海南岛北部马袅—铺前断裂东段活动性与地壳稳定性评价

近东西向展布的马袅—铺前断裂是琼北地区主要活动断裂之一,也是1605年琼山7.5级地震主要控震断裂之一,其活动性对评价海南岛北部地壳稳定性及地质灾害预测有着重要意义。本文通过遥感解译、活动断裂断错地貌填图、高密度电法剖面测量、联孔剖面钻探验证等方法,查明了马袅—铺前断裂东段的空间展布特征：8条北东东向展布、北倾或南倾的正断层F_2-1~F_2-8组成三堑夹两垒构造,继承上新世之前的多期活动断裂。年代学测试结果鉴别出5条全新世活动断裂（F_2-1、F_2-4、F_2-6、F_2-7、F_2-8）,2条前第四纪断裂（F_2-2、F_2-5）和1条早中更新世断裂（F_2-3）;全新世以来F_2-1、F_2-7、F_2-8断裂垂直活动速率为0.43~1.79 mm/a;F_2-4、F_2-6断裂垂直活动速率为0.12~0.33 mm/a。结果表明,东寨港东岸地区处于不稳定区,应加强断裂活动的监测力度,工程建设时应按照相关标准进行规避。     

1605年琼山M 7(1/2)级地震区现今地应力动态变化特征及对东寨港沉陷的指示意义

文章利用1605年琼山7(1/2)级地震区不同区块布设的3个地应力监测台站应变观测数据,进行了地应力动态变化分析并对其记录的应力突变信息进行了提取,分析了2016年3月—2018年5月地应力变化与构造活动情况,并探讨了东寨港地貌演化趋势及其沉陷机理。结果显示：研究区总体受北西向挤压应力场作用,使得位于马袅-铺前断裂与铺前-清澜断裂上盘的演丰和大致坡地区以拉张应力场为主,位于断层下盘的锦山地区以挤压应力场为主;马袅-铺前断裂和铺前-清澜断裂在区域应力场作用下,不断进行非震活动来调整局部应力场,其中,马袅-铺前断裂在2016年3—7月、2017年10月和2018年4月有过多次活动,铺前-清澜断裂在2017年10月和2018年4月有过2次活动,马袅-铺前断裂较铺前-清澜断裂活动能量强;应力场变化趋势指示以铺前-清澜断裂(F_13-1)为界,东部有逐步抬升趋势,西部的东寨港可能还会持续沉降;断层活动趋势指示以马袅-铺前断裂(F_2-2)为界,东寨港北部演丰地区的沉降速率应该大于南部三江地区;此外,体应变监测数据也指示了位于海南岛南北地震带下部的岩浆活动痕...     

海口市江东新区马袅-铺前断裂第四纪活动特征

1605年7月13日在海南琼山发生的M 71/2级大地震为南海北部陆缘地震带破坏性最大的一次地震,这次地震造成琼北海岸带大面积沉陷与东寨港100余平方千米的陆陷成海,地震震中与强烈沉降区均位于目前正在规划建设的海口江东新区.构造地貌调查与钻孔联合剖面揭露表明,分布于江东新区的马袅-铺前断裂带由马袅罗豆断层(F2-1)、...     

通渭—武都隐伏深大断裂构造的一些基本特征

通渭—武都隐伏深大断裂为一近南北走向、隐伏的深部构造带 ,断面西倾 ,倾角约 6 0°～ 80° ,为高角度压性断裂。该断裂带发生于华力西期前 ,活跃于印支—燕山期 ,现仍处在活动期。断裂带两侧莫霍面深度、重磁场特征明显不同 ,带内岩浆活动强烈 ,是一重要的近南北向成矿带 ,也是一个现代活动带。     

