基于PMGRA气体地球化学测量在辽东浅覆盖区找矿的可行性

气体能携带深部矿化信息沿着岩石裂隙和断裂带迁移至地表,因此气体地球化学方法可以用于寻找覆盖层以下的隐伏断裂和矿体.基于便携式多组分气体快速分析仪（PMGRA）,应用气体地球化学方法对辽东地区五龙金矿区和青城子地区开展了探索性的试验研究,并辅以相应的土壤地球化学测量进行对比.结果显示,异常区气体的浓度衬值非常大;在部分气体异常区,沿着构造倾向方向,具有CO₂异常峰值出现在H₂S、SO₂和CH₄之前的特点.在辽东浅覆盖区,气体和土壤地球化学测量均能反映隐伏构造和矿体;而在覆盖较厚地区,气体地球化学测量对断裂和矿体反映更明显,受覆盖层的类型和厚度影响较小.本次试验结果初步显示了基于PMGRA气体地球化学测量方法在浅覆盖区具有一定的可行性.      

松辽盆地南部无机CO2成藏机理与分布

松辽盆地南部的幔源CO₂气主要存在3种脱气方式：热底辟体脱气、岩浆房脱气和地幔热底垫体脱气。古近纪末-新近纪时期的岩浆活动和岩石圈断裂是无机CO₂气藏形成的主控因素;属于岩石圈断裂的郯庐断裂北部断裂系,当处于活动期时,诱导幔源岩浆上涌,促使无机CO₂气从幔源岩浆脱出,先期富集在下地壳底部,并沿着下地壳的网状剪切带迂回向上运移到达拆离带;当断至拆离带的低角度基底断裂处于活动期时,无机CO₂气体沿着壳源断裂上移进入地壳浅层圈闭富集成藏。气源断裂体系的展布与幔源火成岩活动脱气是无机CO₂气运聚成藏的两大主控因素。幔源CO₂气藏主要分布在长岭断陷和德惠断陷:前者主要沿着孙吴-双辽断裂带分布,后者受控于哈尔滨-四平断裂带。长岭断陷的幔源CO₂气藏埋藏较深,由于向北西的红岗阶地和东部的德惠断陷层位在变新,导致CO₂气藏埋藏深度逐渐变浅。     

张渤地震带高光谱气体地球化学特征

利用卫星高光谱数据分析了张家口—渤海(张渤)地震带CO和CH4总量的时、空变化特征及其影响因素。时间上,该地区CO总量存在明显的周期性季节变化,但是CH4总量的周期性季节变化不明显。空间上,研究区南部CO和CH4总量高于北部地区;由西向东气体总量增大,在平原和山区交界的地方变化明显。CO和CH4总量背景趋势时间上受气候和气象变化影响,空间上主要受控于区域地形地貌、地质背景、构造和地震活动及地壳厚度等。研究结果不仅为研究区地震地球化学测量提供了新的科学资料,而且对地震异常判识、断裂带分段活动性研究具有重要意义。     

Geochemistry of soil gas in the seismic fault zone produced by the Wenchuan Ms 8.0 earthquake, southwestern China

The spatio-temporal variations of soil gas in the seismic fault zone produced by the 12 May 2008 Wenchuan Ms 8.0 earthquake were investigated based on the field measurements of soil gas concentrations after the main shock. Concentrations of He, H₂, CO₂, CH₄, O₂, N₂, Rn, and Hg in soil gas were measured in the field at eight short profiles across the seismic rupture zone in June and December 2008 and July 2009. Soil-gas concentrations of more than 800 sampling sites were obtained. The data showed that the magnitudes of the He and H₂ anomalies of three surveys declined significantly with decreasing strength of the aftershocks with time. The maximum concentrations of He and H₂ (40 and 279.4 ppm, respectively) were found in three replicates at the south part of the rupture zone close to the epicenter. The spatio-temporal variations of CO₂, Rn, and Hg concentrations differed obviously between the north and south parts of the fault zone. The maximum He and H₂ concentrations in Jun 2008 occurred near the parts of the rupture zone where vertical displacements were larger. The anomalies of He, H₂, CO₂, Rn, and Hg concentrations could be related to the variation in the regional stress field and the aftershock activity.     

