Chronology and Geochemistry of Mesozoic Volcanic Rocks in the Linjiang Area, Jilin Province and their Tectonic Implications

Zircon U-Pb ages and geochemical analytical results are presented for the volcanic rocks of the Naozhigou, Ergulazi, and Sidaogou Formations in the Linjiang area, southeastern Jilin Province to constrain the nature of magma source and their tectonic settings. The Naozhigou Formation is composed mainly of andesite and rhyolite and its weighted mean 206Pb/238U age for 13 zircon grains is 2224±1 Ma. The Ergulazi Formation consists of basaltic andesite, basaltic trachyandesite, and andesite, and six grains give a weighted mean 206Pb/238U age of 131±4 Ma. The Sidaogou Formation consists mainly of trachyandesite and rhyolite, and six zircon grains yield a weighted mean 206Pb/238U age of113±4 Ma. The volcanic rocks have SiO2=60.24%-77.46%, MgO=0.36%-1.29% (Mg#=0.32-0.40) for the Naozhigou Formation, SiO2=51.60%-59.32 %, MgO=3.70 %-5.54% (Mg#=0.50-0.60) for the Ergulazi Formation, and SiO2=58.28%-76.32%, MgO=0.07%-1.20% (Mg#=0.14-0.46) for the Sidaogou Formation. The trace element analytical results indicate that these volcanic rocks are characterized by enrichment in light rare earth elements (LREEs) and large ion lithophile elements (LILEs), relative depletion in heavy rare earth elements (HREEs) and high field strength elements (HFSEs, Nb, Ta, and Ti), and negative Eu anomalies. Compared with the primitive mantle, the Mesozoic volcanic rocks in the Linjiang area have relatively high initial 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7053-0.7083) and low eNd(t) values (-8.38 to -2.43), and display an EMII trend. The late Triassic magma for the Naozhigou Formation could be derived from partial melting of a newly accretional crust with the minor involvement of the North China Craton basement and formed under an extensional environment after the collision of the Yangtze Craton and the North China Craton. The Early Cretaceous volcanic rocks for the Ergulazi and Sidaogou Formations could be formed under the tectonic setting of an active continental margin related to the westward snbduction of the Izanagi plate.     

Chronology and Geochemistry of the Nadingcuo Volcanic Rocks in the Southern Qiangtang Region of the Tibetan Plateau: Partial Melting of Remnant Ocean Crust along the Bangong-Nujiang Suture

<正>The Nadingcuo high-K calc-alkaline rocks mainly composed of trachyte and trachyandesite are the largest outcrop area of volcanic rocks in southern Qiangtang terrane in the Tibetan plateau. However,their exact source and peterogenesis are still debated.~(40)Ar-~(39)Ar and LAM-ICPMS zircon U-Pb isotopic dating confirm that these rocks erupted in Eocene.In addition,the Nadingcuo volcanic rocks are characterized by high Sr/Y content ratios,similar with the adakite derived from partial melting of oceanic crust.They can be further classified as high Mg~#(Mg~#=48-57) and low Mg~# (Mg~#=33-42) subtypes.The Nadingcuo adakitic rocks have relatively low(~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr)_i and highε_(Nd)(t), showing a trend of similarity to the Dongcuo ophiolite present in the Bangong-Nujiang oceanic crust. Simple modeling indicates that the Nadingcuo adakitic rocks are a mix resulting from the basalt of Bangong-Nujiang Ocean with 10%-20%crustal material of Lhasa terrane.On these bases we suggest that the low Mg~# Nadingcuo adakitic rocks are the product of partial melting of remnant oceanic crust with small sediment,and the high Mg~# rocks are the result of reaction between rising melt of remnant oceanic crust with subducted sediment and mantle wedge.Therefore,the origin of Nadingcuo adakitic rocks may be related to intracontinental subduction triggered by collision of India-Asia during Cenozoic.     

