西秦岭临潭-宕昌断裂第四纪最新活动特征

临潭-宕昌断裂是西秦岭造山带内一条重要的分支断裂,其最新活动特征是分析西秦岭构造变形的重要依据。临潭-宕昌断裂的新构造活动强烈,中强地震频繁,但目前对于断裂的新活动特征研究程度较低,未见有其全新世活动地质地貌证据的报道。文中基于遥感解译、宏观地貌分析研究断裂的长期活动表现和分段性;同时通过地质地貌考察、无人机摄影测量、差分GPS和放射性碳测年等方法定量研究断裂的新活动特征;最后基于研究结果探讨了断裂及附近区域的地震危险性和区域构造变形。结果表明:根据断层迹线收敛程度和宏观地貌差异,可将临潭-宕昌断裂分为西、中、东3段;断裂的运动性质以左旋走滑为主,兼具逆冲分量,左旋走滑使洮河及其支流、冲沟和山脊等发生同步左旋拐弯,最大左旋位移可达3km,逆冲分量使新近纪盆地边缘和内部形成300~500m的垂向位移;断裂的最新活动时代为全新世,限定了1次2 090~7 745a BP(置信度为2σ)的全新世古地震事件;全新世早期以来,临潭-宕昌断裂东段主干断裂的左旋走滑速率为0.86~1.65mm/a,垂直滑动速率为0.05~0.10mm/a。临潭-宕昌断裂分配了约2mm/a的左旋走滑分量,是东昆仑-西秦岭阶区变形分配的关键断裂之一。     

ACTIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SANWEISHAN FAULT IN THE NORTHERN MARGIN OF THE TIBETAN PLATEAU DURING LATE PLEISTOCENE

The Sanweishan fault is located in the northern margin of the Tibetan plateau. It is a branch of the Altyn Tagh fault zone which extends to the northwest. A detailed study on Late Quaternary activity characteristics of the Sanwei Shan Fault can help understanding the strain distribution of the Altyn Tagh fault zone and regional seismic activity and northward growth of the Tibetan plateau. Previous research on this fault is insufficient and its activity is a controversial issue. Based on satellite images interpretation, field investigations and geological mapping, this study attempts to characterize this feature, especially its activity during Late Quaternary. Trench excavation and sample dating permit to address this issue, including determination of paleoseismic events along this fault. The results show that the Sanweishan fault is a large-scale active structure. It starts from the Shuangta reservoir in the east, extending southward by Shigongkouzi, Lucaogou, and Shugouzi, terminates south of Xishuigou, with a length of 175km. The fault trends in NEE, dipping SE at angles 50°~70°. It is characterized by left-lateral strike-slip with a component of thrust and local normal faulting. According to the geometry, the fault can be divided into three segments, i.e. Shuangta-Shigongkouzi, Shigongkouzi-Shugouzi and Shugouzi-Xishuigou from east to west, looking like a left-or right-step pattern. Plenty of offset fault landforms appear along the Sanweishan Fault, including ridges, left-lateral strike-slip gullies, fault scarps, and fault grooves. The trench study at the middle and eastern segments of the fault shows its activity during Late Pleistocene, evidenced by displaced strata of this epoch. Identification marks of the paleoearthquakes and sample dating reveal one paleoearthquake that occurred at(40.3±5.2)~(42.1±3.9) ka.     

新疆阜康-吉木萨尔断裂带的几何特征与活动性研究

根据详实的野外资料对新疆阜康 -吉木萨尔断裂带的构造几何特征和活动性进行了分析与研究 ,结果表明 :断裂带由东、西两大段组成 ,西段由 4条次级S倾逆断裂左行斜列组成 ,东段由 3条次级S倾逆断裂右行斜列组成 ,总体上呈向北微凸的近EW向展布 ,长达 14 0km ,控制着东天山北缘的第四纪构造演化和地貌发育 ;组成断裂往往是低角度的逆断层 ,与褶皱共生 ,切割深度 5～ 6km ,第四纪晚期多期 (次 )活动 ,以间歇性稳定滑动为特征 ;断裂带端部段落倾角较大 ,活动量较小 ,全新世平均垂直滑动速率为 0 .10～ 0 4 0mm/a ,中部段落以低倾角的推覆为特征 ,活动强烈 ,全新世平均垂直滑动速率达 0 80～ 1 0 0mm/a以上     

对1976年河北唐山MS7.8地震地表破裂带展布及位移特征的新认识

1976年河北唐山MS7.8地震发生之后,诸多资料报道了唐山市南侧展布的长8～11km的地震地表破裂带.该地表破裂带由10余条NE方向、具右旋走滑特征的地表破裂呈左阶形式组成,总体走向N30°E,最大右旋位移2.3m,多数地段的垂直位移为0.5 ～0.7m.近年有学者提出,在更大范围内出现的地表破坏现象.分辨这些地表破...     

