济南泉域边界条件、水循环特征及水环境问题

济南泉域是市区泉水的汇流及蓄水范围,在其北部城区中心地带出露趵突泉、黑虎泉、五龙潭和珍珠泉四大泉群。为更好地保护和利用济南泉域内岩溶地下水,文章对济南泉域的边界条件、岩溶主径流通道、地下水循环特征及水质变化几个敏感问题进行探讨。利用泉群流量相关分析、流场特征分析、回灌补源分析及自备井调查等手段,重新界定了济南泉域的东边界,将其北部透水段向东扩展至原边界以东约4 km。通过对钻孔岩溶分层统计及缓冲区分析,在山前地带沿党家庄－十六里河－千佛山断裂泉城公园方向地下埋深100~150 m发现一条补给四大泉群的岩溶地下水集中径流带。研究发现,五龙潭和珍珠泉以深循环为主,补给主要来自岩溶地下水,而趵突泉和黑虎泉同时受深循环和浅循环影响较大,趵突泉主要补给来自西部和南部岩溶地下水和地表水,除此以外黑虎泉在东南方向上还有一定量的岩溶地下水补给。目前岩溶水水质变差,南部岩溶裸露区,尤其水库河道周边地带,生态环境亟待治理。      

济南岩溶泉域泉群区水化学与环境同位素研究

本文通过对济南岩溶泉域排泄区地下水样品的分析,采用主要离子(Cl、NO_3、Mg、Ca、HCO_3、SO_4)、微量元素(Br、Ba、Sr)、氢氧同位素(~2H和~(18)O)、硫同位素(~(34)S)等示踪因子的综合研究方法,结合岩溶泉域实际水文地质条件,揭示了济南泉水的水文地球化学特征、枯丰期水化学动态和环境同位素特征,确定了泉水在枯、丰水期不同的补给来源及补给途径。研究显示,泉群区出流的泉水可以分为三组,黑虎泉出流的路径是经奥陶系灰岩直接出流,趵突泉是经奥陶系灰岩与第四系沉积层出流地表,而五龙潭泉、珍珠泉和53号井则是在灰岩和侵入岩体的接触地带及第四系沉积层较薄弱处涌出地表;在丰水期地下水是混合补给,包括来自奥陶系岩溶水直接补给和硅酸盐岩裂隙水的间接补给,而在枯水期地下水主要由奥陶系岩溶水直接补给;泉群区地下水中的S主要来源于燃煤,而且有不断增加的趋势。     

基于时间序列分形的济南岩溶大泉动态研究

为研究岩溶大泉动态变化的影响机制,以济南泉域为例,根据2003年关闭地下水供水水源地以来趵突泉及黑虎泉的泉水位、泉域内降水量、地下水开采及人工补源资料,采用分形理论中时间序列分形维数法,计算各要素数据序列分维值及稳定性指数,结果表明:旬尺度下泉水位分维值大于月尺度下泉水位分维值;奥陶系灰岩分布区雨量站降水量分维值较小,但奥陶系灰岩降水入渗补给条件好,因此与泉群的水位波动关系更为密切。各泉水位影响因素中,人工补源因素的稳定性最差,极易受外界因素干扰发生改变。利用灰色关联度验证分析表明降水量、人工开采量、人工补源量与趵突泉泉水位的关联度分别为0. 858、0. 647、0. 667,与黑虎泉泉水位的关联度分别为0. 859、0. 646、0. 668;关联度总体排序为:降水量>人工补源量>人工开采量,说明2003年以来影响泉水位动态的首要因素是大气降水并非人工开采,即泉水动态主控因素发生转变。在分析了泉域资源量的演化基础上,对各影响因素的分维值与泉水位动态分维值进行回归分析认为,为保持泉水持续喷涌奥陶系灰岩分布区更适宜作为泉水人工补源地带。研究结果为济南岩溶大泉的保护提供科学依据。     