玉树Ms7.1级地震甘达村段构造地球化学特征

为探究地震对断层带气体逸出的影响和震后气体地球化学特征随时间的变化,以及地震动力学特征,利用土壤气地球化学方法,于2010年4月14日青海玉树Ms7.1级地震断层甘达村段测量地表破裂特征和震后断层气氡和汞浓度,发现断层带土壤的气氡和汞浓度的平均值分别为9246 Bq/m3和4.2 ng/m3。破裂带中Rn浓度变化幅度大,而Hg的浓度变化较小。断层主滑面附近Rn浓度相对降低,为地表破裂后断层气逃逸所致。泉水气氡观测发现,震前氡浓度增高,表明地震断层活动性增强。因此巴颜喀拉地块向东不均匀挤压,使深部气体沿地震断裂逃逸至地表,这也是造成断层带气氡、汞浓度的增高的原因。     

Origin and Distribution Factors of Sour Gases in Natural Gas Reservoirs in the Amu Darya Right Bank Block,Turkmenistan

Through the analysis of original carbon isotopes in the blocks on the right bank of the Amu Darya River, Turkmenistan, it can be firstly concluded that the carbon dioxide (CO₂) in the sour gas reservoirs belongs to the inorganic-origin gas. The origin of hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) in the Amu Darya Right Bank Block is thermochemical sulfate reduction from the detailed analysis of hydrocarbon source rocks data, reservoir characteristics, vitrinite reflectance of organic matter, and sour gas content. Then, the factors affecting the distribution of sour gases in the Amu Darya Right Bank Block were investigated by the analysis of conventional sour gas distribution factors including geological structure, fracture and fault, caprock integrity, sedimentary facies, reservoir types, lithofacies, the source of sulfur and so on. The following basic findings were achieved: ① The basement rift in the study area is conductive to the distribution of CO₂. The caprock integrity contributes to the concentration of CO₂. The gas reservoirs in the biological dike reefs, patch reefs and overthrust zones usually have medium CO₂ content. ② The geological structure and fracture caused the complexity of the distribution of H₂S. The gypsum-salt rock in upper Jurassic-Tithonian is an important sulphur source, and the main hydrocarbon source rocks are also the major sulfur source of H₂S gas reservoirs. Furthermore, the giant gypsum layers in the middle-upper Jurassic Callovian-Oxfordian and the upper Jurassic-Tithonian are conductive to preservation of H₂S, and the small openings and holes in the reservoir is also correlative to the distribution of H₂S. ③ The H₂S in the study area is mostly distributed in the formations with the geothermal temperature of higher than 100 ℃. The open platform deep-water sedimentary facies are harmful to the formation of H₂S. The patch reef and overthrust zones belong to the belts of low H₂S content, however, the biological dike reef zones belong to the belts of medium-high H₂S content. However, the origin and distribution factors of sour gases in natural gas reservoirs were obtained. At the same time, it was pointed out that more necessary and accurately quantitative research is still needed to determine the origin and distribution of acid gases in the Amu Darya Right Bank Block, Turkmenistan.     

南堡凹陷2号构造带天然气成因分析

南堡凹陷2号构造带天然气成因研究薄弱,采用地质地球化学途径对深、浅层天然气特征及其形成机制进行了研究。分析表明,该构造带天然气以烃类气体为主,非烃组分以CO₂、N₂和H₂S为主,且主要集中在深部潜山天然气中;天然气的干燥系数(C₁/C_1-5)为0.68~0.94,具有典型的湿气特征,其中南堡280断块天然气相对偏干;天然气碳同位素整体上具有正碳同位素系列趋势,少量样品出现碳同位素部分倒转。依据母质类型和成熟度的分析,将该构造带天然气划分为3种类型：成熟阶段早期形成的混合气(东一段、馆陶组)、成熟阶段晚期形成的混合气(老堡南1断块)、高成熟阶段形成的煤型热解气(南堡280断块)。综合分析认为,第三系浅层东一段和馆陶组天然气来自于东三+沙一段烃源岩,潜山天然气主要来源于沙三段偏腐殖型烃源岩,沿断层和不整合运移到储集层中。这个研究对南堡油田深浅层天然气勘探具有重要参考价值。     