2012年6月24日宁蒗-盐源MS5.7地震发震构造刍议

2012年6月24日宁蒗-盐源M_S5.7地震,位于丽江-小金河断裂西北30km。区域范围内历史上地震频繁,为滇西北地震多发区。震区断裂构造复杂,主要发育NW向、NE向2组断裂,呈棋盘格式展布。经野外实地考察,震中附近发育NW向永宁断裂和NE向日古鲁-岩瓦断裂2条晚更新世活动断裂。永宁断裂由温泉断层、永宁断层和阿拉凹断层组成。在卫星影像上线性特征清晰,断层地貌明显。断裂对永宁、泸沽湖第四纪盆地具有严格的控制作用,沿线多处发育温泉。前所河的多条支流顺断层发育,八七—海衣角一带、日古鲁东山厝附近,多处河流右旋位错。阿拉凹一带断错T₂阶地上更新统沉积,被错地层最新年龄(TL)为(21.19±1.80)ka,是一条以右旋走滑兼正断性质的晚更新世活动断层。日古鲁—岩瓦断裂对岩瓦、日古鲁、利家咀等古近纪、新近纪盆地和永宁第四纪盆地有着明显的控制作用,断错中更新世和上更新世地层。中挖都—利家咀一带,有多条小溪呈现出同步左旋位错特征。断裂在晚更新世有着明显的活动迹象,以左旋走滑运动为主。据震源机制解结果,此次地震为正断兼右旋走滑型地震,NW向节面产状与永宁断裂基本吻合,地震破裂型式与永宁断裂运动学特征一致。地震烈度长轴方向、Ⅷ度烈度异常点线性分布以及构造地裂缝方向均与永宁断裂走向一致。分析认为,永宁断裂为此次地震的发震构造。此外,1996年丽江7.0级地震、1976年中甸5.5级地震以及本次5.7级地震,均具有明显的正倾滑分量。这些地震多分布在哈巴雪山和玉龙雪山新构造隆起周缘。根据区域地形条件分析,该地区的正断层运动作用很可能与地形巨大反差引起的重力势能有关。     

THE DIFFERENCE OF DEPOSITION RATE IN THE BOREHOLES AT THE JUNCTION BETWEEN NANKOU-SUNHE FAULT AND HUANGZHUANG-GAOLIYING FAULT AND ITS RESPONSE TO FAULT ACTIVITY IN THE BEIJING AREA

Beijing plain area has been always characterized by the tectonic subsidence movement since the Pliocene. Influenced and affected by the extensional tectonic environment, tensional normal faulting occurred on the buried NE-trending faults in this area, forming the "two uplifts and one sag" tectonic pattern. Since Quaternary, the Neocathaysian stress field caused the NW-directed tensional shear faulting, and two groups of active faults are developed. The NE-trending active faults include three major faults, namely, from west to east, the Huangzhuang-Gaoliying Fault, Shunyi Fault and Xiadian Fault. The NW-trending active faults include the Nankou-Sunke Fault, which strikes in the direction of NW320°~330°, with a total length of about 50km in the Beijing area. The northwestern segment of the fault dips SW, forming a NW-directed collapse zone, which controls the NW-directed Machikou Quaternary depression. The thickness of the Quaternary is more than 600 meters; the southeastern segment of the fault dips NE, with a small vertical throw between the two walls of the fault. Huangzhuang-Gaoliying Fault is a discontinuous buried active fault, a boundary line between the Beijing sag and Xishan tectonic uplift. In the Beijing area, it has a total length of 110km, striking NE, dipping SE, with a dip angle of about 50~80 degrees. It is a normal fault, with the maximum fault throw of more than 1 000m since the Tertiary. The fault was formed in the last phase of Yanshan movement and controls the Cretaceous, Paleogene, Neogene and Quaternary sediments.There are four holes drilled at the junction between Nankou-Sunhe Fault and Huangzhuang-Gaoliying Fault in Beijing area. The geographic coordinates of ZK17 is 40°5'51"N, 116°25'40"E, the hole depth is 416.6 meters. The geographic coordinates of ZK18 is 40°5'16"N, 116°25'32"E, the hole depth is 247.6 meters. The geographic coordinates of ZK19 is 40°5'32"N, 116°26'51"E, the hole depth is 500.9 meters. The geographic coordinates of ZK20 is 40°4'27"N, 116°26'30"E, the hole depth is 308.2 meters. The total number of paleomagnetism samples is 687, and 460 of them are selected for thermal demagnetization. Based on the magnetostratigraphic study and analysis on the characteristics of sedimentary rock assemblage and shallow dating data, Quaternary stratigraphic framework of drilling profiles is established. As the sedimentation rate of strata has a good response to the activity of the basin-controlling fault, we discussed the activity of target fault during the Quaternary by studying variations of deposition rate. The results show that the fault block in the junction between the Nankou-Sunhe Fault and the Huangzhuang-Gaoliying Fault is characteristic of obvious differential subsidence. The average deposition rate difference of fault-controlled stratum reflects the control of the neotectonic movement on the sediment distribution of different tectonic units. The activity of Nankou-Sunhe Fault shows the strong-weak alternating pattern from the early Pleistocene to Holocene. In the early Pleistocene the activity intensity of Huangzhuang-Gaoliying Fault is stronger than Nankou-Sunhe Fault. After the early Pleistocene the activity intensity of Nankou-Sunhe Fault is stronger than Huangzhuang-Gaoliying Fault. The activity of the two faults tends to consistent till the Holocene.     