基于时间序列分析法的岩溶泉水位预测

济南城区岩溶泉是当地主要的供水水源,查明泉水动态规律并科学合理的预测泉水位对于泉域岩溶水资源的开发利用和保护具有重要意义。本文首先应用时间序列分析法将趵突泉和黑虎泉自2012年5月2日至2018年10月31日的逐日水位数据分解为趋势项、周期项和随机项,分析其水位动态变化规律并建立水位预测模型,结果显示泉水位动态在该阶段无显著趋势性;但受降水的影响,泉水位动态变化呈现两个主要的周期,多年性变化（3.2年）和季节性变化;同时由于受到各种无规律干扰因素的影响,泉水位动态呈现随机波动的随机项。其次,利用2018年11月1日至2020年8月24日的逐日泉水位数据验证上述水位预测模型的预测精度,结果表明该模型运行合理,预测效果较好,具有一定的实用价值。最后利用该模型预测了2020年8月25日至2022年10月31日泉水位动态变化,为当地岩溶水资源开发和管理提供了依据。      

趵突泉泉域岩溶水典型污染组分变化特征及污染途径

济南趵突泉水闻名天下,自20世纪50年代以来岩溶地下水水质发生较大变化。利用收集与实测的近60年的水化学数据,选取矿化度、NO3-、SO42-、Cl-典型水化学指标,结合水文地质条件及人类活动影响,对山前三个典型富水地段岩溶地下水化学变化特征进行研究,并揭示泉域西部、中部、东部三个富水地段岩溶水水质污染途径。结果表明,1986年以前,三富水地段水质变化特征相似,均呈小幅增长趋势,而1986年以后差异显著。其中,西部富水地段除90年代以外,岩溶水中典型污染组分含量总体涨幅较小,地下水主要污染途径为点源—表流阶段入渗型;中部富水地段岩溶水中典型污染组分呈稳步增长趋势,地下水主要污染途径为面源—降雨间歇入渗型;东部富水地段岩溶水中常规离子组分涨幅最大,地下水主要污染途径为点源—开采越流入渗型。研究结果对泉域三个富水地段岩溶地下水保护具有重要指导意义。      

Study on Jinan urban construction planning based on the protection of karst landscape

Study on urban construction planning based on karst landscape protection contributes to sustainable development of urban construction in karst area. Jinan is a city famous for karst spring water. Karst landscape plays a decisive role in urban construction. Through hydrogeological analysis, the distribution characteristics of karst mountain, cave, gully and flat dam in Jinan are analyzed. It is revealed that various karst landforms are involved in the spring circulation process to varying degrees. Some karst landforms have been destroyed in the process of urban construction and the karst landscape has been overexploited resulting in the direct or indirect weakening of spring water recharge and infiltration capacity and the decrease of spring water flow. Through the study of the principle of organic combination of karst landscape and urban construction planning, on the basis of protecting the ecological environment of the south, paying attention to the overall protection of the karst geomorphology system and the principle of accessibility of the karst landscape, the development countermeasures guided by urban planning are put forward based on karst landforms protection. On the basis of fully considering the special karst landform conditions in Jinan, the countermeasures are that the ecological control red line of urban construction planning should be set up based on karst mountains and valleys in southern of Jinan City. It is suggested that the bare carbonate rock continuous mountain foot line in the direct recharge area should be taken as the south control red line of urban development and included in the overall planning. The urban landscape is mainly displayed in the main axis based on karst mountains and springs, constructing East-West Axis-characteristic Landscape Belt along the Wufeng Mountain-Langmao Mountain-Hero Mountain-Qianfo Mountain-Long cave-Panlong cave-Jinping Mountain line and North-South Axis Landscape Belt along the Baotu Spring- Qianfo Mountain line, Baiquan-Panlong cave line, Baimai spring-Dajian Mountain line. Based on the karst river valleys and the river system, the urban spatial pattern is constructed, forming ecological corridor, restoring infiltration function of river. The form of urban construction should be shaped based on karst landform and the river system. The main form is semi-star like radiation type and the combination of central intensive type and zonal type. Based on the whole protection of karst geomorphology system and the scientific molding of karst landscape, the ecological landscape city with the symbiosis of spring and urban can be built.     