建立在雷达卫星影像判读基础上四川龙门山断裂晚第四纪活动特征研究

介绍了应用雷达卫星影像对四川龙门山活动断裂开展断错地貌判读结果,展示了龙门山构造带4条分支断裂9个点位的雷达卫星影像图像、11个点位的野外调查结果及6个点位与断层活动性有关的地层测年。在11个野外调查点位中,位于青城山北面4条断裂8个点位均出现2008年5.12汶川MS8.0地震的地表破裂,其中包括沿青川断裂青溪段及金山寺断层沟谷出现的两条地表破裂,沿后山断裂带茂县北断层和汶川南七盘沟断层出现的地表破裂;   沿中央断裂带北川和小鱼洞南2个点位出现的地表破裂;   以及沿前山断裂汉旺台地前缘和青城山山前地表破裂点位。在这些地表破裂中,中央断裂带地表垂直位移为 2～6m,青川断裂、后山断裂和前山断裂多数段地表断错垂直位移量为 10～40cm。后者位移量虽小,也不应被忽视。本项研究结果表明,雷达卫星影像显示青川断裂与后山断裂带和中央断裂带右旋走滑明显。雷达卫星影像实地调查表明,前山断裂带南段的水口场－横山庙断裂带醒目的断错地貌引人注目。     

高密度电法在和田隐伏断层探测中的应用

西昆仑山前一系列的新生代背斜的翼部往往伴生向南斜倾的逆断裂,这些断裂隐伏于早更新世或中更新世洪积砂砾石层,构成了和田隐伏断裂带。该断裂带由2条陡坎状断层组成,宽约10.6km,深度20~300m,落差110~270m。根据卫星影像和地质工作成果,和田隐伏断裂的一支从和田市南部穿过,但南郊飞机场附近没有露头,为探查断层在该区域的位置及深度,沿垂直于推测的断层走向布设2条测线,采用温纳（WN）测量系统对其进行探测。探测结果表明：2条测线皆发现了逆断层,均上切错断了上覆晚更新世地层,其中测线1存在2处断层,一处断层倾向南,倾角50°左右,另一处断层倾向北,倾角约55°;测线2存在一处断层,倾向北,倾角近80°。通过比对高密度电法资料和地质出露点剖面,推断和田断层在第四系以来有过两次明显的活动,导致晚更新世砂砾石土层被断错。     

曲靖-昭通断裂带北段晚第四纪活动特征

曲靖-昭通断裂带(图1)北段南起昭通盆地,止于四川马边凹陷以北,全长180km。主要由大关口断裂、中坝断裂、高桥断裂、大毛滩断裂、玛瑙断裂和利店断裂以及与之平行的团山断裂、中(关)村断裂等组成。该断裂带总体走向南北,多数断裂为西倾的高角度逆冲断裂。该断裂带控制了部分中生代地层、古生代地层,可能还有震旦纪地层的沉积。因而认为此断裂带形成于晋宁运动之后。上新世以来,尤其是晚更新世以来有明显的活动,表现为以左旋走滑为主,兼有逆倾滑的运动特征。本文在前人资料的基础上,结合本课题的野外调查和航片解译,拟对该活动断裂带北段的几何展布,活动性状,运动学特征以及古地震等进行探讨。     

2008年汶川地震断裂带北东段南坝地区岩石特征与内部结构

龙门山断裂带中的映秀-北川断裂带是2008年汶川地震的主发震断裂,它具有斜冲断裂的运动学特征（逆冲兼右旋走滑）,其中南西段映秀断裂带以逆冲为主,而北东段北川断裂带以右旋走滑为主。断裂带的物质组成和内部结构的研究,有利于深入认识断裂活动性质、构造变形行为和地震发震机制。本文以出露于映秀-北川断裂带北东段南坝地区的断裂岩为研究对象,通过野外地质调查、显微构造观察、XRD和μXRF等多种分析手段,探讨映秀-北川断裂带北东段的岩石组成和内部结构。研究表明发育于寒武纪粉砂质板岩中的断裂带宽度约30m,断层中心发育厚20~40cm的黑色断裂物质,2008年汶川地震的同震位移沿黑色物质层中厚约10mm滑动带滑动。断层NW侧和SE侧表现出近于对称的结构特征,两侧的角砾岩宽~4m和~3m,破碎带宽~10m和~12m。黑色断裂物质中石英含量30%~50%,长石含量18%~25%,黏土矿物总含量30%~36%,主要由伊利石、伊蒙混层和绿泥石组成,少有蒙脱石。XRD结果显示黑色断裂物质具有非晶质成分特征,SEM观测结果可见熔融结构特征,显微结构与μXRF结果呈现后期流体作用明显,其表明黑色断裂物质主要由古地震滑动形成的假玄武玻璃蚀变而成,并发育不同蚀变程度的多期假玄武玻璃。上述研究揭示出断裂摩擦熔融是汶川地震断裂带北东段南坝地区的重要动态弱化机制,其内部结构和岩石特征与南西段映秀断裂带具有明显的差异。     