Identifying late Carboniferous sanukitoids in Hala’alate Mountain,Northwest China: new constraint on the closing time of remnant ocean basin in West Junggar

ABSTRACT

Volcanic rocks in the Hala’alate and Aladeyikesai formations, which are composed of basaltic andesite and pyroxene andesite, are widespread in Hala’alate Mountain, West Junggar, Northwest China. These rocks (plagioclase + clinopyroxene/olivine) formed in the late Carboniferous and show a remarkable geochemical affinity with typical sanukitoids with oversaturated SiO₂ (52.9–56.9 wt.%) and high MgO (3.47–6.88 wt.%, Mg^# >48) contents. They also exhibit a narrow range of Sr-Nd-Pb isotopes within (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr)_i = 0.7037–0.7041, εNd(t) = 4.4–6.2, ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb = 18.22–18.41, ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb = 15.48–15.52, ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb = 37.99–38.30. Hala’alate Formation volcanic rocks are similar to the sanukitoids of Karamay, with high Sr (633.5–970.1 ppm), Ba (268.7–796.3 ppm), and Sr/Y (61.34–84.28), formed by partial melting of the mantle metasomatized by slab-derived adakitic melts. In contrast, Aladeyikesai Formation volcanic rocks show some affinity with sanukitoids of the Hatu area and the Setouchi Volcanic Belt, with low Sr (442.2–508.7 ppm), Ba (199.2–485.1 ppm), and Sr/Y (25.03–30.28), generated by the partial melting of subducting sediments. Identification of late Carboniferous sanukitoids in Hala’alate Mountain provides important constraints on the closing time of the remnant ocean basin in West Junggar, and implies that multi-stage subduction–accretionary orogeny plays a crucial role in the evolution and growth of the continental crust in the Central Asian Orogenic Belt.     

Early Cretaceous volcanic and sub-volcanic rocks in the Erlian Basin and adjacent areas,Northeast China: new geochemistry,geochronology and zircon Hf isotope constraints on petrogenesis and tectonic setting

ABSTRACT

Early Cretaceous volcanic rocks are widely distributed in northeast China and being extensively observed recently. However, petrogenesis and tectonic setting of these volcanic rocks are still on debate. We present zircon U–Pb ages, whole-rock geochemistry and zircon Hf isotope for these volcanic and sub-volcanic rocks surrounding the Erlian Basin including basic-intermediate volcanic rocks, intermediate-felsic volcanic rocks, and dacites and trachyandesite from dikes. The zircon U–Pb dating results indicate that these rocks formed in the Early Cretaceous (146–129 Ma). The basic-intermediate volcanic rocks mainly consist of basaltic andesite, which are featured by low SiO₂ concentrations (49.96–58.34 wt. %), high Mg^# values (54–37) and Co contents (17.85–25.98 ppm), and positive ε_Hf(t) values (+7.11 to +13.87). Moreover, they show high La/Nb (1.79–2.87) and low La/Ba (0.02–0.08) ratios. Such features indicate that they were derived from partial melting of lithospheric mantle that had been modified by fluids. The intermediate-felsic volcanic rocks consist of trachydacite and andesite, which show medium SiO₂ concentrations (58.31–66.44 wt. %), a wide range of Mg^# values (28–53) and with A₁-type granites affinities. These features, along with slightly positive to negative ε_Hf(t) values (+0.53 to ?17.71), indicate that they originated from mixed magma of melted lower crust and mantle substances. Dacites from dikes are distinguished by high SiO₂ concentrations (65.72–67.2 wt. %), negative ε_Hf(t) values (?2.55 to ?6.72) and old zircon Hf T_DM2 ages (1453–1653 Ma), suggesting they were generated by melting of Mesoproterozoic and Palaeoproterozoic crustal material. All of the investigated volcanic and sub-volcanic rocks exhibit geochemical signatures of extension setting. In combination with previous studies, we suggest the Early Cretaceous extension in northeast China is related to the collapse of thickened lithosphere after closure of the Mongol–Okhotsk Ocean and to the slab break off of the Mudanjiang Ocean.     