济南市岩溶泉域地下水化学特征与水环境演化

分析山东省济南市趵突泉泉域的岩溶地下水水化学特征与水环境,揭示各化学指标的区域分布特征、时间变化特征以及相互转化关系,总结出济南地区地下水环境现状与演化规律。结果表明:济南市岩溶地下水水化学类型自东南向西北沿流场方向为:HCO3?SO4-Ca→HCO3?SO4-Ca?Mg→HCO3-Ca→HCO3-Ca?Mg;地下水NO〖_3^-〗-N浓度总体呈增高趋势,总硬度和TDS浓度较高,农业种植区大量使用化肥农药和企业污染物的排放,是引起济南市岩溶地下水水环境问题的主要原因。      

加强地下水源的保护保持泉水常年喷涌

济南素有"泉城"之称,但又是一个资源型缺水的城市.根据济南市的水文地质条件,在分析趵突泉年水位变化特征的基础上,提出了加强地下水源的保护,增加地下水的补给量的保护对策.     

济南岩溶含水介质孔隙结构特征

以济南泉域为例,基于2004-2019年济南岩溶泉域大气降水资料、地下水水位动态监测资料和岩芯的压汞实验结果,采用分形理论中孔隙分形维数法和数理统计的方法,探究含水岩层孔隙结构对泉水位动态的影响。结果表明:（1）炒米店组和三山子组2号样的孔隙发育均匀,孔喉分布集中,岩层储水性能好、储水空间较大;马家沟组北庵庄段的孔隙发育均匀,孔喉分布集中,岩层储水性能差,储水空间小;三山子组1号样和马家沟组东黄山段的孔隙发育不均匀,孔喉分布分散,岩石内部储水空间大;（2）岩层渗透率主要受孔喉分布的影响,济南泉域碳酸盐岩含水层的孔隙储水空间大、储水性能好,济南泉域独特的孔隙结构在维持趵突泉水位动态稳定中起到重要作用。      

辛安泉岩溶水系统研究分析

辛安泉是山西省第二岩溶大泉,该岩溶泉水是长治市除漳泽水库外的主要供水水源。泉域为一完整的岩溶地下水系统,具有独立的补给、径流、排泄关系,为全排型岩溶大泉。通过对泉域岩溶地下水水文地质特征、岩溶水天然资源量、可开采资源量及开发利用现状的分析研究,为区域水资源的优化配置提供了科学依据。     

运用水文时间序列分析识别济南泉域岩溶发育特征

岩溶含水层具有高度的非均质性和各向异性,为定量识别济南泉域岩溶含水层发育状况,通过选取泉域岩溶水补给区和排泄区的地下水位动态数据,采用相关分析和频谱分析,研究其对降雨补给的响应特征.地下水位-降雨量的自相关和互相关分析表明,系统对降雨输入信号的敏感程度自补给区至排泄区逐渐降低,但记忆作用逐渐增强.相位分析结果表明泉域地下水位对降雨信号的响应存在滞后现象,自补给区至排泄区滞后时间逐渐延长,补给区地下水位与降雨具有更好的线性相关性.交叉振幅分析结果表明补给区地下水流中快速流约占20%~30%,而在排泄区快速流占比减少至2.5%~10.0%.岩溶含水系统地下水动力条件主要受岩溶发育程度等介质内部结构影响,济南泉域岩溶含水层岩溶发育程度较低,含水介质和水流通道以岩溶裂隙为主,地下水运动以基质流为主.      

