土壤水分条件对内蒙古典型草原水汽和二氧化碳通量的影响研究

本文基于2007年和2008年生长季内蒙古羊草和大针茅草原湍流观测资料,分析了两种典型草原下垫面生长季的不同土壤水分条件下水汽和二氧化碳通量交换特征及其控制因子。主要结果如下:（1）在植被生长峰值期,日尺度上,干旱条件下土壤湿度是潜热通量的主要控制因子,而土壤水分条件较好时潜热通量主要受净辐射控制。（2）与大针茅草原相比,羊草草原叶面积指数较大,水分条件较好时,其潜热通量平均值更大,CO₂吸收能力更强,吸收CO₂更多;但在土壤水分胁迫出现时,羊草草原叶面的气孔闭合度急剧增加,大针茅草原的潜热通量、和CO₂吸收反而更大,表现出更为耐旱的植被特性。（3）地表导度可以用来解释土壤水分条件对羊草和大针茅草原碳水通量的影响。     

青藏高原那曲高寒草甸生态系统CO_2净交换及其影响因子

利用2008年中国科学院那曲高寒气候环境观测研究站(下称那曲站)的观测资料,分析了青藏高原腹地的高寒草甸生态系统碳通量的日变化和季节变化特征及其影响因子。结果表明,那曲站年平均气温在0℃以下,90%降水主要集中在夏季;在生长季,生态系统白天碳吸收和夜间碳排放速率均达到最强,最大吸收速率和最大排放速率分别为5.3和1.7μmolCO_2·m~(-2)·s~(-1),与低海拔地区草地生态系统相比要偏小;高寒草甸生态系统碳汇作用较为明显,年吸收量为151.5 gCO_2·m~(-2)(即41.3gC·m~(-2));5-9月生态系统呼吸占总初级生产力的比重约为76%,这表明生态系统通过光合作用固定的碳,大部分通过呼吸作用消耗;在高寒草甸植物生长旺盛的月份,白天生态系统与大气间CO_2净交换(NEE)受光合有效辐射PAR的影响,表观光量子产率α为-0.0255±0.0105μmol CO_2·mol~(-1)photons。在生长季,尽管在昼夜温差相近时,NEE变化较大,但是随着昼夜温差的增大,NEE绝对值趋向增大,即昼夜温差越大越有利于生态系统吸收CO_2。生长季末期的降水事件促进了高寒草甸生态系统的碳排放,对生态系统的碳平衡有重要的影响。     

典型温带针阔叶混交林碳收支对温度的响应特征

森林生态系统是一个庞大的碳储备系统,在当前气候变暖条件下,温度变化会对森林生态系统的碳收支过程产生重要影响。该文选择长白山温带针阔混交林森林生态系统（CBS）作为研究对象,利用多年通量及小气候观测资料分析该生态系统碳收支过程对温度的响应特征,结果显示该温带森林碳交换的季节变化特征十分明显。生态系统总初级生产力GPP、生态系统呼吸R_e和净生态系统碳交换NEE在2003—2008年的月平均变化显示,碳收支3个组分最大值均出现在夏季,GPP最大值出现在7月,R_e最大值主要出现在8月,NEE负方向的最大值主要出现在6月或7月,表现为碳吸收。在日尺度和月尺度对温度的响应上,GPP和R_e都是随温度（气温和5 cm土壤温度）呈显著的指数升高形式。在日尺度上和月尺度上, NEE对气温的响应皆是分段线性形式,先是随气温的上升而正向增大,表现为碳排放;当超过临界温度,随气温的继续上升而负值增大,表现为碳吸收。根据温度、GPP、R_e以及NEE的季节的变化,每年达到最大的GPP、R_e以及NEE的最适温度均不同,这表明了在气温变化的背景下,生态系统的最适温度也在随之改变,也表明了不考虑其它因素的影响,在气候变暖的背景下,长白山针阔混交林森林生态系统的GPP、R_e随气温的升高增大,而NEE随气温的升高而减小。     