Zircon U–Pb Geochronology,Elemental Geochemistry and Geological Implications of the Andesite of the Yixian Formation in the Tiejiangyingzi Basin in Southeastern Chifeng,China

The Early Cretaceous andesite of the Yixian Formation is an ore‐host rock in the Tiejiangyingzi basin in southeastern Chifeng, China, and bears several meso‐epithermal Au deposits, such as the Nalingou and Yaogou Au deposits. The geochronology and elemental geochemistry of the Yixian Formation were investigated to reveal its metallogenic context, petrogenesis, and mineralization contribution. The ²⁰⁶Pb/²³⁸U ages of zircons reveals that the andesite formed at 125.5 ± 0.9 Ma. This rock belongs to calc‐alkali rock series according to its elemental geochemical analysis results (i.e., SiO₂ = 63.63%–67.27%, MgO = 1.17%–1.43%, K₂O = 4.07%–4.67%, Mg^# = 35–41, Al₂O₃ = 17.16%–18.63%, Na₂O = 3.35%–4.08%, Sr = (240.1–585.6) × 10^‐6, Yb = (1.83–2.22) × 10^‐6, Y = (13.9–23.36) × 10^‐6, Na₂O/K₂O = 0.7–0.9, Eu/Eu* = (0.75–0.79) × 10^‐6, Sr/Y = 13–27, La_N/Yb_N = 11–19 ). The chondrite‐normalized trace element plot shows that the andesite is enriched in light rare earth elements (LREEs) and Yb. Thus, the residual phase of andesite volcanic rocks is a granulite suite that contains amphibole and little remaining garnet in the Tiejiangyingzi basin. It can be concluded that andesite volcanic rocks distributed in the Tiejiangyingzi basin were formed in an extensional tectonic environment during the Mesozoic orogen, and the lower crust had experienced extensive high‐temperature metamorphism and melting. This gold‐bearing lower crust is closely related to mineralization. Therefore, the conclusions of this research have an important implication for further prospecting in southeastern Chifeng, China.     

辽西黄半吉沟早白垩世义县组高镁安山岩的成因

利用橄榄石和熔体包裹体,结合全岩的方法对辽西地区早白垩世义县组黄半吉沟火山岩的成因进行了研究。黄半吉沟火山岩SiO_2=53.41%~53.74%,MgO=8.15%~8.23%,Mg#=~70(Mg#=mol Mg/(Mg+Fe2+)),为高镁安山岩;全岩在TAS图解上,落在玄武安山岩范围内,属于亚碱性系列;它们具有较高Ni(119×10-6~125×10-6)和高Cr(467×10-6~521×10-6),显示幔源岩浆特征;在微量元素组成上,黄半吉沟高镁安山岩Sr=920×10-6~930×10-6,Y=16.1×10-6~16.4×10-6,Sr/Y=57~58;在微量元素原始地幔标准化蛛网图上,黄半吉沟高镁安山岩显示轻重稀土分异,明显的Nb-Ta-Ti和弱的Zr-Hf负异常,Ba、Sr和Pb正异常,这些特征与大陆下地壳非常相似。熔体包裹体MgO为6.5%~9.7%,SiO_2为51%~53%,不符合典型高镁安山岩的定义;在TAS图解上它们落在玄武粗安岩内,属于碱性系列;MgO与其它主量元素成分呈明显或者弱的负相关关系,说明它们的成分主要受控于橄榄石结晶分离过程。黄半吉沟高镁安山岩的橄榄石Fo值为75~91;CaO含量为0.10%~0.18%,NiO为0.05%~0.41%,Fe/Mn比值为60~80。黄半吉沟高镁安山岩的全岩和熔体包裹体成分存在显著差异,如熔体包裹体具有更高的Al2O3和更低的SiO_2。结合全岩微量元素特征,我们认为黄半吉沟高镁安山岩在地壳深度的岩浆演化过程中加入了来自下地壳的酸性熔体,是壳幔相互作用的结果。全岩较低Ni高Mg#,熔体包裹体低CaO并落在CATS-Olivine-Quartz相图的热障碍边界线富硅一侧,以及橄榄石低Ca和陡倾的Fo-Ni关系,指示黄半吉沟高镁安山岩的幔源岩浆是来自以斜方辉石为主辉石岩的源区。我们认为广泛发育于辽西地区的早白垩世义县组高镁安山岩可能经历了壳幔相互作用,因而不能作为拆沉作用导致岩石圈大规模减薄的重要证据。     