济南泉域岩溶地区多源多尺度数据三维耦合模型及应用

为解决济南城市轨道交通建设与地质环境、保泉供水及建构筑物之间的矛盾,实现泉水保护与轨道交通建设双赢,研发了三维城市地质信息管理与应用系统。根据济南泉域富水岩溶的特点,采用现场工作、室内实验、理论研究、数值分析、成果集成应用等综合研究方法,设计了基于MapGIS 10的三维地质环境信息系统,建立了济南城区标高-350 m的三维可视化地质模型、岩溶模型和水位动态模型,形成了岩溶区三维地质建模的系统方法。为济南轨道交通建设及保泉供水提供了重要管理和应用平台,为济南城市轨道交通的规划、建设、管理提供决策依据,作出更科学的分析和预测。     

Investigation of discharge-area groundwaters for recharge source characterization on different scales: the case of Jinan in northern China

Discharge-area groundwater in Jinan, a typical karst region in northern China, was investigated by studying both the hydrological and chemical processes evolving from the recharge in mountainous terrains to the karst-spring outflows in the metropolitan area. Large-scale exploitation of karst groundwater has led to a disturbing trend in the ever-decreasing spring outflow rates and groundwater level. There is insufficient information about the Jinan karst aquifers, which provide the main water sources to meet human demand and to sustain spring outflow. The coupling of hydrological and chemical processes quantifies the flow system through aqueous chemistry characterization of the water sources. This approach is used to study the groundwater flow discharges in different locations and geological settings. The potentiometric data indicated limited vertical connectivity between distinct hydrogeological units and alteration of the recharge regime by the faults and by artificial exploitation. Shallow groundwater primarily belongs to the local flow system, with high nitrate concentration and enriched stable isotopic contents. Thermal groundwater has high concentrations of chloride and total dissolved solids, derived from a regional flow system with the highest recharge altitudes and long residence time. Non-thermal karst water may be attributed to the intermediate flow system, with uniform HCO₃–Ca(Mg) facies and low nitrate concentration. This work highlighted discharge as a fingerprint of groundwater flow conditions and provides a better insight into the hydrogeological system.     

济南市岩溶水中铅的分布特征及污染来源分析

＂泉城＂济南是一个富含岩溶地下水的城市,泉水甘甜。近年来,城市化发展带来环境污染。为查明重金属在岩溶地下水的分布特征,选取代表性元素Pb作为研究对象,对研究区的164个岩溶地下水样品进行了Pb含量的分析。分析结果表明,研究区内岩溶地下水中Pb元素含量不仅在空间上分布有规律,同时也跟工业废水和废渣排放、水位埋深及其它元素和离子之间有相关关系,进一步分析污染来源,为研究区域岩溶水环境污染防治提供科学依据。     

Application of inverse modeling in a study of the hydrogeochemical evolution of karst groundwater in the Jinci Spring region,northern China

This study explores the hydrogeochemical evolution of karst groundwater in the Jinci Spring region, Shanxi Province, northern China. During 2015, karst groundwater samples collected from 24 sampling points along several profiles that follow the groundwater flow direction were subjected to hydrochemical analysis. Reaction paths and mineral phases for the hydrogeochemical modeling were determined based on the analysis results and in conjunction with the regional geology and hydrogeology. The PHREEQC hydrogeochemical modeling software was used to perform mass balance and reaction path modeling of the hydrogeochemical evolution of the spring region. The modeling results showed that from the recharge area through the runoff area to the drainage area, the hydrogeochemical processes occurring in the karst water vary widely between the northeastern, central, and southwestern parts of the spring region, and across the piedmont discharge area. Additionally, hydrodynamic fields and geological structures were found to have significant control over the hydrogeochemical reactions occurring within the spring region’s karst groundwater.     

Study on the characteristics and causes of carbon tetrachloride pollution of karst water in eastern suburbs of Jinan

By comparing the testing data of the hydrochemistry components and organic pollution of karst water sample in Jinan with large amount of historical data, the author finds the long-existing problem of carbon tetrachloride pollution and the great change of hydrochemical characteristics of karst water in eastern suburbs of Jinan. Since karst water is the main water-supply source in eastern suburbs of Jinan, these problems have greatly affected the safety of water supply. Based on the analysis of hydrogeological condition in eastern suburbs of Jinan, this thesis discusses the causes of carbon tetrachloride pollution and hydrochemical variation with hydrogeochemical theories so as to protect the precious karst groundwater and Jinan spring water. It is found that through research and analysis that there are mainly two causes of carbon tetrachloride pollution and hydrochemical variation: the vulnerability of karst water in this area; the other being the serious pollution in this area caused by remaining pollution sources of the last century.     