塔中地区奥陶系喜马拉雅山期S干气充注的证据

塔中地区奥陶系天然气成因多样;Ⅰ号坡折带中东部奥陶系天然气以高干燥系数、 甲烷同位素值重为特征;与塔深1井寒武系原油裂解气接近;应主要来自寒武系原油裂解气成因。寒武系贫H₂S、 高成熟原油裂解气在喜马拉雅山期时;气侵奥陶系油气藏;得到了以下主要证据的支持: 1）天然气甲烷δ¹³C值大多比Chung et al.（1988）天然气模式甲烷δ¹³C值计算值高3‰以上;2）干燥系数与甲烷δ¹³C值大体上具有正相关关系;3）天然气干燥系数与H₂S含量大体上具有负相关关系。这些特征表明;存在贫H₂S、 相对富¹³C甲烷为主的干气与富H₂S、 相对贫¹³C甲烷的湿气混合作用。奥陶系中H₂S-δ³⁴S 值为14‰～20‰;远低于中深1井寒武系原地热化学硫酸盐还原作用（TSR）成因的H₂S（33‰）;支持了奥陶系中H₂S并不是来源于寒武系古油气藏。于是提出;来自寒武系贫H₂S的干气在喜马拉雅山期对良里塔格组和鹰山组油气藏发生了气洗;油气藏的气/油比值增大、 导致了原油蜡含量增高、 甲烷δ¹³C值发生正偏移。     

Correlations between soil gas and seismic activity in the Generalized Haiyuan Fault Zone,north-central China

Radon and mercury concentrations were measured in 10 fault gas profiles in Generalized Haiyuan Fault. This paper aims to predetermine the potential seismic risk in different segments of the fault zone from the perspective of geochemistry. The background value and anomaly threshold were adopted and synthesized using the maximum value method and average method to calculate concentration intensity values of radon and mercury. Fault soil gas mercury and radon concentrations show a decreasing gradient from NW to SE indicating evident segmentation. Higher values are mostly distributed in the Maomao Mountain–Tiger Mountain fault and Jingtai area. Combined with the seismotectonic background of historical and recent earthquakes and the spatial distribution characteristics of b-values, the fault soil gas concentration intensity shows a close correlation with earthquake activity within the fault zone. Concentrations of fault gas are higher and the b-value lower in areas of strong seismic activity, and regions with weak seismic activity correspond to lower fault gas concentrations and higher b-values. It is thus considered that the Jingtai area may be more dangerous than the other areas. This paper could provide vital background information for earthquake prediction in the Generalized Haiyuan Fault Zone.     

鲜水河断裂带色拉哈段中谷村一带的最新地表破裂讨论

鲜水河断裂带色拉哈段是2014年康定M_S6.3地震的发震断裂段, 其最新一次地表破裂事件(1725年康定7级地震)的离逝时间较长, 是最可能发生7级以上地表破裂型大震的危险地段之一。获得色拉哈段最新地震地表破裂的展布范围对确定断裂带的地震活动历史、评估断裂带的未来地震危险性以及防震减灾具有重要意义。然而, 迄今色拉哈段最新地表破裂的北西端位置仍存有较大争议。对此, 在以往资料认为没有同震地表破裂的中谷村一带开挖了探槽组, 获得了这一带的破裂历史, 其最新一次事件(E6)的限定年代为A.D.746±51之后。综合探槽剖面证据和附近的断错地貌特征以及历史地震资料, 探槽揭露的最新事件E6可能对应1725年康定7级地震, 色拉哈段的地表破裂北西端至少已延伸到中谷村一带。      

东濮凹陷杜桥白地区天然气气源岩分析

应用多种方法确定了杜桥白地区深层天然气的来源,研究表明白庙地区天然气主要来源于前梨园洼陷第三系烃源岩和石炭-二叠系煤系地层,靠近兰聊断裂带构造高点,浅层Es2₂-Es2₃气层具有较高的40Ar/36Ar比值,为煤型气及混合气,而远离兰聊断裂带,且处于构造低部位的Es13-Es43气层具有较低的40Ar/36Ar比值,为油型气;桥口构造Es3₃、Es4₃。段气层主要为油型气;杜寨地区Es3₃段气层为油型气,来自于Es3₃段气源岩。天然气氦同位素分析表明杜寨、桥口地区深层天然气为壳源气,白庙地区气藏主要为煤型油型复合气藏,并有幔源气的混入。     