内蒙古苏右旗毕力赫金矿区安山岩LA-ICP-MS锆石 U-Pb年龄、元素地球化学特征及其形成的构造环境

毕力赫大型斑岩型金矿位于华北克拉通北缘早古生代增生造山带。矿区出露一套岩性为安山岩-英安岩-流纹岩的火山岩组合,安山岩属于亚碱性、高钾钙碱性系列,具有较高的MgO含量(2.05%~10.29%), 低的FeO^T/MgO比值和TiO₂含量(0.21%~0.85%);Cr (44×10^-6~473×10^-6)、Ni (19.3×10^-6~249.4×10^-6)含量高,亏损Nb、Ta、Ti、P,无或弱的Eu/Eu^*异常,具有安底斯型活动大陆边缘火山岩特征。LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb测年获得安山岩和安山质凝灰岩成岩年龄分别为281±4.3Ma和281±12Ma,为早二叠世,这与毕力赫金矿成矿年代以及与成矿有关的花岗闪长斑岩结晶年龄一致,表明了矿区成岩-成矿作用与晚古生代华北板块与西伯利亚板块之间俯冲-造山作用有关,指示华北克拉通北缘寻找晚古生代浅成低温-斑岩型金(铜)矿具有巨大潜力。火山岩以及与成矿相关侵入岩出现U-Pb年龄为1.8Ga、2.0Ga和2.4Ga的古老继承性锆石,暗示矿区存在华北克拉通基底,古老变质基底岩石可能是制约本区金矿成矿主要因素之一。     

Paleoproterozoic volcanic rocks in the southern margin of the North China Craton,central China:Implications for the Columbia supercontinent

The volcanic rocks of the Xiong'er Group are situated in the southern margin of the North China Craton(NCC).Research on the Xiong er Group is important to understand the tectonic evolution of the NCC and the Columbia supercontinent during the Paleoproterozoic.In this study,to constrain the age of the Xiong'er volcanic rocks and identify its tectonic environment,we report zircon LA-ICP-MS data with Hf isotope,whole-rock major and trace element compositions and Sr-Nd-Pb-Hf isotopes of the volcanic rocks of the Xiong'er Group.The Xiong'er volcanic rocks mainly consist of basaltic andesite,andesite.dacite and rhyolite,with minor basalt.Our new sets of data combined with those from previous studies indicate that Xiong'er volcanism should have lasted from 1827 Ma to 1746 Ma as the major phase of the volcanism.These volcanics have extremely low MgO.Cr and Ni contents,are enriched in LREEs and LILEs but depleted in HFSEs(Nb,Ta,and Ti),similar to arc-related volcanic rocks.They are characterized by negative zircon ε_(Hf)_(t) values of-17.4 to 8.8,whole-rock initial ~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr values of 0.7023 to 0.7177 andε_(Nd)(t) values of-10.9 to 6.4.and Pb isotopes(~(206)Pb/~(204)Pb =14.366-16.431,~(207)Pb/~(204)Pb =15.106-15.371,~(208)Pb/~(204)Pb= 32.455-37.422).The available elemental and Sr-Nd-Pb-Hf isotope data suggest that the Xiong'er volcanic rocks were sourced from a mantle contaminated by continental crust.The volcanic rocks of the Xiong'er Group might have been generated by high-degree partial melting of a lithospheric mantle that was originally modified by oceanic subduction in the Archean.Thus,we suggest that the subduction-modified lithospheric mantle occurred in an extensional setting during the breakup of the Columbia supercontinent in the Late Paleoproterozoic,rather than in an arc setting.     