RESEARCH ON NEOGENE-QUATERNARY STRATIGRAPHIC STRUCTURE AND SHALLOW TECTONIC FEATURES IN THE NORTH SECTION OF DAXING FAULT ZONE BASED ON SHALLOW SEISMIC REFLECTION PROFILING

The Daxing Fault is an important buried fault in the Beijing sub-plain, which is also the boundary fault of the structural unit between Langgu sub-sag and Daxing sub-uplift. So far, there is a lack of data on the shallow tectonic features of the Daxing Fault, especially for the key structural part of its northern section where it joins with the Xiadian Fault. In this paper, the fine stratigraphic classifications and shallow tectonic features of the northern section in the main Daxing Fault are explored by using three NW-trending shallow seismic reflection profiles. These profiles pass through the Daxing earthquake(M6¾)area in 1057AD and the northern section of the main Daxing Fault. The results show that seven strong reflection layers(T₀₁—T₀₃, T_Q and T₁₁—T₁₃)are recognized in the strata of Neogene and Quaternary beneath the investigated area. The largest depth of strong reflection layer(T₁₃)is about 550~850ms, which is interpreted as an important surface of unconformity between Neogene and Paleogene or basement rock. The remaining reflection layers, such as T₀₁ and T_Q, are interpreted as internal interfaces in Neogene to Quaternary strata. There are different rupture surfaces and slip as well as obviously different structural features of the Daxing Fault revealed in three shallow seismic reflection profiles. The two profiles(2-7 and 2-8)show obvious rupture surfaces, which are the expression of Daxing Fault in shallow strata. Along the profile(2-6), which is located at the end of the Daxing fault structure, a triangle deformation zone or bending fracture can be identified, implying that the Daxing Fault is manifested as bending deformation instead of rupture surfaces at its end section. This unique structural feature can be explained by a shearing motion at the end of extensional normal fault. Therefore, the Daxing Fault exhibits obviously different tectonic features of deformation or displacement at different structural locations. The attitude and displacement of the fault at the shallow part are also different to some extent. From the southwest section to the northeast section of the fault, the dip angle gradually becomes gentler(80°~60°), the upper breakpoint becomes deeper(160~600m), and the fault displacement in Neogene to Quaternary strata decreases(80~0m). Three shallow seismic reflection profiles also reveal that the Daxing Fault is a normal fault during Neogene to early Quaternary, and the deformation or displacement caused by the activity of the fault reaches the reflection layer T₀₂. This depth is equivalent to the sedimentary strata of late Early-Pleistocene. Therefore, the geometry and morphology of the Daxing Fault also reveal that the early normal fault activity has continued into the Early Pleistocene, but the evidence of activity is not obvious since the late Pleistocene. The earthquakes occurring along the Daxing Fault, such as Daxing earthquake(M6¾)in 1057AD, may not have much relation with this extensional normal fault, but with another new strike-slip fault. A series of focal mechanism solutions of modern earthquakes reveal that the seismic activity is closely related to the strike-slip fault. The Daxing Fault extends also downwards into the lower crust, and may be cut by the steeply dipping new Xiadian Fault on deep seismic reflection profile. The northern section of the Daxing Fault strikes NNE, with a length of about 23km, arranged in a right step pattern with the Xiadian Fault. Transrotational basins have been developed in the junction between the northern Daxing Fault and the southern Xiadian Fault. Such combined tectonic features of the Daxing Fault and Xiadian Fault evolute independently under the extensional structure background and control the development of the Langgu sub-sag and Dachang sub-sag, respectively.     

