南海北部白云凹陷深水油气区的重-震数据处理与分析

白云凹陷位于南海北部陆缘深水地带,是我国深水油气资源勘探的重要地区。开展重-震成像研究,是分析该区烃源岩分布特征、大型构造圈闭、成藏层系与储层条件的重要方法。本文通过重力异常、地震Vs波速结构模型及地震勘探剖面分析,获得研究区自由空间重力异常、布格重力异常、水平和垂向梯度、密度反演图像、Vs波速度结构图像以及高分辨率地震勘探剖面图像。重力图像揭示:白云凹陷中心的强负值异常图像与较厚沉积和基底起伏有关;凹陷东侧相对高正值局部重力圈闭与中生代残余地层有关;凹陷北侧条带状正异常则与陆坡向洋盆过渡时基底下凹有关。白云凹陷的主凹陷和南凹陷存在明显的层状负剩余密度或相对低密度区,是有利的含油气层位。地震图像揭示:白云凹陷由北向南存在明显的细颈化带、外缘隆起带、洋陆过渡带等结构。在陆缘地壳强烈伸展薄化期间,白云凹陷形成大型三角洲-湖相烃源岩沉积环境的凹陷结构,沉积物源主体来自北侧。随着地壳强烈减薄的细颈化,凹陷出现明显的台阶式沉陷,导致陆架坡折带由南向北迁移,形成陆架边缘三角洲、深水重力流水道和深水扇等有利的储层。高分辨率地震资料获取的地震勘探剖面图像上,可以识别出许多浅层气运移通道,表明白云凹陷丰富的中、浅层气大多来源于深部地层。      

The application of combined gravity and seismic data formation separation for revealing deep structure

In some oilfields with 3D seismic data, the deeper structure cannot be observed due to poor quality deep seismic data. Layer stripping using both seismic and gravity data is a solution for this problem but it cannot get satisfactory results because the horizontal variations in formation density are ignored. We present a variable-density formation separation technique to address this problem. Based on 3D seismic depth data and laterallyvariable density derived from 3D seismic velocity data, the upper formation gravity effect is calculated by forward modeling and removed from the Bouguer gravity. The formation-separated gravity anomaly with variable density is obtained, which mainly reflects the deeper geological structure. In block XX of North Africa, the shallow formations seismic data is excellent but the data at the top of basement is poor. The formation-separated gravity anomaly processed under the control of 3D seismic data fits well with the known seismic interpretation and wells. It makes the geological interpretation more reliable.     

重力-地震联合变密度剥层技术研究深层构造

在某些已经完成三维地震勘探工作的油气田区,因深层地震资料不好,深层构造难以得到解决。虽然结合地震资料与重力资料的重力剥皮技术得到开发和使用,但由于它没有考虑地层密度的横向变化,因此未能获得满意的处理效果。为了改善该类地区的重力勘探效果,本文提出了变密度剥层方法,它利用各地层的三维地震深度资料和三维地震层速度转换的具横向变化的密度资料,通过正演其重力效应,并从布格重力异常中去除,从而得到主要反映深部地质构造信息的变密度剥层重力异常。在北非某区块,除基底顶面外,各层地震资料良好,通过重力-地震联合变密度剥层处理得到的剥层重力异常,与已知地震和钻井资料吻合良好,为深部基底研究奠定了良好的基础。     

The inversion of density structure by graphic processing unit (GPU) and identification of igneous rocks in Xisha area