Ordovician sedimentation and bimodal volcanism in the Southern Qiangtang terrane of northern Tibet: Implications for the evolution of the northern Gondwana margin

This article reports our new interpretations of the depositional environment and provenance of the Dawashan Formation in the Longmuco–Shuanghu–Lancangjiang suture zone (LSLSZ), in the Southern Qiangtang terrane of northern Tibet, in order to gain a better understanding of the Ordovician tectonic evolution of the northern margin of Gondwana. The Dawashan Formation is dominated by greywacke and shale, with interlayered bimodal volcanic rocks that were deposited in a bathyal to abyssal marine basin. The detrital zircons in the greywacke of the Dawashan Formation have peak ages of 550, 988, 1640, and 2500 Ma, indicating a northern Gondwana margin provenance. The bimodal metavolcanic rocks from the Dawashan Formation are dominated by metarhyolite with subordinate metabasalt. The results of zircon LA-ICP-MS U–Pb dating indicate that the metarhyolite formed between 470 and 455 Ma. The metavolcanic samples are bimodal (SiO₂ = 45.27–55.05 and 66.09–74.59 wt.%). In comparison, the metabasalt has a wide range of MgO concentrations and Mg^# values, contains variable Cr and low Ni concentrations, is depleted in Rb, Ba, and Sr, and is enriched in TiO₂, Th, U, Nb, and Ta. Geochemical diagrams show that the metabasalt erupted in an intra-plate environment. The metarhyolites have high SiO₂, Th, and U concentrations, low concentrations of MgO, P₂O₅, Nb, Sr, and Ti, and negative Eu anomalies. The metarhyolites yield negative zircon ε_Hf(t) values (–2.08 to – 4.50) and T^C_DM model ages of 1436–1567 Ma. The metarhyolites formed from magma derived from the partial melting of old continental crust. These data indicate that the Dawashan Formation records Middle–Upper Ordovician bathyal to abyssal turbidite deposition in a deep-water rift basin at the northern margin of Gondwana.     

Triassic volcanism in eastern Heilongjiang and Jilin provinces,NE China: Chronology,geochemistry, and tectonic implications

With the aim of constraining the Early Mesozoic tectonic evolution of the eastern section of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB), we undertook zircon U–Pb dating and geochemical analyses (major and trace elements, Sr–Nd isotopes) of volcanic rocks of the Luoquanzhan Formation and Daxinggou Group in eastern Heilongjiang and Jilin provinces, China. The analyzed rocks consist mainly of dacite and rhyolite, with SiO₂ contents of 68.52–76.65 wt%. Three samples from the Luoquanzhan Formation and one from the Daxinggou Group were analyzed using laser ablation inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) U–Pb zircon techniques. Three zircons with well-defined oscillatory zoning yielded weighted mean ²⁰⁶Pb/²³⁸U ages of 217 ± 1, 214 ± 2, and 208 ± 1 Ma, and one zircon with oscillatory zoning yielded a weighted mean ²⁰⁶Pb/²³⁸U age of 201 ± 1 Ma. These ages are interpreted to represent the timing of eruption of the volcanic rocks. The Triassic volcanic rocks are characterized by high SiO₂ and low MgO concentrations, enrichment in large ion lithophile elements (LILEs) and light rare earth elements (LREEs), depletion in high field strength elements (HFSEs) and heavy rare earth elements (HREEs), (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr)_i = 0.7040–0.7050 (Luoquanzhan Formation) and 0.7163–0.7381 (Daxinggou Group), and ε_Nd (t) = 1.89–3.94 (Luoquanzhan Formation) and 3.42–3.68 (Daxinggou Group). These geochemical features indicate an origin involving the partial melting of juvenile lower crust (Nd model ages (T_DM2) of 651–821 Ma) and that compositional variation among the volcanic rocks arose from mineral fractionation and minor assimilation. These volcanic rocks formed within an extensional environment following collision of the NCC and Jiamusi-Khanka Massif during the Late Paleozoic–Early Triassic.     