郯庐断裂带渤南段构造特征及其控盆作用

渤南地区郯庐断裂带具有很好的油气勘探前景,但由于其构造特征复杂,目前对渤南地区油气成藏条件、主控因素及富集规律的认识尚不明晰.通过对三维地震和地质资料的分析解释,结合前人研究成果,探讨了渤南地区郯庐断裂带构造特征的时空差异及其对盆地结构的控制作用.研究表明,渤南地区郯庐断裂带具有3组分支断裂,每组分支断裂由2~4条断裂构成,均表现出了明显的走滑特征,整体由东向西、由深至浅走滑程度逐渐减弱.新生代古新世-早始新世郯庐断裂带渤南段左旋走滑,东部分带活动明显、强度大,中带和西带不活动或活动较弱,渤南地区中生代发育的NWW向伸展断裂系统复活,形成北断南超的复式半地堑或南北双断式结构;中始新世以来,渤南地区郯庐断裂带转为右旋走滑,3组分支断裂均开始活动,表现为强烈的走滑兼伸展运动,强度由东向西逐渐减弱,中带分支断裂形成的中央构造脊将黄河口凹陷分割成东、西两个次洼,并开始逐渐发育一系列次级断层,与主断裂构成帚状断裂组合;新近纪-第四纪郯庐断裂渤南段表现为右旋走滑兼挤压,主走滑断裂不连续,代之以大量规模较小的次级断裂系统.太平洋区板块俯冲方向、俯冲速率的变化以及深部动力背景的变迁共同造成了渤南地区郯庐断裂不同分支构造发育演化及其控盆作用的差异性,由于右旋走滑位移量小于先期的左旋走滑,现今渤南地区构造单元分布仍具左旋特征.      

江南造山带北部早中生代岳阳—赤壁断褶带构造特征及变形机制研究

早中生代(晚印支-早燕山期)岳阳-赤壁断褶带位于江南造山带与中扬子前陆盆地交界地带.作者对该构造带进行了地表地质调查,以此为基础探讨了构造剖面结构及构造变形动力机制.岳阳-赤壁断褶带自南而北可分为岳阳-临湘基底滑脱-逆冲带,桃花泉-肖家湾盖层滑脱褶皱带,以及赤壁-嘉鱼前陆盆地断-褶-盆构造带.岳阳-临湘基底滑脱-逆冲带自南而北依次有郭镇向斜、官山背斜、临湘倒转向斜和聂市背斜,组成隔槽式褶皱组合.褶皱轴面多向南倾,褶皱变形面为南华系盖层与冷家溪群褶皱基底间的角度不整合面和顺界面的滑脱断裂面.桃花泉-肖家湾盖层滑脱褶皱带主要发育轴面南倾倒转褶皱,褶皱波长较小,卷入地层为南华系-志留系以及上石炭统-中三叠统沉积盖层.赤壁-嘉鱼前陆盆地断-褶-盆构造带以南倾蒲圻断裂(江南断裂)为南部边界,发育T3-J2前陆盆地沉积,带内褶皱与断裂卷入地层包括沉积盖层以及T3-J2地层:南部断裂与褶皱轴面南倾.北部轴面近直立.自南西至北东,研究区内构造线走向由EW向渐变为NEE-NE向.上述构造分带及变形特征反映出自南向北的运动指向,表明岳阳-赤壁断褶带具前陆冲断带构造性质.从断裂相关褶皱理论出发,以地表构造特征为依据,厘定了岳阳-赤壁地质剖面结构并进行了变形动力机制分析,认识如下:①自南而北、自下而上的多个滑脱层及其间的南倾逆断裂或断坡(主要为江南断裂)组成近似台阶状的逆冲断裂系统,从总体上控制了构造块体的滑移、逆冲以及相应的构造格架或变形分区.②郭镇向斜为基底滑脱褶皱,官山背斜具滑脱褶皱和断裂传播褶皱双重成因,聂市背斜为断裂转折褶皱;临湘向斜为受两侧背斜控制的被动向斜,由于弯滑褶皱作用在其两翼沿不整合界面形成滑脱断裂.③岳阳-临湘基底滑脱-逆冲带隔槽式褶皱的形成主要受控于褶皱基底的滑脱和基底整体的水平压缩,其形成机制类似于肿缩式褶皱.最后讨论认为湘东北-鄂东南地区不存在大规模、长距离的逆冲推覆构造.     