玉米农田生态系统CO2通量的动态变化

利用2008年辽宁锦州农田生态系统野外观测站涡动相关系统通量观测资料,分析了玉米农田生态系统生长季(5-10月)及非生长季CO₂通量动态变化。结果表明：玉米农田生态系统的非生长季日动态趋势不明显;生长季日动态明显,呈明显的U型曲线,CO₂通量最大值出现在12:00时,为-1.19 mg·m^-2·s^-1;不同物候期的日动态也呈现U型曲线,各发育期CO₂通量日最大值范围为0.07～-0.23 mg·m^-2·s^-1;玉米农田生长季生态系统净CO₂交换日累积（NEE）为-652.8 g·m^-2,非生长季NEE499.8 g·m^-2,2008年碳收支-153.0 g·m^-2,表现为碳汇。     

锡林浩特草原CO2通量特征及其影响因素分析

利用锡林浩特国家气候观象台开路涡度相关系统、辐射土壤观测系统,测得的长期连续通量观测数据,对锡林浩特草原2009—2011年期间的CO₂通量观测特征进行了分析。结果表明:CO₂通量存在明显的年际、季节和日变化特征。3 a中NEE年际变率达到200 g·m^-2,季节变率最大达到460 g·m^-2,日变化幅度生长季最大达到0.25 mg·m^-2·s^-1。通过不同时间尺度碳通量与温度、水分、辐射等环境因子的分析,认为CO₂通量日变化主要受温度和光合有效辐射影响,而季节变化和年变化主要受降水和土壤含水量的影响。降水强度及时间分布是制约牧草CO₂吸收的关键因素,大于15%的土壤含水量有利于促进牧草生长。     

草地生态系统碳通量特征及其影响因子研究

该文以内蒙古科尔沁草原为研究对象,利用涡动相关系统观测的2011年生长季(5—9月)的碳通量以及同期常规气象观测数据,分析该生态系统的碳通量的日变化、季节变化及造成碳通量变化的原因,结果表明草地生态系统碳通量日变化呈单峰型;生长季碳通量具有明显的季节变化规律,基本呈"U"型;净辐射和气温是影响草地生态系统碳通量的主要气象因子。     

生长旺盛期呼伦贝尔草甸草原生态系统呼吸与CH_4吸收通量的日变化研究

利用静态箱法于2011年结实期和2012年开花期与结实期分别对不同人类活动(自由放牧和刈割)影响下的呼伦贝尔草甸草原及相应的封育草原的CH4通量和植物土壤系统呼吸作用排放的CO2通量进行野外定位观测研究。结果表明:呼伦贝尔草甸草原(放牧和刈割及其对应的封育样地)均表现为CH4的汇,3个观测时期汇强的变化范围为:-23.98±6.40~-95.96±28.57μg Cm-2 h-1。呼伦贝尔草甸草原CH4通量的日变化对温度的响应较为复杂。不同时期呼伦贝尔草甸草原的植物土壤系统呼吸速率的日变化存在差异,水分和温度的共同影响造成2012年结实期日均CO2排放量低于2011年结实期。放牧对呼伦贝尔草甸草原CH4吸收通量的日变化模式的影响较小,但在2011年结实期和2012年开花期促进了CH4日均通量(促进幅度12.05%~93.35%),2012年结实期放牧降低了CH4日均通量(降低幅度23.32%~30.43%);刈割降低CH4吸收日均通量11.55%~60.62%。呼伦贝尔草甸草原日均累计碳排放量中CH4所占比例为0.35%~2.62%,而放牧和刈割行为对呼伦贝尔草甸草原的日均累计碳排放的影响结果在不同物候期以及不同植被群落类型均有不同。     

