南海南部海域构造地貌

构造地貌是指由新构造运动直接形成的一种动态的、积极活跃的地貌类型。南海南部海域新构造运动强烈,类型众多,它们是控制海底构造地貌形成和发育的主要内动力因素。根据地质地球物理资料,对该区区域构造沉降、海底扩张、断裂作用、褶皱作用和火山活动等新构造运动类型及其形成的构造地貌进行了分析。区域构造沉降形成规模较大的构造台地、深水阶地和陆坡盆地等;海底扩张形成西南海盆、中央海盆及其内部的众多构造地貌类型;断裂作用形成断层崖、断阶、海底谷、断块山、断陷盆地等;褶皱作用形成山地和挤压构造盆地;火山作用形成海山、海丘。     

海坛岛的地貌及其发育演变

海坛岛频临太平洋边缘活动带，晚三叠纪以来太平洋板块向欧亚大陆板块的俯冲奠定了其地貌发育的基础。以差异性断块升降运动为特征的新构造运动和以流水、风以及海洋动力为主的外力的相互作用，塑了海坛岛的现代于貌景观。第四纪以来气候一海面的频繁变动对其地貌的发育也有着深刻的影响。海坛岛的地貌可划分为流水、风成和海成地貌三大类共１０种地貌基本类型。     

科技部重大科学研究计划项目——扬子大三角洲演化与陆海交互作用过程及效应研究

<正>扬子大三角洲发育于南黄海及东海北部堆积型大陆架上,它是大河(主要是长江,其次是黄河)输沙和边缘海季风波浪与潮流动力,经过长时期、多阶段的相互作用形成的巨大三角洲复合体系,其分布范围之广、地貌发育之复杂举世罕见。查明该三角洲体系的分布和组成结构,将是我国对海洋地质地貌科学的重要贡献。目前我国沿海开发正加速进行,逐步由海岸向近海扩展。查明扬子大三角     

海岸水下大尺度沉积地貌单元迁移运动问题研究进展

海岸水下大尺度地貌单元的形成机制、迁移与变化过程是海洋科学研究的重要内容,本文从水下大尺度地貌单元的原型观测分析、动力地貌的形成过程和地貌的模拟与迁移预报等方面对此类地貌问题的研究进行了综述.在此基础上,结合杭州湾北岸侵蚀/淤积波的沉积环境,提出对大河河口近岸水下大尺度地貌的研究应突出"泥沙"这个关键因素,考虑流域与海...     

科技部重大科学研究计划项目——扬子大三角洲演化与陆海交互作用过程及效应研究

<正>扬子大三角洲发育于南黄海及东海北部堆积型大陆架上,它是大河(主要是长江,其次是黄河)输沙和边缘海季风波浪与潮流动力,经过长时期、多阶段的相互作用形成的巨大三角洲复合体系,其分布范围之广、地貌发育之复杂举世罕见。查明该三角洲体系的分布和组成结构,将是我国对海洋地质地貌科学的重要贡献。目前我国沿海开发正加速进行,逐步由海岸向近海扩展。查明扬子大三角洲环境、资源特点,直接有利于航海与海底工程建设、海域渔业资源开发以及油气资源评价,也有利于扬子大三角洲     

黄海、东海海底地貌及控制因素分析

中国近海陆架地貌研究工作自５０年代进行全国性海域普查以来，积累了丰富的有关黄、东海海底地质、地貌、沉积资料。在这些调查资料的基础上本文拟对黄、东海海底地貌类型、特征及其控制因素作一简单分析。１黄、东海海底主要地貌类型及其特征该区海底地貌以宽阔的大陆架为其特点。黄海呈反Ｓ状，平均深度４４ｍ。东海则呈扇形，平均水深３７０ｍ，其西部为陆架，大约在水深１４０ｍ左右，向东过渡为孤带状的大陆坡，主体地形为冲绳海槽，向东越过琉球群岛岛架，过渡到琉球海沟。黄、东海海底地貌类型比较齐全（图１），现分为黄海北部区、…     