Structural evidence for superposition of transtension on transpression in the Zagros collision zone: Main Recent Fault,Piranshahr area,NW Iran

The Main Recent Fault of the Zagros Orogen is an active major dextral strike-slip fault along the Zagros collision zone, generated by oblique continent–continent collision of the Arabian plate with Iranian micro-continent. Two different fault styles are observed along the Piranshahr fault segment of the Main Recent Fault in NW Iran. The first style is a SW-dipping oblique reverse fault with dextral strike-slip displacement and the second style consists of cross-cutting NE-dipping, oblique normal fault dipping to the NE with the same dextral strike-slip displacement. A fault propagation anticline is generated SW of the oblique reverse fault. An active pull-apart basin has been produced to the NE of the Piranshahr oblique normal fault and is associated with other sub-parallel NE-dipping normal faults cutting the reverse oblique fault. Another cross-cutting set of NE–SW trending normal faults are also exist in the pull-apart area. We conclude that the NE verging major dextral oblique reverse fault initiated as a SW verging thrust system due to dextral transpression tectonic of the Zagros collision zone and later it has been overprinted by the NE-dipping oblique normal fault producing dextral strike-slip displacement reflecting progressive change of transpression into transtension in the collision zone. The active Piranshahr pull-apart basin has been generated due to a releasing damage zone along the NW segment of the Main Recent Fault in this area at an overlap of Piranshahr oblique normal fault segment of the Main Recent Fault and the Serow fault, the continuation of the Main Recent Fault to the N.     

Active fault traces along Bhuj Fault and Katrol Hill Fault, and trenching survey at Wandhay, Kachchh, Gujarat, India

Several new active fault traces were identified along Katrol Hill Fault (KHF). A new fault (named as Bhuj Fault, BF) that extends into the Bhuj Plain was also identified. These fault traces were identified based on satellite photo interpretation and field survey. Trenches were excavated to identify the paleoseismic events, pattern of faulting and the nature of deformation. New active fault traces were recognized about 1km north of the topographic boundary between the Katrol Hill and the plain area. The fault exposure along the left bank of Khari River with 10m wide shear zone in the Mesozoic rocks and showing displacement of the overlying Quaternary deposits is indicative of continued tectonic activity along the ancient fault. The E-W trending active fault traces along the KHF in the western part changes to NE-SW or ENE-WSW near Wandhay village. Trenching survey across a low scarp near Wandhay village reveals three major fault strands F1, F2, and F3. These fault strands displaced the older terrace deposits comprising Sand, Silt and Gravel units along with overlying younger deposits from units 1 to 5 made of gravel, sand and silt. Stratigraphic relationship indicates at least three large magnitude earthquakes along KHF during Late Holocene or recent historic past.     

Surface Rupture of the 1515 Yongsheng Earthquake in Northwest Yunnan,and Its Seismogeological Implications

The 1515 M7? Yongsheng earthquake is the strongest earthquake historically in northwest Yunnan. However, its time, magnitude and the seismogenic fault have long been a topic of dispute. In order to accurately define those problems, a 1:50000 active tectonic mapping was carried out along the northern segment of the Chenghai–Binchuan fault zone. The result shows that there is an at least 25 km–long surface rupture and a series of seismic landslides distributed along the Jinguan fault and the Chenghai fault. Radiocarbon dating of the ~(14) C samples indicates that the surface rupture should be a part of the deformation zone caused by the Yongsheng earthquake in the year 1515. The distribution characteristics of this surface rupture indicate that the macroscopic epicenter of the 1515 Yongsheng earthquake may be located near Hongshiya, and the seismogenic fault of this earthquake is the Jinguan–Chenghai fault, the northern part of the Chenghai–Binchuan fault zone. Striations on the surface rupture show that the latest motion of the fault is normal faulting. The maximum co–seismic vertical displacement can be 3.8 m, according to the empirical formula for the fault displacement and moment magnitude relationship, the moment magnitude of the Yongsheng earthquake was Mw 7.3–7.4. Furthermore, combining published age data with the ~(14) C data in this paper reveals that at least four large earthquakes of similar size to the 1515 Yongsheng earthquake, have taken place across the northern segment of the Chenghai–Binchuan fault zone since 17190±50 yr. BP. The in–situ recurrence interval of Mw 7.3–7.4 characteristic earthquakes in Yongsheng along this fault zone is possibly on the order of 6 ka.     