围栏封育下藏北高寒湿地和高寒草原水热通量特征研究

围栏封育作为直接有效的退化草地恢复治理模式,广泛应用于青藏高原退化草地恢复。围栏封育显著提升植被覆盖并改变地表与大气之间的水热交换,然而当前对其如何影响高寒生态系统水热通量的定量研究不足,缺乏对影响机制的认识。本研究以藏北腹地典型高寒湿地和高寒草原为研究对象,采用涡度相关技术开展禁牧-放牧配对观测,并基于围栏内外2019年7月至2021年6月连续两年的观测数据,探究围栏封育后的地表水热平衡变化,以提升对围栏封育改变地表水热通量机制的认知。结果显示：高寒草原和高寒湿地生态系统水热通量均表现出明显的单峰型日变化特征,且分别以感热作用(波文比为1.60)、潜热作用(波文比为0.31)为主导向大气传输能量。围栏封育降低了高寒草原地表通量值,感热通量减小5.99 W·m^-2,潜热通量减小4.84 W·m^-2;围栏封育提升了高寒湿地的地表通量值,感热通量增加3.04 W·m^-2,潜热通量增加30.95 W·m^-2,围栏封育后高寒草原感热通量和潜热通量日均值均下降,高寒湿地则增加。围栏封育对地表能量通量影响强度集...     

草原生态系统对气候变化和CO2浓度升高的响应

近年来,全球变化和区域响应已成为生态学、植物学、地学和农学的研究热点之一。全球变化引起全球温度升高、降水格局发生变化和土地利用方式改变，研究草原生态系统对全球变化的响应与适应是了解发展和预测陆地生态系统与全球变化相互关系的重要方面。文章对近十年来国内外在CO₂浓度升高、温度增加、水分变化等方面对草原生态系统影响的研究进行了评述, 以期加深草原生态系统对全球变化响应的理解，启发研究思路, 激发兴趣。最后提出了应着重加强研究的8个科学问题。     

1982-2012年北半球荒漠草原过渡带植被物候特征及其与气候因子的关系

基于GIMMS（global inventory modeling and mapping studies）NDVI 3g数据,在提取北半球荒漠草原过渡带每年植被物候期的基础上,研究了1982-2012年物候期的时间演化趋势及空间分异特征,并结合全球气候再分析资料,探讨了物候变化的气候驱动因素。结果表明：在1998年之前,荒漠草原过渡带植被物候期变化地区间差异较大,而在1998年之后,北半球荒漠草原过渡带生长季结束期整体提前,平均提前0.41 d/a;同时,除萨赫勒以外的各地区植被生长季长度普遍缩短,平均缩短0.88 d/a。植被物候期与气候因子的相关分析发现,荒漠草原过渡带植被物候变化受气候变化影响显著,且空间差异明显。在中高纬度地区,气温是限制植被活动的关键因子,温度升高可以促进生长季开始期的提前,而降水增加则会妨碍植被生长;在较低纬度地区,水分是影响植被活动的关键因素,高温造成的水分亏缺会导致植被生长季缩短。从植被物候期对各气候因子响应的时滞性来看,荒漠草原过渡带植被的物候期对气温变化的响应最迅速,对蒸散的响应存在一定的滞后性,而对降水的响应不存在时滞差异。     

Seasonal variation and meteorological control of CO2 flux in a hilly plantation in the mountain areas of North China

