挥发性毒物水气耦合扩散模型

挥发性毒物泄漏进入天然水体造成水污染,因其挥发又造成空气污染。为反映水污染与空气污染的耦合影响,以体积比函数方法建立的体现气液交界面流动的水气动力学模型为基础,根据挥发作用中的双膜理论,利用量纲一亨利常数,建立挥发性毒物水气耦合扩散模型,以描述毒物在水体、空气及气液交界面的迁移过程。对挥发性毒物泄漏实例和水气交换实验进行数值模拟,模拟结果与实测结果较吻合。同时,还分析了水流湍动、风速及量纲一亨利常数对挥发性毒物在气液交界面上传质过程的影响。     

煤储层固—液—气相间作用的等温吸附实验研究

在介绍体积法等温吸附实验原理的基础上，阐述了平衡水煤样等温吸附实验方法，重点探讨了煤的注水实验和注水煤样的等温吸附实验技术，讨论了等温吸附实验结果的信息提取和意义。研究表明：液态水对煤基质吸附气体有显著影响，作用机理与甲烷气体同时运动于气液界面和固气界面之间有关。     

交互四元体系Li~+,Mg~(2+)//SO_4~(2-),B_4O_7~(2-)-H_2O 288K时相平衡研究

采用等温溶解平衡法研究了288K时Li+,Mg2+//SO42-,B4O72--H2O四元体系的固液相平衡关系,测定了该四元体系在288K时平衡液相的溶解度和密度。依据实验测定的平衡溶解度数据及对应的平衡固相,绘制了该四元体系的平衡相图及密度组成图。研究结果表明:交互四元体系Li+,Mg2+//SO42-,B4O27--H2O288K时平衡相图中有2个共饱点,5条单变量曲线,4个结晶区对应的平衡固相分别为Li2B4O7.3H2O,Li2SO4.H2O,MgB4O7.9H2O和MgSO4.7H2O。     

交互四元体系Li+,Mg2+//SO2-4,B4O2-7-H2O 288 K时相平衡研究

采用等温溶解平衡法研究了288K时Li+, Mg2+//SO2-4, B4O2-7- H2O四元体系的固液相平衡关系,测定了该四元体系在288K时平衡液相的溶解度和密度.依据实验测定的平衡溶解度数据及对应的平衡固相,绘制了该四元体系的平衡相图及密度组成图.研究结果表明:交互四元体系Li+, Mg2+//SO2-4, B4O2-7- H2O 288K时平衡相图中有2个共饱点,5条单变量曲线,4个结晶区对应的平衡固相分别为Li2B4O7·3H2O,Li2SO4·H2O,MgB4O7·9H2O和MgSO4·7H2O.     

颗粒煤超临界态甲烷吸附相密度特征研究

查明颗粒煤超临界态甲烷吸附相密度特征是研究温度、压力影响煤样吸附甲烷量的基础。选用安阳–鹤壁煤田鹤壁六矿与龙山矿颗粒煤样,借助磁悬浮天平等温吸附仪测量温度为308、313和318 K,压力为1~24 MPa下的等温吸附线。利用截距法、Langmuir三元模型拟合法与液相密度法分别计算超临界甲烷吸附饱和时的吸附相密度,分析其影响因素,并通过定吸附相体积的方法,一方面计算未吸附饱和时的吸附相密度,对峰值型拐点与过剩吸附量出现负值的实验现象进行解释,另一方面校正出较为理想的绝对吸附量。吸附相密度的计算结果表明,甲烷吸附相密度受温度、压力和煤变质程度的影响:随温度升高而降低,随压力升高先快速增加,后逐渐变缓,测量范围内吸附饱和时,无烟煤吸附相密度为121.60~136.17 kg/m3,贫瘦煤为73.29~76.96 kg/m3;绝对吸附量的计算结果表明,采用液相密度法校正出的绝对吸附量会出现负值,明显与实际不符,用截距法和Langmuir三元模型法校正的绝对吸附量会因实验条件的变化而改变,结合吸附常数b值的变化规律,发现用Langmuir三元模型法描述超临界甲烷的吸附行为最为恰当。      