交口县岩溶地下水资源量估算

在综合考虑岩溶水存储条件及水动力条件的基础上,对山西省交口县的岩溶地下水资源进行了合理的分区,根据岩溶水分布特征及其地质、水文地质、水动力等条件,交口县裂隙岩溶水分布为郭庄泉岩溶水区和十字崖岩溶水区,并在分区的基础上对岩溶地下水资源量进行了估算,交口县岩溶地下水资源量为8 878.5万m^3/a。     

Sustainable yield of a karst aquifer system: a case study of Jinan springs in northern China

Based on the long-term monitoring data of rainfall, groundwater levels, groundwater abstraction, spring flow rates and groundwater quality, an assessment has been undertaken of the sustainable yield of a karst aquifer system in Shandong Province, northern China, to maintain perennial outflow of the karst springs while meeting water demands. One of the fundamental indicators for sustainable yield of groundwater is identified as maximum allowable water-level drawdown. A regional three-dimensional finite-difference numerical model has been developed to optimize the schemes associated with well fields and their locations and sustainable yields, in the Jinan spring catchment and its adjacent karst groundwater catchments, with the aim of maintaining the water level higher than the allowable lowest water level of 27.5?m above sea level. Furthermore, measures necessary to move towards sustainable use of the karst groundwater are outlined, drawing on contingency plans of water-source replacement and artificial recharge, dual water supply (based in water quality), use of the spring waters themselves, and groundwater quality protection.     

自然与人类活动叠加影响下晋祠泉域岩溶地下水动态特征

为了查明山西省晋祠泉泉水断流、泉口水位下降及近年来泉口水位回升的原因,为泉水复流工作提供理论参考,以长系列气象、水文、开采量、泉流量、地下水位等资料为基础,在详细分析了晋祠泉域不同水动力分区年内、年际动态特征的基础上,从自然气候与人类活动两方面出发,阐述了不同历史时期晋祠泉域岩溶水位变化的影响因素。结果表明：1956-1994年,因20世纪80、90年代人工开采量达到历史高峰期,一度超过2.4 m³/s,且80年代以后我国北方干旱化发展趋势较为严重,晋祠泉水流量逐渐减小直至断流;1994-2008年,人工开采量虽有一定程度减少,但仍维持在2.0 m³/s左右,且恰逢连续枯水年,降水量、河流径流量较多年平均值分别减小了11%和27%,此阶段泉口水位快速下降至历史最低值;2008年以后进入相对丰水期,在采取多项措施减少泉域岩溶水开采量的同时,汾河二库蓄水水位逐步抬高,其对岩溶水的渗漏补给量在经历了约2 a的滞后期后到达泉域排泄区,晋祠泉口水位近年来逐步回升。     

广西灵水岩溶大泉水文地质条件

灵水泉为广西典型的构造型岩溶大泉,其泉域分布面积大,泉水具有出口多、流量大、动态较稳定等特点。近些年来,灵水泉出口流量呈现减少的趋势,而且水质也出现了轻微污染,引起当地政府的高度重视。为查明灵水泉含水介质特征与补给特性,综合采用地面调查、物探、钻探和地下水示踪等方法研究灵水泉岩溶管道分布特征,并圈定了灵水泉补给范围。研究成果表明: 灵水泉上游岩溶管道结构为网络状,管道规模不大,呈带状集中分布; 北部一带为该泉主要补给区,典型集中径流带长约8 km,宽200~700 m。根据同位素的高程效应,计算得出灵水泉补给高程为496 m,与圈出的补给范围高程相近,印证了调查结果。本研究可为制定灵水地下水资源的开发利用和保护方案提供依据。