苏里格气田西区地层水成因、分布规律与控制因素

苏里格气田西区气井产水严重,地层水成因、分布规律及控制因素不明确,成为制约该区致密砂岩气开发的关键科学问题.在大量测井数据、生产动态数据收集的基础上,分析了苏里格气田西部地层水性质及地球化学特征,结果发现:地层水矿化度高,整体属于盐水;水型主要为CaCl2型;pH值范围为6～6.9,呈弱酸性.分析认为:1)地层水主要为...     

川西日扎潜在巨型岩质滑坡发育特征与形成机理研究

日扎潜在巨型岩质滑坡位于四川降曲河左岸,多高山峡谷且河流纵坡降大,晚更新世以来强烈活动的金沙江断裂带东界断裂从斜坡坡脚通过。本文在遥感解译、现场调查和物探测试分析的基础上,对日扎滑坡的发育特征和形成机理进行了分析研究,认为日扎滑坡是在断裂活动、岩溶水、长期卸荷和重力作用下形成的一个潜在巨型深层岩质滑坡,在空间上可划分为后部拉裂变形区(Ⅰ)、中部挤压变形区(Ⅱ)和坡脚应力集中区(Ⅲ)等3个分区。目前日扎潜在巨型滑坡以后部蠕滑变形为主,在其后缘发育4条拉裂缝,物探推测最大裂缝宽度达30~35 m、深度达190 m。研究认为,日扎潜在巨型滑坡存在两种主要失稳模式:(1)高位剪出失稳,推测潜在失稳体积分别为(7.9~10.2)×107 m3(H₁)、(2.3~2.9)×108 m3(H₂)、(4.8~7.2)×108 m3(H₃)和(6~10)×108 m3(H₄);(2)深部蠕滑变形,在滑体深部存在蠕变带和锁固段,最大蠕动变形体厚度约300 m(H₅)。日扎滑坡在长期卸荷与重力、地震和岩溶水等作用下容易造成锁固段力学强度弱化和失稳,发生高位启动-滑动-堵江灾害链,深层蠕变带容易对建设其中的深埋隧道等重大工程造成危害。该类潜在巨型岩质滑坡在青藏高原地区具有典型性,建议对日扎潜在巨型滑坡进行深入勘察,查明其空间结构特征与稳定性,必要时进行监测预警。     

鄂西地区下寒武统牛蹄塘组页岩气成藏及保存条件分析:以XD1井为例

为了获得鄂西地区下寒武统牛蹄塘组页岩气成藏特征,通过对XD1井储层裂缝统计,方解石脉流体包裹体测试以及寒武纪碎屑锆石U-Pb同位素年代学研究.XD1井裂缝发育,以高角度剪切缝为主,裂缝大部分被方解石充填.液相包裹体成分以H₂O和CH₄为主,气相包裹体成分含有CO₂、H₂S、CH₄、N₂和H₂.流体包裹体的均一温度显示出较大差异性,从168~293℃均有分布,且大致划分为3个区间:168~175℃低温区、185~227℃中温区和244~293℃高温区,反映出页岩气成藏具有多期次成藏的特点,大部分晚期次生包裹体处于中温区,且CH₄含量较高,因此页岩气主要成藏期为晚期次生聚集成藏.获得有效碎屑锆石年龄数据178组,年龄值变化范围在2 638~330 Ma区间内,主要集中在2 638~2 010 Ma、1 997~1 516 Ma、1 450~904 Ma、890~722 Ma和699~330 Ma的5个时间段,说明XD1井经历多期构造改造.XD1井页岩气具有生烃的物质基础,但由于多期的构造运动产生大量裂缝和破裂带,导致页岩气保存条件的破坏,造成了页岩气的散失,因此,鄂西地区优选页岩气有利勘探区重点是寻找构造稳定区.      