西秦岭北缘断裂带漳县—车厂断层的结构及构造演化

西秦岭北缘断裂带是青藏高原东北缘主要构造边界断裂带之一, 其构造变形历史和运动学特征研究可以为西秦岭中新生代构造过程和印度—亚洲板块碰撞动力学的远程构造响应提供约束。漳县—车厂断层是西秦岭北缘断裂带的重要组成部分, 通过对工程开挖所揭露的断层带内丰富构造现象的观测与分析, 至少可以辨别出3期性质、规模、运动学特征各异的构造变形事件。第一期为向北北东陡倾的伸展正断层作用; 第二期为向南南西倾的由南向北的逆冲断层作用; 第三期为沿近直立断面左旋走滑作用。尽管每期变形的时代尚缺乏构造物质测年的约束, 但根据其与白垩系、新近系的空间关系以及已有第四纪以来沿断层地貌位错和相关沉积物测年以及地震活动历史研究对断层左旋走滑作用的时代约束, 认为第一期伸展正断层作用起始于早白垩纪, 可能持续到渐新世; 第二期向北逆冲断层作用起始于渐新世初, 可能持续到早第四纪; 第三期左旋走滑断层作用起始于晚第四纪, 持续至今。漳县—车厂断层是一条典型的多期变形的脆性断层, 其变形特征与历史, 如果代表了西秦岭北缘断裂带特征与构造变形过程, 那么现今西秦岭北缘断裂带仅是起始于早白垩纪、新生的脆性断裂带, 并非是印支主造山期大规模韧性逆冲推覆作用的边界断层。     

滇中香炉山引水隧洞工程区地应力场特征及断裂影响模糊综合评价

在滇中香炉山引水隧洞工程区活动断裂部位开展了八个钻孔的水压致裂原地应力测试工作。结果显示工程区应力状态以水平应力为主导,龙蟠-乔后断裂和丽江-剑川断裂部位均为走滑应力状态,鹤庆-洱源断裂西支为走滑应力状态,南段为逆冲应力状态。从应力累积的角度分析,测深范围内三条活动断裂大部分测点实测最大主应力值未超过使断层产生滑动失稳的临界值。地应力测试获得的最大主应力优势方位NNE-NE向与利用该地区震源机制解反演得到的现今构造应力场主压应力方位NEE向存在差异,说明地应力测试结果在一定程度上受到了断层活动性的影响。考虑活动断裂形变和力学属性的多个指标参数,对活动断裂影响程度的Fuzzy-Grey模糊综合评价表明龙蟠-乔后断裂对香炉山隧洞工程的影响较弱,丽江-剑川断裂的影响程度最强,需引起重视。     

青藏铁路沿线的地裂缝及工程影响

通过大比例尺野外地质调查和跨季节对比观测,发现青藏铁路沿线发育地震破裂、断层裂缝、冻土裂缝与冰裂缝4种不同类型的地裂缝。典型地震破裂包括西大滩古地震破裂、昆仑山南缘地震破裂、可可西里古地震破裂、崩错地震破裂、谷露盆西地震破裂、羊八井-当雄盆西地震破裂;地震破裂规模大,产状稳定,与地震鼓包、地震陡坎、地震凹陷有序组合,是地表构造变形的重要形式,属内动力成因地裂缝。断层裂缝沿断层破碎带定向分布,产状稳定,成群产出,与断层活动、地下水运移、不均匀冻胀存在密切的关系,是构造变形与融冻变形联合、内外动力耦合产生的复合成因地裂缝。冻土裂缝和冰裂缝属外营力成因地裂缝,是冻土与冰层不均匀融冻变形的重要表现形式。地震破裂、断层裂缝和冻土裂缝对青藏公路、青藏铁路及沿线工程安全具有不良影响,这些地裂缝切割错断路基,形成路面破裂和路基滑塌,产生显著的灾害效应。     