畹町断裂晚第四纪活动与水系构造变形

畹町断裂位于滇西中缅交界地带,蚌冬以西走向近EW,以东走向NE,倾向N和NW,全长170km。最新考察发现,沿断裂新活动的断层地貌明显,表现为清晰的断层三角面、平直的断层槽地、断层陡崖、线性山脊、多级跌水等。断裂对第四纪盆地有着明显的控制作用,畹町、曼海等盆地呈串珠状沿断裂展布。龙镇大桥等地第四纪断层及高家寨洪积扇位错等揭示出畹町断裂切错了晚更新世堆积层,被错堆积层热释光年龄为(17.60±1.49)ka～(38.24±3.25)kaBP,表明断裂在晚第四纪有过明显活动。蚌冬一带怒江沿断裂展布,主河道被左旋位错了约9.5km并形成"发卡"型拐弯;公养河等6条河流及其支流均沿断裂发育,局部或整体河段受断裂控制明显,说明这些河段是在断裂新活动后沿断裂破碎带追踪侵蚀形成的。沿断裂多处可见水系同步左旋位错现象,如平子亭—公养河间有11条小溪同步左旋位错,中山—万马河一线有10余条水系表现出同步左旋位错。位错量可分为40～50m、90～100m、200～250m、300～400m和600～1100m5个量级;梳状水系发育。水系左旋位错、阶地及洪积扇等位错现象表明,断裂在晚第四纪以水平左旋走滑为主,滑动速率为1.7～2.2mm/a.。沿断裂曾发生多次中强地震,被认为是1976年龙陵7.3、7.4级地震的余震,但它们不是沿发震断层———龙陵-瑞丽断裂呈带状分布,而是集中于龙陵-瑞丽断裂与畹町断裂间南北长55km、东西宽32km的广阔区域。因此,推断这些余震的发生是龙陵-瑞丽断裂与畹町断裂相继活动所致。     

HORIZONTAL MOVEMENT CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ACTIVE SANWEISHAN FAULT AND ITS MECHANISM: CONSTRAINTS ON THE GROWTH OF THE NORTHERN QINGHAI-TIBETAN PLATEAU

The northern margin of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is currently the leading edge of uplift and expansion of the plateau. Over the years, a lot of research has been carried out on the deformation and evolution of the northeastern margin of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, and many ideas have been put forward, but there are also many disputes. The Altyn Tagh Fault constitutes the northern boundary of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, and there are two active faults on the north side of the Altyn Tagh Fault, named Sanweishan Fault with NEE strike and Nanjieshan Fault with EW strike. Especially, studies on the geometric and kinematic parameters of Sanweishan Fault since the Late Quaternary, which is nearly parallel with the Altyn Tagn Fault, are of great significance for understanding the deformation transfer and distribution in the northwestward extension of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Therefore, interpretation of the fault landforms and statistical analysis of the horizontal displacement on the Sanweishan Fault and its newly discovered western extension are carried out in this paper. We believe that the Sanweishan Fault is an important branch of the eastern section of the Altyn Tagh fault zone. It is located at the front edge of the northwestern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and is a left-lateral strike-slip and thrust active fault. Based on the interpretation of satellite imagery and microgeomorphology field investigation of Sanweishan main fault and its western segments, it's been found that the Sanweishan main fault constitutes the contact boundary between the Sanweishan Mountain and the alluvial fans. In the bedrock interior and on the north side of the Mogao Grottoes, there are also some branch faults distributed nearly parallel to the main fault. The main fault is about 150km long, striking 65°, mainly dipping SE with dip angles from 50° to 70°. The main fault can be divided into three segments in the spatial geometric distribution:the western segment(Xizhuigou-Dongshuigou, I), which is about 35km long, the middle segment(Dongshuigou-Shigongkouzi, Ⅱ), about 65km long, and the east segment(Shigongkouzi-Shuangta, Ⅲ), about 50km long. The above three segments are arranged in the left or right stepovers. In the west of Mingshashan, it's been found that the fault scarps are distributed near Danghe Reservoir and Yangguan Town in the west of Minshashan Mountain, and we thought those scarps are the westward extension of the main Sanweishan Fault. Along the main fault and its western extension, the different levels of water system(including gullies and rills)and ridges have been offset synchronously, forming a series of fault micro-geomorphology. The scale of the offset water system is proportional to the horizontal displacement. The frequency statistical analysis of the horizontal displacement shows that the displacement has obvious grouping characteristics, which are divided into 6 groups, and the corresponding peaks are 3.4m, 6.7m, 11.4m, 15m, 22m and 26m, respectively. Among them, 3.4m represents the coseismic displacement of the latest ancient earthquake event, and the larger displacement peak represents the accumulation of coseismic displacements of multi-paleoearthquake events. This kind of displacement characterized by approximately equal interval increase indicates that the Sanweishan Fault has experienced multiple characteristic earthquakes since the Late Quaternary and has the possibility of occurrence of earthquakes greater than magnitude 7. The distribution of displacement and structural transformation of the end of the fault indicate that Sanweishan Fault is an "Altyn Tagh Fault"in its infancy. The activities of Sanweishan Fault and its accompanying mountain uplift are the result of the transpression of the northern margin of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, representing one of the growth patterns of the northern margin of the plateau.     