The carbon cycle of terrestrial ecosystems is an important scientific issue in global climate change research.Plantation forest plays an important role in terrestrial carbon budget in China.In this study,eddy covariance flux data measured at Xiaolangdi forest ecosystem research station(XLD) in 2007 and 2008 are used to analyze the seasonal variation and meteorological control of CO2 flux in a 30-yr-old mixed plantation.The plantation forest mainly consists of Quercus variabilis,Platycladus orientalis,and Robinia pseudoacacia.The results show that the seasonal variations of net ecosystem exchange of CO2(NEE),gross primary production(GPP),and ecosystem respiration(Re) display single-peak curves.The maximum of carbon sequestration appears during May and June each year.The relative contribution of carbon release from ecosystem respiration to GPP varied slightly between 2007 and 2008.The relationship between NEE and photosynthetic active radiation(Qp) accords with the rectangular hyperbola model on diurnal scale,and shows a good linear correlation on monthly scale.The ecosystem photosynthetic parameters:the maximum photosynthetic rate(Pmax),the ecosystem photosynthetic photonyield(α),and the daytime ecosystem respiration(Rd) exhibit seasonal variations.Pmax reaches the maximum in August each year,with small interannual difference.The interannual differences of α and Rd are obvious,which is attributed to the changes of meteorological factors,such as solar radiation,vapor pressure deficit(D),precipitation,etc.Parameters Re,GPP,and NEP(net ecosystem production) have obvious exponential relations with temperature on monthly scale.There is a hysteresis in the response of GPP and NEP to temperature,i.e.,the carbon sequestration is not the maximum when the temperature reaches the peak value.The Q10 values were 1.37 and 1.45 in 2007 and 2008,respectively.On monthly scale,Re,GPP,and NEE increase as D increases,but rise slowly and even decrease when D is higher than 1.5 kPa.     

Seasonal and interannual variations of carbon exchange over a rice-wheat rotation system on the North China Plain

Rice-wheat (R-W) rotation systems are ubiquitous in South and East Asia, and play an important role in modulating the carbon cycle and climate. Long-term, continuous flux measurements help in better understanding the seasonal and interannual variation of the carbon budget over R-W rotation systems. In this study, measurements of CO2 fluxes and meteorological variables over an R-W rotation system on the North China Plain from 2007 to 2010 were analyzed. To analyze the abiotic factors regulating Net Ecosystem Exchange (NEE), NEE was partitioned into gross primary production (GPP) and ecosystem respiration. Nighttime NEE or ecosystem respiration was controlled primarily by soil temperature, while daytime NEE was mainly determined by photosythetically active radiation (PAR). The responses of nighttime NEE to soil temperature and daytime NEE to light were closely associated with crop development and photosynthetic activity, respectively. Moreover, the interannual variation in GPP and NEE mainly depended on precipitation and PAR. Overall, NEE was negative on the annual scale and the rotation system behaved as a carbon sink of 982 g C m-2 per year over the three years. The winter wheat field took up more CO2 than the rice paddy during the longer growing season, while the daily NEE for wheat and rice were -2.35 and -3.96 g C m-2, respectively. After the grain harvest was subtracted from the NEE, the winter wheat field became a moderately strong carbon sink of 251-334 g C m-2 per season, whereas the rice paddy switched to a weak carbon sink of 107-132 per season.     

锡林郭勒草原不同生态地理区气候干燥度周期变化的小波分析

以锡林郭勒盟及其周边地区17个气象站点1960年以来的月气温和降水量数据为基础,利用气象学与生态学知识,按照荒漠草原区、典型草原区、草甸草原区和农牧交错区4个生态地理区对锡林郭勒盟及其周边地区的气象站点进行分区归并,统计各区的De Martonne干燥度指数,在Matlab等软件的支持下,用小波分析的方法,研究各区年平均气温的周期性变化规律及各区之间的异同点。研究结果表明,在25-32a时间尺度上,随着时间的推移,锡林郭勒盟4个生态地理区年干燥度均呈现明显的周期变化,形成正负相间的震荡中心;草甸草原区和农牧交错区表现出干燥程度增加的趋势。总体上推测,2007年以后的15a左右时间,锡林郭勒盟的4个生态地理区的气候均将呈现比较干燥的状态。     

Responses of Grassland and Forest to Temperature and Precipitation Changes in Northeast China