Neotectonics, sea-level changes and biological evolution in the Fennoscandian Border Zone of the southern Kattegat Sea

Shallow seismic data and vibrocore information, sequence stratigraphic and faunal evidence have been used for documentation of Late Weichselian reactivation of faulting in the south central Kattegat, southern Scandinavia. The study area is situated on the Fennoscandian Border Zone, where tectonic activity has been recurrent since Early Palaeozoic time and still occurs, as shown by present earthquake activity. New data from the area south of the island of Anholt show that after deglaciation fast isostatic rebound resulted in reactivation of a NW-SE striking normal fault system. This tectonic episode is dated to a period starting shortly before 15.0 cal. ka BP and ending around 13.5 cal. ka BP, after regression had already reached a level of about 30 m b.s.l. The vertical displacement associated with the faulting was in the order of 20 m. More generally, the results support the previously reported late Weichselian sea-level highstand, which was followed by forced regression until the eustatic sea-level rise surpassed the rate of glacio-isostatic rebound in early Preboreal. Our findings further imply that drainage of the Baltic Ice Lake through the Øresund at c. 15 cal. ka BP (Bergsten & Nordberg 1992) may have been triggered by tectonic activity in this region.     

郯庐断裂带的平移运动与成因

在华北、华南板块碰撞期间，郯庐断裂带究竟是何种边界仍是没有解决的重大地学问题，许多学者对此提出了不同的构造解释模式。关于郯庐断裂的平移距离仍存在着较大的分歧与有待深入研究之处。在华北、华南板块拼合之后，郯庐断裂带发生了一次大规模的左行平移，其糜棱岩的^40Ar／^39Ar年龄为132～119Ma，指示为早白垩世的平移活动，平移活动中伴生了强烈的岩浆活动。这期左行平移标志着中国东部构造的重大转折，是滨太平洋构造对前期古特提斯构造的叠加，其动力学机制为太平洋区伊侨奈岐板块突然出现的高速斜向俯冲。     

Shallow SH-wave seismic investigation of the Mt. Angel Fault, Northwest Oregon, USA

The Mt. Angel Fault is likely one of the most active faults near the Portland metropolitan area, and was probably associated with the 1993 Scotts Mills earthquake. SH-wave seismic techniques used to image the Mt. Angel Fault suggest that the fault offsets late Pleistocene gravel (22 to 34 ka) at several locations. Within the study area, displacement of the late Pleistocene gravel along the strike of the Mt. Angel Fault increases from no obvious displacement on the northwest to approximately 18 m on the southeast. This trend of increasing offset along the strike of the fault is paralleled by topographic and geomorphic trends. A reconnaissance geologic investigation at an anomalous bend in the Pudding River near the projected trace of the Mt. Angel Fault revealed potential tectonic deformation in sediments younger than the late Pleistocene gravel imaged by SH-wave data. The results of this study have contributed to the paleoseismic record of the Mt. Angel Fault, laid the groundwork for future geologic investigations along the Pudding River, and determined potential sites for future paleoseismic trenching investigations.     

Earthquake recurrence assessment of the active Shanchiao Fault in northern Taiwan

The Shanchiao Fault is an active normal fault located in the Taipei metropolis, northern Taiwan. Faulting activities have been observed from both the long-term geological data and the short-term GPS surface deformation along the fault. Particularly, with recent studies suggesting the potential of triggering an M_w 7.0-plus earthquake, the Shanchiao Fault is posing a direct seismic threat to the most important, densely populated Taipei metropolitan area in Taiwan. As a result, this study aims to evaluate the earthquake recurrence probability of the Shanchiao Fault, in an attempt to estimate the seismic hazard and help in decision-making for the Taiwan government. Given the capability of capturing the stochastic nature of tectonic stress accumulating, this study used the Brownian model to calculate the earthquake recurrence of the Shanchiao Fault. From the analysis, the recurrence probabilities of the Shanchiao Fault are determined at 8.3 and 17.4% for the next 50 and 100 years, respectively.