Cd~(2+)胁迫下小球藻(Chlorella vulgaris)对岩溶水HCO_3~-、Ca~(2+)利用研究——以桂林寨底地下河为例

初级生产者藻类对维持生态系统稳定具有重要的意义。2012年底广西龙江重金属Cd~(2+)污染对其下游水体中水生生物造成了严重的彩响,为了解Cd~(2+)对岩溶水体中藻类碳汇效应的影响,针对广西龙江重金属Cd~(2+)污染,文章通过室内封闭培养体系研究了在0、10、20、40μmol/L不同Cd~(2+)浓度胁迫下,小球藻对岩溶水中游离CO_2、HCO_3和Ca~(2+)的利用情况以及体系中pH和生物量的相应变化。结果表明:当Cd~(2+)浓度在0~10μmol/L时,小球藻对岩溶水中Ca~(2+)和HCO_3~-的利用基本上没有受到影响;当Cd~(2+)浓度在10~40μmol/L时,对小球藻利用Ca~(2+)和HCO_3~-具有一定的抑制作用;当Cd~(2+)浓度高于40μmol/L时,小球藻将不能利用岩溶水中Ca~(2+)和HCO_3~-同时pH漂移实验表明:当Cd~(2+)浓度在0~20μmol/L时,小球藻能同时利用岩溶水中游离CO_2和HCO_3~-进行光合作用;Cd~(2+)浓度为10μmol/L时,体系中藻细胞生物量与空白对照组基本相同;当Cd~(2+)浓度在20~40μmol/L时,小球藻只能利用岩溶水中游离CO_2进行光合作用;当Cd~(2+)浓度为20μmol/L时,藻细胞生物量为空白对照组的一半;当Cd~(2+)浓度为40μmol/L时,小球藻生物量仅为20μmol/L时的一半。     

石油包裹体热动力学模拟古压力改进: 饱和压力预测和体积校正

除实验室测定参数(T_{h, oil}、T_{h, aqu}和F_v)外, 石油包裹体热动力学模拟古压力精度还极大地受控于石油组分模型、饱和压力预测以及气、液相摩尔体积的预测精度.在改进α-β组分模型前提下, 利用微调组分和匹配饱和压力方法改进并验证了石油流体饱和压力预测精度; 在匹配饱和压力与实验实测饱和压力前提下, 利用体积转换方法匹配22组油藏流体391个常组分膨胀实验相对体积数据, 从而改善了利用Peng-Robison状态方程计算油包裹体气泡充填度(20 ℃)和等容线的能力.最终评价了真实石油流体组分甲烷摩尔含量和等效石油流体组分甲烷摩尔含量两个组分模拟约束条件下, 改进的热动力学模拟方法和PIT软件及Vtflinc软件重构捕获压力的精度.结果表明, 改进的热动力学模拟古压力方法较其他两种方法可以有效地提高捕获压力预测的精度.考虑到石油包裹体甲烷摩尔含量难获取问题, 利用改进后的方法结合等效流体组分约束条件是重构捕获压力的理想方法组合.      

甲烷动态反应电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定地下水中痕量硒

地下水中的硒含量一般低于1μg/L,大量氯离子等形成的多原子离子干扰和较低的电离程度,严重影响常规模式ICP-MS测定地下水中痕量硒的准确性,且检出限难以满足实际需要。本文建立了应用动态反应池电感耦合等离子体质谱(DRC-ICP-MS)技术测定地下水中痕量硒的方法,采用乙醇为增感剂,甲烷为反应气,通过实验优化了甲烷流量、乙醇含量、雾化气流速、低质量截取(RPq)、射频发生器(Rf)功率、离子驻留时间等条件对硒不同质量数测定的影响。结果表明:乙醇、甲烷可显著降低Ar等形成的多原子离子干扰,乙醇可明显提高硒的响应强度;在优化实验条件下,除74Se外,各离子的校准曲线线性关系良好(R≥0. 9996),方法检出限为0. 02～0. 03μg/L,低浓度和高浓度样品测试结果的RSD 2%(n=5),平均加标回收率为95. 7%。本方法样品前处理简单,使用设备单一,可满足大批量地下水中痕量硒的测定要求。     