LATE-QUATERNARY ACTIVITY OF THE YALAHE FAULT OF THE XIANSHUIHE FAULT ZONE,EASTERN MARGIN OF THE TIBET PLATEAU

Complex geometrical structures on strike-slip faults would likely affect fault behavior such as strain accumulation and distribution, seismic rupture process, etc. The Xianshuihe Fault has been considered to be a Holocene active strike-slip fault with a high horizontal slip rate along the eastern margin of the Tibetan plateau. During the past 300 years, the Xianshuihe Fault produced 8 earthquakes with magnitude≥7 along the whole fault and showed strong activities of large earthquakes. Taking the Huiyuansi Basin as a structure boundary, the northwestern and southeastern segments of the Xianshuihe Fault show different characteristics. The northwestern segment, consisting of the Luhuo, Daofu and Qianning sections, shows a left-stepping en echelon pattern by simple fault strands. However, the southeastern segment(Huiyuansi-Kangding segment)has a complex structure and is divided into three sub-faults: the Yalahe, Selaha and Zheduotang Faults. To the south of Kangding County, the Moxi segment of the Xianshuihe Fault shows a simple structure. The previous studies suggest that the three sub-faults(the Yalahe, Selaha and Zheduotang Faults of the Huiyuansi-Kangding segment)unevenly distribute the strain of the northwestern segment of the Xianshuihe Fault. However, the disagreement of the new activity of the Yalahe Fault limits the understanding of the strain distribution model of the Huiyuansi-Kangding segment. Most scholars believed that the Yalahe Fault is a Holocene active fault. However, Zhang et al.(2017)used low-temperature thermochronology to study the cooling history of the Gongga rock mass, and suggested that the Yalahe Fault is now inactive and the latest activity of the Xianshuihe Fault has moved westward over the Selaha Fault. The Yalahe Fault is the only segment of the Xianshuihe Fault that lacks records of the strong historical earthquakes. Moreover, the Yalahe Fault is located in the alpine valley area, and the previous traffic conditions were very bad. Thus, the previous research on fault activity of the fault relied mainly on the interpretation of remote sensing, and the uncertainty was relatively large. Through remote sensing and field investigation, we found the geological and geomorphological evidence for Holocene activity of the Yalahe Fault. Moreover, we found a well-preserved seismic surface rupture zone with a length of about 10km near the Yariacuo and the co-seismic offsets of the earthquake are about 2.5~3.5m. In addition, we also advance the new active fault track of the Yalahe Fault to Yala Town near Kangding County. In Wangmu and Yala Town, we found the geological evidence for the latest fault activity that the Holocene alluvial fans were dislocated by the fault. These evidences suggest that the Yalahe Fault is a Holocene active fault, and has the seismogenic tectonic condition to produce a large earthquake, just like the Selaha and Zheduotang Faults. These also provide seismic geological evidence for the strain distribution model of the Kangding-Huiyuansi segment of the Xianshuihe Fault.     

滇西北通甸-巍山断裂中段的晚第四纪滑动速率

通甸-巍山断裂属于红河断裂带的分支断裂,目前对该断裂中段的晚第四纪活动特征研究较少。野外地质地貌调查和年代学研究结果表明,通甸-巍山断裂中段是以右旋走滑运动为主,兼有张性正断的全新世活动断裂,其最新活动时代距今约2.2ka。晚更新世中晚期以来断裂中段平均水平滑动速率为1.25mm/a,全新世晚期以来垂直运动趋于增强。该研究不仅为该断裂的地震危险性评价工作提供了基础资料,而且有助于理解川滇菱形块体西南边界构造变形的空间分配特点     

龙门山山前大邑断裂活动时代与最新构造变形样式初步研究

通过野外地质填图、3D扫描仪以及全站仪测量等技术手段,取得了大邑断裂活动时代与最新构造变形样式的初步证据。大邑断裂所在地区白垩纪和新近纪地层的褶曲变形时代应在新近纪末—早更新世,而断裂的最新活动时代是全新世,其最新构造变形样式主要表现为全新世地层的褶皱,在地貌上表现为多个山前鼓丘。这些鼓丘单个平面形态呈椭圆形,沿山前呈雁列状分布,延伸长度为2.5km。根据鼓包的剖面形态,推测大邑断裂为一条全新世活动的盲断裂     

