of flow separation and along the shear layer; (6) high-magnitude, high-frequency quadrant-2 events (‘ejections’) are concentrated along the shear layer (Kelvin-Helmholtz instabilities) and dominate the contribution to the local Reynolds stress; and (7) high-magnitude, high-frequency quadrant-4 events occur bounding the separation zone, near reattachment and close to the dune crest, and are significant contributors to the local Reynolds stress at each location. These data demonstrate that the turbulence structure associated with dunes is controlled intrinsically by the formation, magnitude and downstream extent of the flow separation zone and resultant shear layer. Furthermore, the origin of dune-related macroturbulence lies in the dynamics of the shear layer rather than classical turbulent boundary layer bursting. The fluid dynamic distinction between dunes and ripples is reasoned to be linked to the velocity differential across the shear layer and hence the magnitude of the Kelvin-Helmholtz instabilities, which are both greater for dunes than ripples. These instabilities control the local flow and turbulence structure and dictate the modes of sediment entrainment and their transport rates.     

Flow, sediment transport and bedform dynamics over the transition from dunes to upper-stage plane beds: implications for the formation of planar laminae

Preliminary results are reported from an experimental study of the interaction between turbulence, sediment transport and bedform dynamics over the transition from dunes to upper stage plane beds. Over the transition, typical dunes changed to humpback dunes (mean velocity 0–8 ms^-1, depth 01 m, mean grain size 0.3 mm) to nominally plane beds with low relief bed waves up to a few mm high. All bedforms had a mean length of 0.7–0.8 m. Hot film anemometry and flow visualization clearly show that horizontal and vertical turbulent motions in dune troughs decrease progressively through the transition while horizontal turbulence intensities increase near the bed on dune backs through to a plane bed. Average bedload and suspended load concentrations increase progressively over the transition, and the near-bed transport rate immediately downstream of flow reattachment increases markedly relative to that near dune crests. This relative increase in sediment transport near reattachment appears to be due to suppression of upward directed turbulence by increased sediment concentration, such that velocity close to the bed can increase more quickly downstream of reattachment. Low-relief bedwaves on upper-stage plane beds are ubiquitous and give rise to laterally extensive, mm-thick planar laminae; however, within such laminae are laminae of more limited lateral extent and thickness, related to the turbulent bursting process over the downstream depositional surface of the bedwaves.