Organic reefs, the targets of deep-water petroleum exploration, developed widely in Xisha area. However, there are concealed igneous rocks undersea, to which organic rocks have nearly equal wave impedance. So the igneous rocks have become interference for future exploration by having similar seismic reflection characteristics. Yet, the density and magnetism of organic reefs are very different from igneous rocks. It has obvious advantages to identify organic reefs and igneous rocks by gravity and magnetic data. At first, frequency decomposition was applied to the free-air gravity anomaly in Xisha area to obtain the 2D subdivision of the gravity anomaly and magnetic anomaly in the vertical direction. Thus, the distribution of igneous rocks in the horizontal direction can be acquired according to high-frequency field, low-frequency field, and its physical properties. Then, 3D forward modeling of gravitational field was carried out to establish the density model of this area by reference to physical properties of rocks based on former researches. Furthermore, 3D inversion of gravity anomaly by genetic algorithm method of the graphic processing unit (GPU) parallel processing in Xisha target area was applied, and 3D density structure of this area was obtained. By this way, we can confine the igneous rocks to the certain depth according to the density of the igneous rocks. The frequency decomposition and 3D inversion of gravity anomaly by genetic algorithm method of the GPU parallel processing proved to be a useful method for recognizing igneous rocks to its 3D geological position. So organic reefs and igneous rocks can be identified, which provide a prescient information for further exploration.     

The inversion of density structure by graphic processing unit （GPU） and identification of igneous rocks in Xisha area

Organic reefs, the targets of deep-water petroleum exploration, developed widely in Xisha area. However, there are concealed igneous rocks undersea, to which organic rocks have nearly equal wave impedance. So the igneous rocks have become interference for future exploration by having similar seismic reflection characteristics. Yet, the density and magnetism of organic reefs are very different from igneous rocks. It has obvious advantages to identify organic reefs and igneous rocks by gravity and magnetic data. At first, frequency decomposition was applied to the free-air gravity anomaly in Xisha area to obtain the 2D subdivision of the gravity anomaly and magnetic anomaly in the vertical direction. Thus, the distribution of igneous rocks in the horizontal direction can be acquired according to high-frequency field, low-frequency field, and its physical properties. Then, 3D forward modeling of gravitational field was carried out to establish the density model of this area by reference to physical properties of rocks based on former researches. Furthermore, 3D inversion of gravity anomaly by genetic algorithm method of the graphic processing unit(GPU) parallel processing in Xisha target area was applied, and 3D density structure of this area was obtained. By this way, we can confine the igneous rocks to the certain depth according to the density of the igneous rocks. The frequency decomposition and 3D inversion of gravity anomaly by genetic algorithm method of the GPU parallel processing proved to be a useful method for recognizing igneous rocks to its 3D geological position. So organic reefs and igneous rocks can be identified, which provide a prescient information for further exploration.     

三维多层介质重力-地震同步联合反演

联合反演是地球物理勘探的重要解释手段,能够提高模型参数的反演精度.本文在归纳和分析重力与地震资料联合反演的研究和应用现状的基础上,利用三维多层介质模型的地震走时和重力正演公式,推导了地震走时和重力异常对界面深度的雅可比矩阵,实现了三维重力-地震同步联合反演界面成像.最后进行了数值理论模型模拟和实例计算,结果表明地震走时和重力同步联合反演很好的重建了三维多层介质界面.     

THE DEPTH OF MOHO INTERFACE AND CRUSTAL THICKNESS IN SICHUAN-YUNNAN REGION,CHINA

By using moving average method to separate Bouguer gravity anomaly field in Sichuan-Yunnan region, we got the low-frequency Bouguer gravity anomaly field which reflects the undulating of Moho interface. The initial model is obtained after seismic model transformation and elevation correction. Then, we used Parker method to invert the low-frequency Bouguer gravity anomaly field to obtain the depth of Moho interface and crustal thickness in the area. The results show that the Qinghai-Tibet block in the northwest of the study area deepens and thickens from the edge to the interior, with the depth of Moho interface and the crust thickness of about 52~62km and 54~66km, respectively. The depth of Moho interface in Sichuan Basin is about 38~42km. In Sichuan-Yunnan block, the depth of Moho interface is about 42~62km from southeast to northwest. Beneath the West Yunnan block, west of the Red River fault zone, the Moho depth is about 34~52km from south to north. The Longmen Mountains and Red River fault zone are the gradient zone of the Moho depth change. Along the Red River fault zone, the depth difference of Moho interface is increasing gradually from north to south. No obvious uplift is found on the Moho interface of Panzhihua rift valley. The depth of Moho interface distribution in Sichuan and Yunnan is obviously restricted by the collision between the Indian plate and the Eurasian plate and the lateral subduction of the Indo-China peninsula. The mean square error of the depth of Moho interface is less than 1.7km between the result of divisional density interface inversion and artificial seismic exploration. At the same time, we compared the integral with divisional inversion result. It shows that:in areas where there is obvious difference between the crust velocity and density structure in different tectonic blocks, the use of high resolution seismic exploration data as the constraints to the divisional density interface inversion can effectively improve the reliability of inversion results.     