Imaging the heterogeneous source area of the 2003 M6.4 northern Miyagi earthquake, NE Japan, by double-difference tomography

A shallow M6.4 inland earthquake occurred on 26 July 2003 in the northern part of Miyagi Prefecture, northeastern Japan. This earthquake was a typical inland thrust earthquake, a type that is common in NE Japan. We obtained a detailed seismic velocity structure in the focal area of this earthquake by the double-difference tomography method. Arrival-time data came from temporary seismic stations deployed above the mainshock fault plane. Both the P-wave and S-wave velocities in the hanging wall were lower than those in the footwall. Aftershocks were aligned along a zone where the seismic velocity changes rapidly. This is consistent with the interpretation that the 2003 northern Miyagi earthquake occurred along a fault that acted as a normal fault in the Miocene and has been reactivated as a reverse fault under the present compressional stress regime. The large slip area by the main shock rupture (asperity) corresponds to an area with relatively high P- and S-wave velocities. A zone with low V_p/V_s was detected along the aftershock area. One of the possible causes of this low-V_p/V_s zone is the existence of high-aspect-ratio pores that contain water. Hypocenters of the main shock, largest foreshock, and largest aftershock are also located within the low-V_p/V_s zone.     

海原断裂带土壤气与地下水地球化学特征研究

选取海原断裂带曹洼(CW)、菜园(CY)、万家水(WJ)、水泉(SQ)、三塘(ST)、松山(SS)和安远(AY)7个测区进行土壤气测量与地下水地球化学检测,依据海原断裂带不同构造部位的土壤气浓度、水化学组分和同位素组成等,分析了海原断裂带的构造活动性分段特征。结果显示：研究区内土壤气Rn释放量较高的区域主要集中于ST、SQ测区,且断裂带中部区域气氡浓度相对较低;氦浓度及其同位素检测结果表明ST、SQ和CY测区土壤逸出气中含有幔源气体;泉水化学组分及氢氧同位素分析结果显示SQ和ST测区地下水与围岩介质之间的水岩相互作用程度较高、水岩反应平衡状态较高、地下水循环深度较大;泉水氚活度分析结果显示水泉（SQ）测区地下水补给区较远、水循环周期较长、新老水体的交换作用缓慢。综合分析认为,相比其他区段,海原断裂中西段（SQ ST）接近1920年8.5级地震破裂段,其断裂带闭锁程度较弱、与地壳深部的连通性较好,更有利于地下流体的扩散与运移。     

天然气中硫化氢硫同位素组成及沉积地球化学相

四川盆地天然气中普遍含有较高浓度的H₂S。作者在四川各时代气田采集气样近120个，分析了H₂S含量资料、探讨了天然气中H₂S浓度及其硫同位素组成与沉积地球化学相的相关性。研究表明，高硫化氢浓度和高δ₃₄s值均与碳酸盐-蒸发盐岩的分布有直接的成因联系。而与煤系、碎屑岩和非碳盐的海相地层形成的天然气中其硫化氢含量低、δ₃₄s值也低。据此，本文利用硫化氢硫同位素探讨天然气的来源及沉积环境。     

Abiogenic Fischer–Tropsch synthesis of hydrocarbons in alkaline igneous rocks; fluid inclusion, textural and isotopic evidence from the Lovozero complex, N.W. Russia