NEW EVIDENCES OF HOLOCENE ACTIVITY IN THE JIANGSU SEGMENT OF ANQIU-JUXIAN FAULT OF THE TANLU FAULT ZONE

Anqiu-Juxian Fault is an important fault in the Tanlu fault zone, with the largest seismic risk, the most recent activity date and the most obvious surface traces. It is also the seismogenic fault of the Tancheng M8 1/2 earthquake in 1668. There are many different views about the southern termination location of surface rupture of the Tancheng earthquake and the Holocene activity in Jiangsu segment of this fault. Research on the latest activity time of the Jiangsu segment of Anqiu-Juxian Fault, particularly the termination location of surface rupture of the Tancheng earthquake, is of great significance to the assessment of its earthquake potential and seismic risk. Based on trench excavation on the Jiangsu segment of Anqiu-Juxian Fault, we discuss the time and characteristics of its latest activity. Multiple geological sections from southern Maling Mountain to Chonggang Mountain indicate that there was an ancient seismic event occurring in Holocene on the Jiangsu segment of Anqiu-Juxian Fault. We suggest the time of the latest seismic event is about(4.853±0.012)~(2.92±0.3)ka BP by dating results. The latest activity is characterized by thrust strike-slip faulting, with the maximum displacement of 1m. Combined with the fault rupture characteristics of each section, it is inferred that only one large-scale paleo-earthquake event occurred on the Jiangsu segment of Anqiu-Juxian Fault since the Holocene. The upper parts of the fault are covered by horizontal sand layers, not only on the trench in the west of Chonggang mountain but also on the trench in Hehuan Road in Suqian city, which indicates that the main part of the Jiangsu segment of Anqiu-Juxian Fault was probably not the surface rupture zone of the 1668 Tancheng M8 1/2 earthquake. In short, the Jiangsu segment of Anqiu-Juxian Fault has experienced many paleo-earthquake events since the late Pleistocene, with obvious activity during the Holocene. The seismic activities of the Jiangsu segment of Anqiu-Juxian Fault have the characteristics of large magnitude and low frequency. The Jiangsu segment of Anqiu-Juxian Fault has the deep tectonic and seismic-geological backgrounds of big earthquakes generation and should be highly valued by scientists.     

THE ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF ZHENGZHOU-KAIFENG FAULT DURING KAINOZOIC

As one of the rhombic blocks in North China, Kaifeng depression is on the south of the northern Huabei depression and in the north of the southern Huabei depression, bounded by Xinxiang-Shangqiu Fault and Zhengzhou-Kaifeng Fault, respectively. So far, the activity of Zhengzhou-Kaifeng Fault during Kainozoic era and the relationship between Zhengzhou-Kaifeng Fault and Xinxiang-Shangqiu Fault is still unknown. We interpreted several deep seismic profiles across Taikang uplift and Kaifeng depression on the basis of the strata sequence exposed by the 8 drill holes in the related area. The outcomes indicate that the Zhengzhou-Kaifeng Fault strikes EW on the whole, presenting undulating feature in plain, with a length about 154km. The profiles show the dip angle of the fault is steeper in the shallow than that in the deep, with an obvious "L-shaped" turning point. In Paleogene, the fault was a normal fault. In its hanging wall, the Kaifeng depression, there deposited hundreds of meters of Eogene. After middle Himalayan movement, Zhengzhou-Kaifeng Fault converted to a strike-slip fault, the dip angle became steeper, but the activity became weaker. The Zhengzhou-Kaifeng Fault ended its activity before Quaternary. As a response to the compression in the footwall caused by the sustained sinistral shearing, there developed a series of NW-trending, en echelon wide and gentle folds. Then, the activity in Kaifeng depression shifted to its north boundary.     

Cenozoic structural deformation and expression of the “Tan-Lu Fault Zone” in the West Sag of Liaohe Depression, Bohaiwan basin province, China

Based on the interpretation of 3D seismic data and structural mapping we analyzed the geometry and kinematics of the fault system and validated the expression of the “Tan-Lu Fracture Zone” in the West Sag of Liaohe Depression, Bohaiwan basin province. The Cenozoic structural deformation within the West Sag of Liaohe Depression can be divided into extensional structure system and dextral structure system. The extensional system is constituted by numerous NNE-NE trending Paleogene normal faults, where the Taian-Dawa fault (F1) is the master boundary fault (MBF) dominating the deposition during Paleogene so that the sag shows a complex half-graben with “boundary fault in the east and overlap in the west”. The dextral system is constituted by 2–3 dextral basement faults in NNE-NE trending (F2, F3, F4) and associated structure, and the time of structural action started in Oligocene and continued to Quarternary so that some associated secondary faults of the dextral system cut off the Neogene and Quaternary. Under the influence of the position and attitude of NNE-NE trending basement strike-slip faults, the central north part and the south part of the West Sag show obviously different structural features. The former appears to be a complex “graben” structure limited by the reversed strike-slip fault in the west and bounded by the inverted normal fault in the east, the latter remains the complex half-graben structure with “boundary fault in the east and overlap in the west”, and the graben was mildly reconstructed by one or two normal strike-slip faults. The dextral system within the West Sag is the element of the west branch fault of the Tan-Lu Fracture Zone, which is a deep fracture zone extending along the east of the Liaodongwan Gulf. The deep fracture zone branches off into two separate faults within the Liaohe Depression. The east branch goes through from northern part of the Liaodongwan Gulf to the East Sag of Liaohe Depression and links with the Denghua-Mishan Fault near Shenyang, and the west branch passes from northern part of the Liaodongwan Gulf to the West Sag and Damintun Sag of Liaohe Depression and links with the Yilan-Yitong Fault. The principal displacement zone of the west branch of the Tan-Lu Fracture Zone cuts off the master extensional fault (F1) within the West Sag of Liaohe Depression and induces many cover faults in EW trending within the Neogene and Quaternary.     