3D Gravity Inversion using Tikhonov Regularization

Subsalt exploration for oil and gas is attractive in regions where 3D seismic depth-migration to recover the geometry of a salt base is difficult. Additional information to reduce the ambiguity in seismic images would be beneficial. Gravity data often serve these purposes in the petroleum industry. In this paper, the authors present an algorithm for a gravity inversion based on Tikhonov regularization and an automatically regularized solution process. They examined the 3D Euler deconvolution to extract the best anomaly source depth as a priori information to invert the gravity data and provided a synthetic example. Finally, they applied the gravity inversion to recently obtained gravity data from the Bandar Charak (Hormozgan, Iran) to identify its subsurface density structure. Their model showed the 3D shape of salt dome in this region.     

重震反演中国东北地壳上地幔三维密度结构

本文利用重力和地震P波到时数据反演得到了中国东北地区地壳上地幔三维密度结构.与单一的重力或地震反演相比,重震反演一方面有效地克服了重力反演结果垂向分辨率低的问题,另一方面也提高了地震反演结果的可靠性.结果显示:中国东北地区的地壳及上地幔剩余密度异常分布与构造单元具有明显的相关性,造山带对应低密度异常,盆地对应高密度异常;区域内火山下方有明显的低密度体存在,可能是由于太平洋板块俯冲进入上地幔并部分滞留,在滞留板块深部脱水和软流圈热物质共同作用下产生了上涌岩浆,喷发后形成了火山.     

基于重力异常反演的三维地震波速度结构分析方法研究

利用重力异常反演测试三维地震波速度结构,存在解不唯一、可靠性不高的问题。将面波反演充分融合到重力异常反演方程中,降低传统反演方法的非唯一性,并提升可靠性。以川滇地区为例,采用融合后的重力异常反演方法分析三维地震波速度结构。通过速度和密度的关系转换,得到对应的重力异常数据。由于面波频射数据主要对地震波横波速度敏感,因此将重力异常数据和初始横波速度相连,依据地震波速度和岩石密度之间的关系,获取重力异常反演方程,用于分析速度结构。选取21.6°~34.2°N、97.1°~105.9°E范围内的川滇地区活动块体作为实验数据,经过实验分析发现：使用该方法迭代反演川滇地区地壳上地幔顶部横波速度,重力异常数据和面波频射数据的残差值分别是6.24 mGal和0.027 km/s,实际拟合效果较好;分析该地区不同深度切面横波速度发现,在24 km深度处,上地壳中含有相对低速层,在44 km深度处,中下地壳中存在低速层;且该方法分析川滇地区三维地震波速度结构解的分辨率较高。     

基于深度学习的重力异常与重力梯度异常联合反演

高效高精度的反演算法在重力大数据时代背景下显得尤为重要,受深度学习卓越的非线性映射能力的启发,本文提出了一种基于深度学习的重力异常及重力梯度异常的联合反演方法.文中首先提出了一种基于网格点几何格架的重力异常及重力梯度异常的空间域快速正演算法,这为本文深度学习反演算法的实现奠定了基础;其次对大量的不同密度模型进行正演计算获得样本数据集;然后设计了一种端到端的深度学习网络结构(GraInvNet),再利用样本数据对该网络结构进行训练;最后进行反演预测.组合模型试验表明,多维度数据联合反演相比单一分量反演其结果更“聚焦”,且与模型边界高度吻合,并且对于复杂模型的姿态与物性预测具有极为显著的优势,以及对于含噪声数据的反演,其质量也不会降低;Vinton岩丘实测重力数据也验证了文中方法的有效性;从而证明了深度学习在重力数据的高效高精度反演方面具有的巨大潜力.     