离子色谱法检测二次精盐水中的痕量铵

建立了利用分离-抑制型电导检测离子色谱法测定30%二次精盐水中痕量铵的方法。以高容量IonPac CS16阳离子交换分离柱分离,甲烷磺酸淋洗液一步梯度洗脱,抑制型电导检测。对铵离子检测方法的线性范围为5~100μg/L,相关系数为0.9995,铵的检出限(S/N=3)为1.9μg/L。方法成功用于二次精盐水中痕量铵的检测。对样品进行加标回收试验,回收率为88%~107%。样品只需简单稀释、过滤后即可直接进样分析。方法操作简单、选择性好、灵敏度高。     

深海甲烷电化学原位长期监测技术及其在海洋环境调查和天然气水合物勘探中的意义

深海溶解甲烷浓度数据连续获取的方法技术,对于海洋环境和天然气水合物开发过程中甲烷扩散作用及通量的动态监测,具有重要的科学意义和实际应用价值。本文较详细地介绍了依据"海水脱气、气体样品定量输入、电化学高精度检测"技术思路,采用"增压排液整机系统控制的海水循环、减压稳流、气液分离、烃类组分高精度检测技术改进"方法,研发"深海甲烷电化学原位长期监测技术"的关键环节和技术方法。结合原位传感器在胶州湾港口为期94天底水长期监测实验获取的数据成果,对原位传感器的技术性能、数据质量、地质效果进行了研究评价。结果表明:(1)原位传感器量程甲烷指标达到0.01～10 000 nmol/L,灵敏度达到0.01 nmol/L,对烃类组分检测具有较好的稳定性和选择性;(2)监测水域溶解甲烷数值范围19.01～106.87 nmol/L,正常甲烷背景32.41 nmol/L,局部异常甲烷背景80.60 nmol/L,资料显示异常与污水排放过程对海水环境污染有关;(3)实测甲烷数据成果地球化学特征与胶州湾海域海水环境以往调查研究成果符合,证明了实测数据的客观性和科学性;(4)海试监测试验成果证明,原位传感器测试性能可靠、结构设计合理、设计思路科学,基本具备了海洋科学调查中对海水甲烷浓度数据获取的能力,在未来海洋天然气水合物开发过程中对甲烷扩散作用的动态监测及深海甲烷浓度通量的长期监测中,具有实际应用价值和科学意义。     

Deinocephalians of the U.S.S.R.

The deinocephalian pelvic girdle, of general pelycosaurian structure, is useful in systematic diagnosis. In primitive Russian deinocephalians, two contrasting pelvic patterns are recognized, one light, thin-walled, narrow, and of V-shaped cross-section, and the other massive, thick-walled, wide, and of U-shaped cross-section. The former is characteristic of two families of lightly- built, mobile land carnivores, the Eotitanosuchidae and the Brithopodidae. The Eotitanosuchidae are more primitive and pelycosaur-like, while the Brithopodidae show more variation, and specializations of large size, shallower acetabulum (related to mobility?), and re-enforcement of a weak pubic symphysis by additional processes. The massive type of pelvis characterizes large, heavily built herbivorous animals of the family Estemmenosuchidae. In general pelvic structure, the Estemmenosuchidae resemble the South African anteosaurs and tapinocephalians and the Russian tapinocephalians. In detail, however, they show a more primitive stage of evolution, overlaid by characteristic specializations which relate them more closely to the advanced Russian forms than to those of South Africa. Three new genera are erected, Biarmosaurus, fam. Eotitanosuchidae; Chthomaloporus, fam. Brithopodidae; and Molybdopygus, fam. Estemmenosuchidae. One specimen formerly referred to Deuterosaurus Yefremov 1954, and five formerly included in the type of Brithopus Yefremov 1954 are referred to Molybdopygus. The more primitive deinocephalians are from Yezhovo in the Ocher District, Perm Province, while more advanced forms are from Isheyevo, in Tataria, where-therocephalians and other South African elements are also found. It is therefore concluded that the Ochersk beds are older than those of Isheyevo and must be dated to zone I of Yefremov's system. — N. Hotton III.     