有关1976年唐山地震发震断层的讨论

对《地震地质》刊登的两篇文章中有关唐山断裂是高角度西倾的逆冲走滑断裂及唐山市东侧付庄-西河断裂是唐山地震的发震断裂的观点进行讨论。笔者认为,如果唐山地震断层是西倾的逆冲走滑活动,需要考虑唐山逆冲断裂的活动方式与唐山市西侧第四纪凹陷之间的关系;如果付庄-西河断裂是唐山地震震源构造的地表破裂,需要解释该西倾的倾滑断裂带与唐山市内走滑地裂缝带的成因联系。此外,还需要更有说服力的证据排除该地表破裂带是次生构造破裂的可能。建议对控制草泊第四纪凹陷的活动断裂开展调查     

LATE QUATERNARY ACTIVITY OF FAULTS IN THE EPICENTER AREA OF JINGGU M6.6 EARTHQUAKE

The 2014 Jinggu M6.6 earthquake attacked the Jinggu area where few historical earthquakes had occurred and little study has been conducted on active tectonics. The lack of detailed field investigation on active faults and seismicity restricts the assessment of seismic risk of this area and leads to divergent view points with respect to the seismotectonics of this earthquake, so relevant research needs to be strengthened urgently. In particular, some studies suggest that this earthquake triggered the activity of the NE-trending faults which have not yet been studied. By the approaches of remote sensing image interpretation, structural geomorphology investigation and trench excavation, we studied the late Quaternary activity of the faults in the epicenter area, which are the eastern margin fault of Yongping Basin and the Yixiang-Zhaojiacun Fault, and drew the conclusions as follows: (1)The eastern margin fault of Yongping Basin originates around the Naguai village in the southeastern margin of Yongping Basin,extending northward across the Qiandong, Tianfang, and ending in the north of Tiantou. The fault is about 43km long, striking near SN. The linear characteristic of the fault is obvious in remote sensing images. Structural geomorphological phenomena, such as fault troughs, linear ridges and gully dislocations, have developed along the faults. There are several dextral-dislocated gullies near Naguai village, with displacements of 300m, 220m, 146m, 120m and 73m, respectively, indicating that the fault is a dextral strike-slip fault with long-term activity. In order to further study the activity of the fault, a trench was excavated in the fault trough, the Naguai trench. The trench reveals many faults, and the youngest strata offseted by the faults are Holocene, with ¹⁴C ages of(1 197±51)a and(1 900±35)a, respectively. All those suggest that it is a Holocene active fault. (2)The Yixiang-Zhaojiacun Fault starts at the southeast of the Jinggu Basin, passes through Xiangyan, Yixiang, Chahe, and terminates at the Zhaojiacun. The total length of the fault is about 60km, and is a large-scale NE-trending fault in the Wuliangshan fault zone. Four gullies are synchronously sinistrally dislocated at Yixiang village, with the displacements of 340m, 260m, 240m and 240m, indicating that the fault is a long-term active sinistral strike-slip fault. A trench was excavated in a fault trough in Yixiang village. The trench reveals a small sag pond and a fault. The fault offsets several strata with clear dislocation and linear characteristic. The thickness of strata between the two walls of fault does not match, and the gravels are oriented along fault plane. The offset strata have the ¹⁴C age of(2 296±56)a, (3 009±51)a, and(4 924±45)a, respectively, and another two strata have the OSL age of(1.8±0.1)ka, (8.6±0.5)ka respectively, by which we constrained the latest paleoearthquake between(1.8±0.1)ka(OSL-Y01)and(378±48)a BP(CY-07). This again provides further evidence that the fault is a Holocene fault with long-term activity. (3)Based on the distribution of aftershocks and the predecessor research results, the 2014 Jinggu M6.6 earthquake and the M5.8, M5.9 strong aftershocks are regarded as being caused by the eastern margin fault of Yongping Basin, which is part of the Wuliangshan fault zone. The seismogenic mechanism is that the stress has been locked, concentrated and accumulated to give rise to the quakes in the wedge-shaped area near the intersection of the SN and NE striking faults, which is similar to the seismogenic mechanism in the southwest of Yunnan Province.     

FAULT GEOMETRY DEFINED BY MULTIPLE REMOTE SENSING IMAGES INTERPRETATION AND FIELD VERIFICATION: A CASE STUDY FROM SOUTHERN GUANGGAISHAN- DIESHAN FAULT,WESTERN QINLING