Petrogenesis and tectonic implications of the middle Silurian volcanic rocks in northern West Junggar,NW China

Zircon U–Pb geochronological and geochemical analyses are reported for a suite of the middle Silurian volcanic rocks from northern West Junggar (NW China), southern Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB), with the aim to investigate the sources, petrogenesis, and tectonic implications. Laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) U–Pb analysis from an andesite yielded a concordant weighted mean ²⁰⁶Pb/²³⁸U age of 429 ± 3 Ma, indicating the presence of middle Silurian volcanic rocks in northern West Junggar. The andesite is tholeiite series and characterized by minor variations in compositions (SiO₂ = 55.68–59.17 wt.%, Al₂O₃ = 14.56–17.7 wt.%, TiO₂ = 0.55–1.23 wt.%, Na₂O + K₂O = 3.46–7.16 wt.%, and P₂O₅ = 0.15–0.37 wt.%), with wider MgO content (2.18–6.48 wt.%) and Mg# (57.4–77.9). All andesitic rocks are enriched in large-ion lithophile elements (LILEs; e.g. Rb, Ba, K, and Th) and light rare earth elements (LREEs), but strongly depleted in some high field strength elements (HFSEs; e.g. Nb, Ta and Ti), with slight negative Eu anomalies (Eu/Eu* = 0.8–1). These features suggest that the andesitic magmas were derived from 2–8% partial melting of a garnet lherzolite depleted mantle source with subducted sediments metasomatized by slab-derived fluids. Combining the current study with those data in existing literature, we conclude that the middle Silurian volcanic rocks formed in an intra-oceanic subduction setting during consumption of the Irtysh–Zaysan Ocean, and further confirm the eastern extension of the early Palaeozoic Boshchekul–Chingiz volcanic arc of East Kazakhstan in China.     

Petrogenesis and tectonic implications of early Carboniferous alkaline volcanic rocks in Karamay region of West Junggar,Northwest China

ABSTRACT

Zircon U–Pb geochronological and geochemical analyses are reported for a suite of the early Carboniferous volcanic rocks from West Junggar (Northwest China), southern Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB), with the aim to investigate the sources, petrogenesis, and tectonic implications. Laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) U–Pb analysis from an andesite yielded concordant weighted mean ²⁰⁶Pb/²³⁸U age of 345 ± 3 Ma, indicating the presence of early Carboniferous volcanic rocks in West Junggar. The early Carboniferous volcanic rocks consist of basalt, basaltic andesite, and andesite. Geochemically, all the samples bear the signature of ocean island basalt (OIB), and are characterized by alkaline affinity with minor variations in SiO₂ compositions (45.13–53.05 wt.%), high concentrations of Na₂O + K₂O (5.08–8.89 wt.%) and TiO₂ (1.71–3.35 wt.%), and LREE enrichment and HREE depletion ((La/Yb)_N = 7.1–12.4), with weak Eu anomalies (Eu/Eu* = 0.9–1.1) and no obvious Nb, Ta, and Ti negative anomalies. These features suggest that the early Carboniferous volcanic rocks were derived from an OIB-related source that consists of oceanic lithosphere with ~1–3% degree partial melting of garnet lherzolite. From these observations, in combination with previous work, we conclude that the early Carboniferous alkaline volcanic rocks in Karamay region formed by upwelling of asthenospheric mantle through a slab window in a forearc setting during consumption of the West Junggar Ocean. Meanwhile, seamounts, which formed in the Late Devonian and were accreted and subducted in Karamay arc, also brought geological effects in the subduction zone.     