Precambrian tillite rocks of U.S.S.R.

Detailed regional studies and the author' personal observations on tillite-like rocks in Siberia and Ural suggest that pseudo-tillites, only too common in subaqueous landslide formations, were often mistaken for tillites or tillite-like rocks, because of their resemblance to fossil moraines. --V. P. Sokoloff.     

Eozoic complexes of the U.S.S.R.

Soviet geologists consider the Precambrian to be divided into two groups — Archaean and Proterozoic; but such a division is unsatisfactory. A major unconformity separates Proterozoic volcanic and sedimentary formations from an underlying sequence that contains two supergroups of supercrustal formations. The oldest of these is unanimously considered to be Archaean. Rocks of that supergroup play an essential part in the composition of the Baltic, Ukrainian, Aldan and Anabar Shields and of the ancient fold belts of the East-European and Siberian platforms.Distinctive features in the composition, tectonic structure, metamorphism and metallogeny of Archaean complexes lead to the conclusion that they were formed in specifically mobile areas, different from geosynclinal areas.The other supergroup of high-grade metamorphic rocks has no clear place in the accepted two-fold stratigraphic scheme of the Precambrian, and it is considered sometimes to be Archaean and sometimes to be Early Proterozoic. We propose restoring the forgotten name “Eozoic” for that supergroup. Eozoic complexes are characterized by peculiarities of composition and inner structure, which signify changes in the tectonic regime of the earth at the lower and upper boundaries of the Eozoic Supergroup. These peculiarities give grounds for distinguishing the Eozoic Supergroup as an independent stratigraphic division.The Stanovoy Complex of the southern part of the Aldan Shield is a stratotype for the Eozoic Supergroup. Many well-known stratigraphic subdivisions of the Siberian Platform (e.g., the Eniseiskaya, the Birusinskaya series and others), the Taratash Complex of the Urals, the Goranskaya and Shahdarinskaya series of the South-West Pamir, the Tikitch complex and Aulskaya series of the Ukrainian Shield, and in part the Belomorsky Complex of the Baltic Shield, as well as some others, are also Eozoic.The Eozoic complexes are characterized by the following specific features: only some supercrustal formations are typical for them; the small number of rock types which have a total thickness about 5–6 km; relatively monotonous mineral composition of the rocks; variable quantitative ratios of rocks; absence of contrasting marker beds; regional metamorphism and ultrametamorphism in the amphibolite facies; wide development of ultrametamorphic granitoids and migmatites; distinct tectonic differentiations of the basin of sedimentation.Dates determined by isotopic analyses, which mostly reflect the metamorphism of the deposits, fall predominantly in the range 2600–3100 Ma.     

In remembrance of Prof. PhD Dr. h.c. Wolfgang H. Berger

International Journal of Earth Sciences -     

Development of geological research in U.S.S.R Academy of Sciences and U.S.S.R. Ministry of Geology and Mineral Reserves

On October 12, 1962, a joint session of the Presidium of the U.S.S.R. Academy of Sciences and the Collegium of the U.S.S.R. Ministry of Geology and Mineral Reserves adopted a resolution “On the present state of the geological sciences in the U.S.S.R. Academy of Sciences and the U. S. S. R. Ministry of Geology and Mineral Reserves and their prospects for the future.” Important contributions of Russian geologists are acknowledged, but attention is drawn to many shortcomings. Future goals of geological study and work are given in detail. Twenty-one lines of research to be concentrated on are given, covering all phases of geology, geophysics, and geochemistry. In discussing the failings of the geological profession in Russia, it is of interest to note the following comment: “Geological research in other countries is still insufficiently studied and applied, and we are not making adequate use of geologic information from abroad.” The list of the Russian geologists' shortcomings sounds vaguely familiar. —J. R. Hayes