The NE margin of Tibetan plateau outspreads northeastward in late Cenozoic. The west Qinling locates at intervening zone among Tibetan plateau, Sichuan Basin and Ordos block, and is bounded by East Kunlun Fault in the southwest, the north margin of West Qinling Fault in the northeast, and the Longmen Shan Fault in the southeast. The west Qinling has been experiencing intense tectonic deformation since late Cenozoic, accompanying by uplift of mountains, downward incision of rivers, frequent moderate-strong earthquakes, vertical and horizontal motion of secondary faults, and so on. A series of "V-shape" faults are developed in the transfer zone between East Kunlun Fault and north margin of West Qinling Fault. The NWW-NW striking faults include Tazang Fault, Bailongjiang Fault, Guanggai Shan-Die Shan Fault, and Lintan-Dangchang Fault; EW-NEE-NE striking faults include Ha'nan-Qingshanwan-Daoqizi Fault, Wudu-Kangxian Fault, Liangdang-Jiangluo Fault, and Lixian-Luojiapu Fault. Among them, the Southern Guanggai Shan-Die Shan Fault (SGDF)is one of the principle branch which accommodates strain partitioning between the East Kunlun Fault and the north margin of west Qinling Fault. Although some works have been done and published, the geometry of SGDF is still obscure due to forest cover, bad traffic, natural and manmade reworks. In this paper, we collected remote sensing images with various resolutions, categories, imaging time. The selected images include composite map of Landsat image (resolution is 28.5m among 1984-1997, and 14.5m among 1999-2003), Landsat-8 OLI image (15/30m), Gaofen-1 (2m/8m), Pleiades (0.5m/2m), DEM (~25m)and Google Earth image (submeter resolution). After that, we reinforced tectonic information of those images by Envi5.2 software, then we interpreted SGDF from those images. As indoor interpretation fulfilled, we testified indoor interpretation results through geomorphological and geological investigation. Finally, we got fault distribution of SGDF. Conclusions are as follows:First, remote sensing image selection and management is crucial to indoor interpretation, and image resolution is the only factor we commonly consider before, however, things have changed in places where there is complex weather and dense vegetation. Image categories, imaging time and bands selected for compositing in pretreatment and etc. should all be taken into consideration for better interpretation. Second, SGDF distributes from Lazikou town in the west, extending through Pingding town, Zhou County, Huama town, then terminating at Majie town of Wudu district in the east, the striking direction is mainly NWW, and it could be roughly divided into 3 segments:Lazikou-Heiyusi segment, Pingding-Huama segment, and Huama-Majie segment, with their length amounting to 47km, 32.5km, 47km, respectively. The arrangement pattern between Lazikou-Heiyusi segment and Pingding-Huama segment is right-stepping, and the arrangement pattern is left-stepping bending between Pingding-Huama segment and Huama-Majie segment. Third, SGDF controlled magnificent macro-topography, such as fault cliff, fault facet, which often constitute the boundary of intermontane basins or erosional surfaces to west of Minjiang River. Micro-geomorphic expressions were severely eroded and less preserved, including fault scarps, fault troughs, sinistral offset gullies and geomorphic surfaces. Finally, SGDF mainly expresses left-lateral dominated motion, only some short branch faults with diverting striking direction exhibit vertical dominated motion. The left-lateral dominated component with little vertical motion of SGDF is consistent with regional NWW-striking faults as Tazang Fault, Bailongjiang Fault and Lintan-Dangchang Fault, also in coincidence with regional boundary faults such as east Kunlun Fault and north margin of west Qinling Fault, illustrating regional deformation field is successive in west Qinling, and NWW striking faults show good inheritance and transitivity on differential slip rate between east Kunlun Fault and west Qinling Fault. The geometry of SGDF makes quantitative studies possible, and also provides scientific basis for keeping construction away from fault traces.     

拉萨那林拉卡断裂带晚第四纪古地震研究

拉萨地区最主要的一条晚更新世活断层为那林拉卡断裂带,是走向NWW、倾向SSW、高陡倾角的左旋逆走滑断层,全长33km。通过对该断裂带的研究,发现其从晚更新世以来有明显的活动,并在地表保留了断错地貌现象。其中,在次角林西沟及谢村最为明显,断层错断河流、山脊、阶地等地质体,形成断头沟、断层陡坎等断错地貌,并且两处晚更新世以来的水平位错分别为54～87m和20～67m。通过对断裂带上4个探槽的研究,发现距今约7万年以来,沿那林拉卡断裂带可能发生了5次古地震事件,各次事件的大致发生年龄为距今68.53,54.40,<41.23,21.96,9.86ka,事件平均复发间隔为14.67ka。由于探槽有限,并且各探槽揭露出的地震事件有限,没有一个探槽能完全揭露5次事件,因此文中对一些事件上下限年龄的确定存在一定的不确定性     

合浦-北流断裂带西支合浦盆地段断裂活动性研究

合浦-北流断裂起于北部湾海域,经合浦、博白后继续向NE延伸,断裂总长度为400余千米,断裂总体走向为40°～60°,分东、西2支,其中西支自南流江下游合浦盆地西南段一直向NE延伸。文中主要采用地质地貌、地震探测、钻探以及年代学方法,对合浦-北流断裂西支合浦盆地段的活动性进行判定,结果表明:合浦-北流断裂西支合浦盆地段最后1次活动应发生在早更新世中晚期,错距约为10m,断裂被中更新世中、晚期地层覆盖,即中更新世中、晚期以来,断裂的活动趋于减弱或停止