广西滨海地貌特征及砂矿形成的研究

广西滨海地貌,大体以饮州犀牛脚为界,东部以侵蚀一堆积的砂质夷平岸为主;西部则主要是微弱充填的曲折溺谷湾岸。滨海地貌与砂矿有直接关系。不同的地貌类型形成的砂矿床有所区别,一般砂矿床主要产于砂质海岸、沙坝—泻湖海岸、三角洲海岸内。生物海岸、泥质海岸不成矿。砂矿成矿与地貌形态相联的有海积的、冲积的、残积的、浅海的及混合的几种类型。砂矿的形成与富集多受地貌形态的控制。不同的地貌形态,砂矿富集的部位不一样,一般在沙堤的根部、海滩的高潮线附近、沿岸沙堤的上中部、水下沙坝的顶部和向海坡的上部,以及冲积平原的边缘地貌部位,容易形成砂矿和富集。区内滨海砂矿极其丰富,主要有北海白虎头玻璃石英砂矿床、江平澫尾锆石—钛铁砂矿床、巫头金红石—锆石砂矿床等。沿岸不同的砂矿种类与沉积物的粒级有不同的选择。钛铁砂矿产在中细砂—中粗砂中;玻璃石英砂矿产于中细至中粗级沉积物中。     

基于DEM数据的菲律宾海典型区地貌类型划分

深远海海底地质环境复杂,地貌形态多变,目前没有形成统一的地貌类型划分量化标准。本文主要针对这一问题,选择菲律宾海中南部典型区作为研究区,结合已有规范、标准和区域构造演化特征,提出了海山、海丘、海底裂谷、山间谷地、山间洼地、山间盆地6种四级地貌单元的量化划分标准。利用ArcGIS平台对DEM数据进行深度处理,提取高程、坡度、坡度变化率、地形起伏度等关键地貌因子,对研究区海山等地貌单元进行了定量化划分,明确了其分布特征。结果显示:受控于形成时期不同的构造背景,研究区西部与东部具有显著的构造走向差异,西部海岭呈近EW向雁式排列,东部海丘呈近NS向雁式排列,东部海丘相较于西部海岭更为狭长;海山、海丘和山间盆地等大规模地貌单元的形成往往受控于强烈的构造、岩浆活动。本次研究成果能够丰富深远海海底地貌类型划分和成因研究领域,为今后相关标准规范的制定奠定基础。     

杭州湾金山卫深槽地区地貌发育与演变探讨

本文是以金山卫某海底工程进行地质地貌调查和评价的基础上从水动力特性、泥沙特征和地质条件,三方面来探讨金山卫深槽地区的地貌发育和演变情况.认为深槽的演变受晚更新—全新世新构造运动,和大金山与小金山之间所通过的水道,沿地层错断,以及地质边界条件所控制.     

莱州浅滩地貌特征及演化

莱州浅滩是山东半岛北部著名的海岸地貌,位于刁龙嘴外,呈NW—SE向延伸,浅滩众多,水道纵横,地貌状况复杂。目前对莱州浅滩的形成过程、沉积特征少有研究,或只针对某一方面有所论述。通过实地调查,并对资料进行分析,研究了莱州浅滩的沉积物分布特征、矿物组成、地貌特征、储砂量和演化过程,认为波浪作用是莱州浅滩形成的主要动力,控制着研究区地貌形态分布和莱州浅滩演化趋势。通过以上研究,结合莱州浅滩现状,指出了其目前在开发与保护中存在的问题,并提出了合理开发利用的建议。     

Inversely graded turbidite sequences in the deep Mediterranean: a record of deposits from flood-generated turbidity currents?

Turbidity currents generated during floods of small and medium rivers have been demonstrated to be an important process of sediment transport from continent to abyss. They produce fine-grained turbidite deposits. No deposit related to these flood-related turbidity currents has yet been described in the deep sea. In this paper, we present some unusual sandy to muddy turbidite beds cored in the Var turbidite system (NW Mediterranean). They show a coarsening-upward basal unit capped with a classical fining-upward unit which are related to the periods of increasing and decreasing discharge at the river mouth, respectively. The two units are separated by a contact which can be gradational to erosional. This intrabed contact is interpreted as resulting from erosion during peak flood conditions. This intrabed contact can be confused with classical basal contacts of turbidite beds. The frequency of hyperpycnal turbidite beds can be used to relate climatic changes inland to the deep-sea sedimentary record, as an increase corresponds to periods of enhanced flooding at the river mouth.     