Using the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) as an indicator of vegetation growth, we explored the characteristics and differences in the response to drought of five vegetation biomes in Northeast China, including typical steppe, desert steppe, meadow steppe, deciduous coniferous forest and deciduous broad-leaved forest during the period 1982-2009. The results indicate that growing season precipitation may be the primary vegetation growth-limiting factor in grasslands. More than 70% of the temporal variations in NDVI can be explained by the amount of precipitation during the growing season in typical and desert steppes. During the same period, the mean temperature in the growing season could explain nearly 43% of the variations in the mean growing season NDVI and is therefore a dominant growth-limiting factor for forest ecosystems. Therefore, the NDVI trends differ largely due to differences in the vegetation growth-limiting factors of the different vegetation biomes. The NDVI responses to droughts vary in magnitude and direction and depend on the drought-affected areas of the five vegetation types. Specifically, the changes in NDVI are consistent with the variations in precipitation for grassland ecosystems. A lack of precipitation resulted in decreases in NDVI, thereby reducing vegetation growth in these regions. Conversely, increasing precipitation decreased the NDVI of forest ecosystems. The results also suggest that grasslands under arid and semi-arid environments may be more sensitive to drought than forests under humid environments. Among grassland ecosystems, desert steppe was most sensitive to drought, followed by typical steppe; meadow steppe was the least sensitive.     

Diurnal and seasonal variations of CO2 fluxes and their climate controlling factors for a subtropical forest in Ningxiang

In this study, the diurnal and seasonal variations of CO2 fluxes in a subtropical mixed evergreen forest in Ningxiang of Hunan Province, part of the East Asian monsoon region, were quantified for the first time. The fluxes were based on eddy covariance measurements from a newly initiated flux tower. The relationship between the CO2 fluxes and climate factors was also analyzed. The results showed that the target ecosystem appeared to be a clear carbon sink in 2013, with integrated net ecosystem CO2exchange(NEE), ecosystem respiration(RE), and gross ecosystem productivity(GEP) of-428.8, 1534.8 and1963.6 g C m-2yr-1, respectively. The net carbon uptake(i.e. the-NEE), RE and GEP showed obvious seasonal variability,and were lower in winter and under drought conditions and higher in the growing season. The minimum NEE occurred on12 June(-7.4 g C m-2d-1), due mainly to strong radiation, adequate moisture, and moderate temperature; while a very low net CO2 uptake occurred in August(9 g C m-2month-1), attributable to extreme summer drought. In addition, the NEE and GEP showed obvious diurnal variability that changed with the seasons. In winter, solar radiation and temperature were the main controlling factors for GEP, while the soil water content and vapor pressure deficit were the controlling factors in summer. Furthermore, the daytime NEE was mainly limited by the water-stress effect under dry and warm atmospheric conditions, rather than by the direct temperature-stress effect.     

内蒙古典型草原区近40年气候变化及其对土壤水分的影响

分析气候变化对草原区土壤水分的影响对了解草原退化原因、恢复草原生态环境有重要的指导意义。根据近40年气象资料和近20年的土壤水分观测资料,利用线性趋势等数理统计方法,分析了内蒙古典型草原区气候变化趋势和对土壤水分变化的影响,得出内蒙古典型草原区近40年气候变化趋势与全球气候变化规律相似;影响土壤湿度的气象因子主要是降水和蒸发,温度通过影响蒸发而间接影响土壤湿度,蒸降差是分析气候变化对土壤水分影响的直观指标。气候变暖导致蒸发加剧,在降水增加不明显的条件下,加速了土壤干旱化程度。     