Topography of the Moho and earth crust structure beneath the East Vietnam Sea from 3D inversion of gravity field data

The Moho depth, crustal thickness and fault systems of the East Vietnam Sea (EVS) are determined by 3D interpretation of satellite gravity. The Moho depth is calculated by 3D Parker inversion from residual gravity anomaly that is obtained by removing the gravity effects of seafloor and Pre-Cenozoic sediment basement topographies from the free air anomaly. The 3D inversion solution is constrained by power density spectrum of gravity anomaly and seismic data. The calculated Moho depths in the EVS vary from 30–31 km near the coast to 9 km in the Central Basin. A map of the lithosphere extension factor in the Cenozoic is constructed from Moho and Pre-Cenozoic sediment basement depths. The fault systems constructed by the maximum horizontal gradient approach include NE-SW, NW-SE, and N-S oriented faults. Based on the interpretation results, the EVS is sub-divided into five structural zones which demonstrated the different characteristics of the crustal structure.     

海试引发深水油气综合地球物理采集的几点思考

深水地球物理采集技术随着国际海洋油气勘探的不断升温,技术水平不断提高.本文结合我国的地球物理海试实践,提出深水油气综合地球物理采集的几点思考,地震采集参数的选择,重磁震采集过程的实时监控,总结海试过程深水地球物理采集的两方面进展,一是精确定位的长缆二维地震采集技术,二是高精度的重磁震联合质量监控的综合地球物理测量技术,为深水油气勘探提供采集技术保障.     

考虑非均匀地幔的重力-地震联合建模

本文提出在综合地球物理研究中,为了使重力数据处理和反演更加符合实际的地质情况,重力-地震联合建模分析时应当考虑非均匀地幔物质的重力效应.本文针对含油气盆地结构、断裂构造、大陆边缘演化和洋陆转换带等热点地质问题,广泛调研了全球范围内多个地区的综合地球物理研究成果,及其对应的地幔深部结构,发现地幔的横向不均一性是普遍存在的.在以往许多基于重力、地震数据的综合研究实践中,重力异常分离和建模分析通常都是在地壳内部（莫霍面以上）进行的.这种处理方式实际上是以均匀地幔为假设前提,虽然简化了重力异常分离和建模分析的难度,但忽略了地球深部的不均匀性所带来的重力异常,所获得的剩余重力异常和在此基础上进行的密度结构反演、地质解释会存在偏差.本文通过对模型界面的2D正演,定量探讨了非均匀地幔对布格重力异常的影响.在对四川盆地的实例研究中,剥离了非均匀地幔的重力效应,2.5D重震联合模拟的结果明显优于均匀地幔假设条件下的结果.     

Magnetotelluric data inversion with seismic data constraint

Introduction The research on the structure and physical property of ancient hidden hill, igneous rocks and basement is relatively difficult by using seismic data only. If we combine seismic data, magneto-telluric (MT) data and geophysical data together, better results can be obtained for the above problem. A number of geophysicists at home and abroad, such as CHEN and WANG (1990), Siri-punvarapor and Egbert (2000) have tried many methods to solve the problem by the inversion of seismic da…     

Mapping deep targets based on integrated 3D MT-gravity interpretation: a case study

Mapping deep geological hydrocarbon targets is of significant importance in basin exploration. In areas lacking reliable seismic data, magnetotelluric (MT) and gravity explorations are helpful to delineate the distribution of potential deep geological hydrocarbon targets. Here we investigate the effectiveness of the integrated 3D MT and gravity explorations for mapping the potential deep hydrocarbon source rocks. The result based on the data from the W Basin (part of the Ordes Basin) of China demonstrates that the method is efficient and economical for basin exploration. The method is particularly useful in target areas which are of great interest for oil and gas exploration but lack high quality seismic data. In our method, we first use the high-precision 3D small-bin MT data acquisition to improve the data accuracy. Then we perform datum static correction method and apply 3D inversion to obtain the3D resistivity distribution. We also develop a layered resistivity model based on resistivity logging to assist the interpretation of the inverted 3D resistivity data so as to derive an initial 3D geological model. Starting from the initial model, we use 2D gravity data to update the model via 2D inversion line by line, and then pass the updated model for the next round of the 3D MT inversion. The integrated inversion is implemented iteratively so the model converges to satisfy the need of final geological analysis. The application to the W Basin shows that we could successfully delineate the geological distribution of the potential deep hydrocarbon source rocks within the basin and map the thickness of the upper Paleozoic.     