藏北羌塘中部上二叠统—下三叠统天泉山组的建立及意义——对龙木错-双湖-澜沧江洋构造演化的指示

藏北羌塘中部改则县以北天泉山、屏风岭等地区大面积分布一套浅变质岩系,岩性以变质杂砂岩、千枚岩为主,夹变质玄武岩、变质安山岩等火山岩夹层,因缺乏化石依据时代不明。通过LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb同位素定年测得安山岩的~(206)Pb/~(238)U年龄为251.4±2.4Ma,同时结合该地区已测得的254Ma的~(206)Pb/~(238)U年龄,证实这套浅变质岩系的时代应属于晚二叠世—早三叠世,并非传统意义的展金组。在剖面测制和区域对比的基础上,将天泉山、屏风岭一带的浅变质岩系重新厘定为上二叠统—下三叠统天泉山组。天泉山组的发现和建立不仅进一步完善了该区的地层系统,而且是龙木错-双湖-澜沧江洋首次发现的晚二叠世—早三叠世洋盆地层记录,为进一步丰富和研究龙木错-双湖-澜沧江洋的演化提供了重要的地层证据。     

Petrological and Geochemical Constraints on the Protoliths of Serpentine‐Magnetite Ores in the Zhaoanzhuang Iron Deposit,Southern North China Craton

The uncommon Mg-rich and Ti-poor Zhaoanzhuang serpentine-magnetite ores within Taihua Group of the North China Craton(NCC) remain unclear whether the protolith was sourced from ultramafic rocks or chemical sedimentary sequences. Here we present integrated petrographic and geochemical studies to characterize the protoliths and to gain insights on the ore-forming processes. Iron ores mainly contain low-Ti magnetite(TiO_2 ~0.1 wt%) and serpentine(Mg#=92.42–96.55), as well as residual olivine(Fo=89–90), orthopyroxene(En=89–90) and hornblende. Magnetite in the iron ores shows lower Al, Sc, Ti, Cr, Zn relative to that from ultramafic Fe-Ti-V iron ores, but similar to that from metamorphic chemical sedimentary iron deposit. In addition, interstitial minerals of dolomite, calcite, apatite and anhydrite are intergrown with magnetite and serpentine, revealing they were metamorphic, but not magmatic or late hydrothermal minerals. Wall rocks principally contain magnesian silicates of olivine(Fo=83–87), orthopyroxene(En=82–86), humite(Mg#=82–84) and hornblende [XMg=0.87–0.96]. Dolomite, apatite and anhydrite together with minor magnetite, thorianite(Th-rich oxide) and monazite(LREE-rich phosphate) are often seen as relicts or inclusions within magnesian silicates in the wall rocks, revealing that they were primary or earlier metamorphic minerals than magnesian silicates. And olivine exists as subhedral interstitial texture between hornblende, which shows later formation of olivine than hornblende and does not conform with sequence of magmatic crystallization. All these mineralogical features thus bias towards their metamorphic, rather than magmatic origin. The dominant chemical components of the iron ores are SiO_2(4.77–25.23 wt%), Fe_2O_3 T(32.9–80.39 wt%) and MgO(5.72–27.17 wt%) and uniformly, those of the wall rocks are also SiO_2(16.34–48.72 wt%), Mg O(16.71–33.97 wt%) and Fe_2O_3 T(6.98–30.92 wt%). The striking high Fe-Mg-Si contents reveal that protolith of the Zhaoanzhuang iron deposit was more likely to be chemical sedimentary rocks. The distinct high-Mg feature and presence of abundant anhydrite possibly indicate it primarily precipitated in a confined seawater basin under an evaporitic environment. Besides, higher contents of Al, Ti, P, Th, U, Pb, REE relative to other Precambrian iron-rich chemical precipitates(BIF) suggest some clastic terrestrial materials were probably input. As a result, we think the Zhaoanzhuang iron deposit had experienced the initial Fe-Mg-Si marine precipitation, followed by further Mg enrichment through marine evaporated process, subsequent high-grade metamorphism and late-stage hydrothermal fluid modification.     