1981—2019年全球陆地生态系统碳通量变化特征及其驱动因子

陆地生态系统碳汇显著降低大气CO₂浓度上升和全球变暖的速率,受人类活动和气候变化的影响,陆地生态系统碳通量具有强烈的时空变化,其估算结果仍存在较大的不确定性,不同因子的贡献尚不清晰。为此,利用遥感驱动的陆地生态系统过程模型BEPS模拟分析了1981—2019年全球陆地生态系统碳通量的时空变化特征,评价了大气CO₂浓度、叶面积指数（Leaf Area Index,LAI）、氮沉降、气候变化对全球陆地生态系统碳收支变化的贡献。1981—2019年全球陆地生态系统总初级生产力（Gross Primary Productivity,GPP）、净初级生产力（Net Primary Productivity,NPP）和净生态系统生产力（Net Ecosystem Productivity,NEP）的平均值分别为115.3、51.3和2.7 Pg·a^-1（以碳质量计,下同）,上升速率分别为0.47、0.21和0.06 Pg·a^-1。全球大部分区域GPP和NPP显著增加,NEP显著上升（p<0.05）的区域明显少于GPP和NPP。1981—2019年,全球NEP累积为105.2 Pg,森林、稀树草原及灌木、农田和草地的贡献分别为76.4、15.8、9.4和3.6 Pg。CO₂浓度、LAI、氮沉降和气候变化各自对NEP的累积贡献分别为58.4、20.6、0.7和-43.6 Pg,全部4个因子变化对NEP的累积贡献为39.8 Pg,其中CO₂浓度上升是近40 a全球陆地生态系统NEP上升的主要贡献因子,其次为LAI。     

Science Needs and New Technology for Increasing Soil Carbon Sequestration

Fossil fuel use and land use change that began over 200 years ago are driving the rapid increase in atmospheric content of CO₂ and other greenhouse gases that may be impacting climatic change (Houghton et al., 1996). Enhanced terrestrial uptake of CO₂ over the next 50 to 100 years has been suggested as a way to reclaim the 150 or more Pg carbon (C) lost to the atmosphere from vegetation and soil since 1850 as a consequence of land use change (Batjes, 1999; Lal et al., 1998a; Houghton, 1995), thus effectively `buying time' for the development and implementation of new longer term technical solutions, such as C-free fuels. The ultimate potential for terrestrial C sequestration is not known, however, because we lack adequate understanding of (1) the biogeochemical mechanisms responsible for C fluxes and storage potential on the molecular, landscape, regional, and global scales, and (2) the complex genetic and physiological processes controlling key biological and ecological phenomena. Specifically, the structure and dynamics of the belowground component of terrestrial carbon pools, which accounts for two-thirds of global terrestrial organic C stocks, is poorly understood. Focusing primarily on forests, croplands and grasslands, the purpose of this chapter is to consider innovative technology for enhancing C sequestration in terrestrial ecosystems and address the scientific issues related to better understanding of soil C sequestration potential through appropriate and effective approaches to ecosystem management.     

陆地生态系统固碳速率立体监测方法:进展与挑战

全球CO₂浓度增加造成的全球变暖已成为人类亟需解决的问题,陆地生态系统在过去几十年一直扮演着重要的碳汇角色,吸收了30％左右的人类活动排放CO₂。本文调研分析了陆地生态系统固碳速率空间估算方法,包括样地调查、通量监测、模型模拟、遥感估算等,梳理了各种估算方法的研究现状与进展。样地调查、通量观测等方法可以提供点尺度的固碳速率直接测量信息,但存在观测样本有限、空间代表性不足等问题。模型模拟方法可以从机理的角度描述陆地碳、水、能量循环,模拟预测陆地生态系统固碳速率的状态和变化。然而,在模型建立过程中,抽象和简化会引入结构与假设的不确定性,以及模型驱动数据引入的不确定性等问题是碳循环模型模拟方法面临的重大挑战。卫星遥感具有全球覆盖、分辨率精细、时间序列观测等优点,结合机器学习方法,为地球大数据驱动的全球碳源汇估算提供了新的研究范式。但是,当前各种固碳速率的监测方法还没有满足高度时空异质性的陆地生态系统固碳量监测需求,未来需要整合地面观测、模型模拟和卫星遥感等多种技术手段,提供区域和全球尺度的陆地生态系统碳汇精确估算方法体系和科学数据产品。