华北克拉通岩石圈三维密度结构

显生宙以来华北克拉通岩石圈遭到破坏,这一现象的科学问题已受到世界地学家广泛关注.本文首先将地震层析成像反演得到的P波速度扰动转化为密度扰动,以此作为初始密度模型,然后利用布格重力异常反演得到了华北克拉通岩石圈高分辨三维密度结构.为了避开大型稀疏矩阵求逆计算,提高计算效率,我们将代数重构技术用于密度反演解算.反演结果表明:华北克拉通岩石圈密度在横向和纵向上均存在明显的不均匀性,密度分布形态与地表构造格局有很好的相关性;研究区地壳整体表现为低密度异常,地壳以下岩石圈部分则以高密度异常为主;鄂尔多斯块体地壳范围内以低密度异常为主,80~120 km深度上为呈南北两端集中分布的高密度异常,并分别与秦岭造山带和阴山造山带的高密度异常分布相连,这暗示了鄂尔多斯块体可能受到了来自其南北两端造山带深部动力学过程的影响;80~120 km深度上,华北克拉通东部地区呈现出显著的南北向非均匀的高密度异常,这表明遭到破坏后该地区上地幔物质分布具有强烈的南北向非均匀性.     

双井Walkaway VSP技术在辽河坳陷曙光高陡构造地区的应用研究

针对辽河坳陷西部凹陷曙光潜山高陡构造带顶界面断裂成像精度差、内幕地层识别难的问题,开展双井Walkaway VSP应用研究.利用大阵列检波器接收、炸药与震源联合采集方法,获得了高品质采集数据,是高陡构造成像的基础;子波一致性校正、基于射线追踪的矢量波场分离、VSP数据与地面地震数据联合各向异性速度建模、双井Walkaway VSP成像方法对比等针对性处理技术和波阻抗反演、地震属性提取等综合研究方法的应用,精细刻画了潜山顶界面,新识别出井旁小断层,落实了大倾角潜山构造形态,分析了内幕地层的接触关系,对板岩隔夹层及储层分布有进一步认识,展现了Walkaway VSP技术在高陡构造地区的应用前景.研究得到以下认识:(1)逆时偏移成像方法对高陡潜山成像更具适用性;(2)增加检波器进入潜山内幕的深度,避开潜山高速顶界面的能量屏蔽及滑行波、转换波等干扰,对潜山勘探具有重要意义;(3)双井Walkaway VSP联采时,两井距离要控制在一定范围内,防止两井间距离过大对深层偏移成像造成影响.     

基于变密度模型的位场界面反演

在波数域中用重力反演莫霍面深度时通常假定壳幔密度差为一常数,但这只是一种近似的密度模型,本文采用了密度随深度呈指数变化的变密度模型来反演莫霍面深度,给出了利用指数密度模型在波数域中计算重力异常的正演公式及界面深度的反演公式.利用指数密度模型及重力资料反演了青藏高原莫霍面的深度,分析了莫霍面的特征.结果表明,青藏高原莫霍面呈现出边缘浅、中部深的特点,边缘变化快、梯度大,中间变化梯度趋缓.中心地带的羌塘地体莫霍面深度达74 km,向四周慢慢变浅至67 km左右,边缘地区突然变浅至50km左右.通过常密度模型、变密度模型及地震反演得到的莫霍面的比较,证实变密度模型更适合于莫霍面结构的反演.     

地震资料约束下大地电磁资料反演

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