南海南部晚中新世的放射虫及其环境探讨

南海是东亚古季风产物的主要沉积盆地，保存着比陆地更加完整和连续的沉积记录。详细分析了ODP1143号钻井晚中新世的放射虫化石群，主要根据标志种Diartus petterssoni,D.hughesi和Stichocorys delmontensis等的分布特征，分别建立了南海南部晚中新世的RN6，RN7和RN8等3个放射虫化石带，并讨论了其地层年龄。探讨了以地层中放射虫的丰度变化特征等在南海南部作为东亚古夏季风活动替代性指标的可能性，初步说明东亚古夏季风可能早于8．7Ma B.P．出现，约在8．24Ma B.P.强化达到高峰，认为与印度季风的出现几乎同步或略早。     

中国第四纪地质发展史

中国大陆第四纪地质发展史的决定性因素是以青藏高原抬升为主的新构造运动,干冷—温暖频繁交替的古气候变化。中国第四纪时期内发生过一系列重大的地质事件:强烈的新构造活动及青藏高原的抬升;频繁的冷暖交替的气候变化;第三纪末以来古湖泊的萎缩和消亡及大陆外流型水系的形成;活跃的火山活动;巨厚黄土的堆积;第四纪大沙漠的形成和发展。     

Clay mineral assemblages,siliciclastic input and paleoproductivity at ODP Site 1085 off Southwest Africa: A late Miocene–early Pliocene history of Orange river discharges and Benguela current activity,and their relation to global sea level change

A late Miocene to early Pliocene sequence drilled on the continental slope of southwest Africa off the Orange river mouth (ODP Site 1085) has been investigated. Clay mineral assemblages, coarse siliciclastics and benthic foraminifer accumulation rates (BFAR) unravel a step by step evolution of marine and continental environments closely related to sea level variations, ocean circulation and global climate: (1) smectite is a typical tracer of the Orange river load, whereas illite is mostly transported by the Benguela current (like chlorite) and winds, and kaolinite is derived from low latitudes by the poleward undercurrent and the North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW); (2) increased erosion and influence of the Orange river after 9.6 Ma is linked to a sea level drop at a time of Antarctic ice-growth. This has been followed by an increased seasonality of precipitation and high productivity, but low oxygen content and associated dissolution of carbonates; (3) increased productivity and dissolution of carbonates, and coeval increase of continental aridity after 8.9 Ma express a further development of the Benguela current and upwelling; (4) better preservation of carbonates and increased contribution of terrigenous material from northern sources at 6.9 Ma are related to increased circulation of NADW after an early stage of northern hemisphere glaciation; (5) increased erosion and contribution from the Orange river and westward shift of the area of higher productivity from 5.9–5.8 Ma to 5.3–5.2 Ma are related to a significant fall of sea level, and encompass the time of the entire Mediterranean salinity crisis; (6) short-term variations of the smectite/illite ratio (S/I) and BFAR suggest a major control of productivity by wind and current activities (and related upwelling), but may express brief variations of sea level in specific intervals before 8.9 Ma and during the late Messinian especially.     

Sediment source and environment evolution in Taiwan Island during the Eocene–Miocene

Taiwan Island's outcropping strata can provide important insights into the sedimentary environment and source development of the southeast China margin. This research is based on the Eocene–Miocene strata of the Tsukeng area in the central Western Foothills, northeast shoreline of Taiwan Island and two sites of the East China Sea Shelf Basin(ECSSB), using petrology and detrital zircon U-Pb age for the analysis. Results show that central and northeast Taiwan Island experienced a transformation from continental to marine facies during the Eocene–Miocene, and the sandstone maturity changed with time. Source analysis shows that sediments from the Eocene–early Oligocene strata mainly originated from near-source Mesozoic rocks, whose zircon age is consistent with the igneous rock in the surrounding area and coastal Cathaysia, showing 120 Ma and 230 Ma peaks in the age spectrum diagram. Since the late Oligocene, peaks of 900 Ma and 1 800 Ma are seen, indicating that deposition of matter from the old block began. The sediments could be a mixture of the surrounding Mesozoic volcanic and fewer pre-Cambrian rocks sourced from the coastal river and sporadic old basement in the ECSSB instead of longdistance transportation.     