A detailed fluid inclusion study has been carried out on the hydrocarbon-bearing fluids found in the peralkaline complex, Lovozero. Petrographic, microthermometric, laser Raman and bulk gas data are presented and discussed in context with previously published data from Lovozero and similar hydrocarbon-bearing alkaline complexes in order to further understand the processes which have generated these hydrocarbons. CH₄-dominated inclusions have been identified in all Lovozero samples. They occur predominantly as secondary inclusions trapped along cleavage planes and healed fractures together with rare H₂O-dominant inclusions. They are consistently observed in close association with either arfvedsonite crystals, partially replaced by aegirine, aegirine crystals or areas of zeolitization. The majority of inclusions consist of a low-density fluid with CH₄ homogenisation temperatures between −25 and −120 °C. Those in near-surface hand specimens contain CH₄+H₂ (up to 40 mol%)±higher hydrocarbons. However, inclusions in borehole samples contain CH₄+higher hydrocarbons±H₂ indicating that, at depth, higher hydrocarbons are more likely to form. Estimated entrapment temperatures and pressures for these inclusions are 350 °C and 0.2–0.7 kbar. A population of high-density, liquid, CH₄-dominant inclusions have also been recorded, mainly in the borehole samples, homogenising between −78 and −99 °C. These consist of pure CH₄, trapped between 1.2 and 2.1 kbar and may represent an early CH₄-bearing fluid overprinted by the low-density population. The microthermometric and laser Raman data are in agreement with bulk gas data, which have recorded significant concentrations of H₂ and higher hydrocarbons up to C₆H₁₂ in these samples. These data, combined with published isotopic data for the gases CH₄, C₂H₆, H₂, He and Ar indicate that these hydrocarbons have an abiogenic, crustal origin and were generated during postmagmatic, low temperature, alteration reactions of the mineral assemblage. This would suggest that these data favour a model for formation of hydrocarbons through Fischer–Tropsch type reactions involving an early CO₂-rich fluid and H₂ derived from alteration reactions. This is in contrast to the late-magmatic model suggested for the formation of hydrocarbons in the similar peralkaline intrusion, Ilímaussaq, at temperatures between 400 and 500 °C.     

特高坝地基深大断裂活动性与筑坝工程地质问题研究

某拟建水电站为高坝大库,挡水建筑物系200m级碾压混凝土重力坝,系我国在境外投资建设的重大能源项目之一。该水电站位于一条区域性的深大断裂（F₄断裂）上,该断裂的活动性以及涉及的筑坝技术可行性为本工程的重大技术课题,关乎水电站成立与否的关键。为此开展了区域地震地质调查、物探、钻探、硐探、断裂物质测龄以及岩土物理力学性质现场和室内测试等大量工作,研究表明:（1）该断裂地震活动微弱,最新活动年龄14.2万～79.8万年,是一条晚更新世以来不活动的断裂,为非活动断层;（2）F₄断裂对水坝建设存在影响的部位主要为碎裂岩带和F_4-1、F_4-2断层,其中微新碎裂岩多为Ⅲ_1B类岩体,仅F_4-2断层下盘影响带内的碎裂岩岩体为Ⅳ_1B类岩体,F_4-1、F_4-2断层带工程性质差,为Ⅴ类岩体,是坝基最软弱的部位;（3）在F₄断裂带上筑坝,建库后诱发构造型水库地震的可能性小,存在的主要工程地质问题为坝基变形和渗漏、渗透稳定问题,可通过适当深挖,并结合回填混凝土塞、固结灌浆、加深加密帷幕孔以及增加帷幕排数等工程措施予以处理。因此,F₄断裂带上可以兴建水电站工程,筑坝技术可行。结果可为该水电站设计、施工提供技术依据,为类似工程提供技术参考。     

High-resolution shallow seismic identification of gas escape features in the sediments of Loch Tay, Scotland: tectonic and microbiological associations

High-resolution seismic reflection profiles (3·5 kHz) have revealed the presence of extensive interstitial gas accumulation within the sedimentary sequences of Loch Tay, Scotland, as identified by acoustic turbidity masking the seismic stratigraphy. Within the central section of the loch, in the deepest water area directly above the zone of the seismically active Loch Tay Fault, focused flows of gas through the sediment pile to the loch bed via chimneys and pockmarks, together with gas seeps within the water column, have been identified. Microbiological observations indicate that the gas is biogenic CH₄, produced by both chemoautotrophic (which use CO₂ as a source of carbon and H₂ as a source of energy) and aceticlastic species (which use acetate as a source of carbon and energy) of methanogens in the fine-grained, organic rich deposits that have been focused into the zone of accumulation in the deep central part of the loch. The spatial distribution of the gas escape features suggests that earthquake movements along the Loch Tay Fault are responsible for facilitating focused gas escape in this part of the loch, by the creation of new pathways and conduits through the sediment pile, along which gas can migrate upwards and exit into the water column. Relict pockmarks and associated chimneys identified in the seismic records indicate that gas escape has been taking place since Pleistocene times though the precise timings cannot be ascertained. This is the first time that such features have been reported from a lake in the UK.