River flooding, storm resuspension, and event stratigraphy on the northern California shelf: observations compared with simulations

Coast-hugging surface flood plumes occur on the inner shelf of northern California during the winter season, generating dense, near-bottom suspensions which may attain fluid mud concentrations as particles settle. The period of storm-heightened waves may continue into the flood period, leading to gravity-driven seaward displacement of the bottom suspension; or the wave regime may ameliorate, leaving the suspension to consolidate as a short-lived, inner-shelf flood bed. Such beds tend to be resuspended within days or weeks by subsequent storm events that may recreate the original high concentrations. The sediment is thus dispersed seaward by gravity flows, to be deposited as a muddy flood bed on the central shelf. The locus of deposition of these “high-concentration regimes” is a function of the relative intensities of river discharge and storm wave height. Greater discharge piles thicker storm beds nearer shore, while intense wave regimes allow deposition of the fluid mud further seaward. During events with high values of both parameters, large amount of fluid mud may bypass over the shelf edge. In contrast, “low-concentration regimes” occur during storm periods when there has been no recent flood deposition on the inner shelf. The shelf floor is better consolidated than in the previous case, and the resulting suspended sediment concentrations are lower. As a consequence, low-concentration regimes are winnowing and bypassing regimes, and the beds deposited are thinner and sandier. Algorithms describing deposition by high and low-concentration regimes have been embedded in a probabilistic model. A simulation of a 400-year sequence of beds deposited by winter storms and floods suggests that on the Eel shelf, the Holocene transgressive systems tract consists of back-stepping, seaward-fining event beds, whose timelines (bedding planes) dip more gently than do their gradational facies boundaries. At these longer time scales, flood beds dominate over storm beds.     

南沙海槽南缘逆掩推复构造地区的动力学分析

提出南沙海槽南缘推复构造的运动和形变是一种周期性的弹塑性运动,周期约为14Ma.建立推复楔形体的动力学模型及两个约束条件,求解得推复楔形体的底部中点的推复方向的主应力和逆掩面动摩擦系数的解析式.建立推复楔形体前缘地层被推复剪断的力学模型、密度模型和内摩擦角模型,求得推复前缘地层被推复剪断时的有效主应力、静岩压应力、推复方向的主应力及其合力和推复构造应力的解析式,建立推复底部的有效塑性屈服模型,求得推复底部屈服时中点的有效主应力和推复方向的主应力的解析式.选择两个剖面进行动力学计算,得到推复楔形体前缘的两个应力图、逆掩面的动摩擦系数及推复方向的主应力的合力.     

Preliminary Analysis of Seismic Risk in Taiwan Strait and Study on Feasibility of Construction of Tunnel Across the Strait

The collision between Eurasian and Pacific plates along the eastern margin of the Asian continent resulted in formation of a series of island-arcs, one of which is the Taiwan Island-arc, and the Taiwan Straits is a foreland basin in the continent-arc collision zone. The Quaternary fine-grained sediments occur evenly in the upper part of the basin, and the Pliocene deposits in the lower part. The stepped faults run in the deposits, indicating that the tectonic movement tended to weaken after the Pliocene. Strong seismic zones of Taiwan Island released large amount of plate overthrust-collision compressive stress and have their screen and prevention roles for the straits. Only the intersections between offshore NW-trending transform-like faults and seashore NE-trending faults on the southern and northern terminations of the Island are prone to strong earthquakes. The possibility of occurrence of M?≥?6 earthquake should be very low in the area for the planned future tunnel. Moreover, the seismic intensity is rapidly attenuated from the surface downward. Thus, the seismic intensity for the tunnel under the seabed will be much lower. In seismotectonic view, the construction of tunnel is feasible.     

南海南部海域新生代万安运动的构造意义及其油气资源效应

南海南部海域在中中新世末发生了一次区域构造运动,被命名为万安构造运动。这次构造运动在新生代沉积中的表现是断裂、块断、挤压背斜和向斜。部分地区发育逆冲构造等。根据南海区域构造分析产生这次构造运动的起因可能与菲律宾海板块和欧亚板块于13MaBP在民都洛岛处发生碰撞．以及澳大利亚板块和欧亚板块在苏拉威西岛处发生碰撞(10MaBP)有关。这两次碰撞事件均对南海南部海域产生挤压,尤其是第一次碰撞挤压(向西方向)很强烈,是这次构造事件的主导因素。万安构造运动在南海南部海域沉积盆地中产生了许多挤压构造;而该海域沉积盆地中生烃的关键时刻是6MaBP,构造形成时间在生烃关键时间之前。因此,该海域形成了极其丰富的油气资源。