Eocene mafic volcanism in northern Anatolia: its causes and mantle sources in the absence of active subduction

Eocene mafic volcanic rocks occurring in an E–W-trending, curvilinear belt along and north of the Izmir–Ankara–Erzincan suture zone (IAESZ) in northern Anatolia, Turkey, represent a discrete episode of magmatism following a series of early Cenozoic collisions between Eurasia and the Gondwana-derived microcontinents. Based on our new geochronological, geochemical, and isotope data from the Kartepe volcanic units in northwest Anatolia and the extant data in the literature, we evaluate the petrogenetic evolution, mantle melt sources, and possible causes of this Eocene volcanism. The Kartepe volcanic rocks and spatially associated dikes range from basalt and basaltic andesite to trachybasalt and basaltic trachyandesite in composition, and display calc-alkaline and transitional calc-alkaline to tholeiitic geochemical affinities. They are slightly to moderately enriched in large ion lithophile (LILE) and light rare earth elements (LREE) with respect to high-field strength elements (HFSE) and show negative Nb, Ta, and Ti anomalies reminiscent of subduction-influenced magmatic rocks. The analysed rocks have ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr_(i) values between 0.70570 and 0.70399, positive ?_Nd values between 2.7 and 6.6, and Pb isotope ratios of ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb_(i) = 18.6–18.7, ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb_(i) = 15.6–15.7, and ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb_(i) = 38.7–39.1. The ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar cooling ages of 52.7 ± 0.5 and 41.7 ± 0.3 Ma obtained from basaltic andesite and basalt samples indicate middle to late Eocene timing of this volcanic episode in northwest Anatolia. Calculated two-stage Nd depleted mantle model (T_DM) ages of the Eocene mafic lavas range from 0.6 to 0.3 Ga, falling between the T_DM ages of the K-enriched subcontinental lithospheric mantle of the Sakarya Continent (1.0–0.9 Ga) to the north, and the young depleted mantle beneath central Western Anatolia (0.4–0.25 Ga) to the south. These geochemical and isotopic features collectively point to the interaction of melts derived from a sublithospheric, MORB-like mantle and a subduction-metasomatized, subcontinental lithospheric mantle during the evolution of the Eocene mafic volcanism. We infer triggering of partial melting by asthenospheric upwelling beneath the suture zone in the absence of active subduction in the Northern Neotethys. The geochemical signature of the volcanic rocks changed from subduction- and collision-related to intra-plate affinities through time, indicating an increased asthenospheric melt input in the later stages of Eocene volcanism, accompanied by extensional deformation and rifting.     

青海南部沱沱河冻土水合物潜在区火山岩地球化学特征及地质意义

沱沱河盆地是冻土天然气水合物潜在分布区之一,其内发育下—中二叠统开心岭群九十道班组、上二叠统乌丽群那益雄组、上三叠统结扎群巴贡组、中—渐新统雅西措组4套烃源岩以及不同类型的火山岩。研究表明,火山岩岩石类型主要为玄武岩、玄武安山岩、安山岩、玄武质粗面安山岩和粗面安山岩。火山岩主量元素低TiO_2,Al_2O_3含量较高,K_2O含量较低,K_2ONa_2O;火山岩的稀土元素配分模式为轻稀土富集型;微量元素配分模式呈锯齿状,Ta、Nb、P_2O_5、TiO_2、Y、Yb以及铁族元素Sc、Cr、Ni亏损,综合判断青海南部沱沱河地区火山岩形成于岛弧环境。结合火山岩的地球化学特征,推断火山活动可以加快烃源岩的热成熟,进而促使有机质裂解,产生热解气,为水合物的生成提供气源条件。同时,火山岩的气孔构造发育,连通性较好,有可能成为水合物的储层。火山热液具有的高压使周围的烃源岩产生裂隙,这些裂隙不仅是水合物气源的运移通道,还可以为水合物提供形成场所和储存空间。     

内蒙古赤峰大西营子金矿区赋矿火山岩年代学与岩石地球化学特征

大西营子金矿区位于内蒙古赤峰地区,金矿赋存在玛尼吐组火山岩中。对大西营子金矿区赋矿围岩进行了岩石学、锆石U-Pb年代学和岩石地球化学研究。矿区火山岩主要包括安山岩、粗安岩、粗面岩和火山碎屑岩。通过锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb定年,获得安山岩和粗安岩年龄分别为(157.8±6.2)Ma和(156.9±7.4)Ma,应代表其形成年龄。岩石地球化学数据显示该套火山岩具有相对富碱、富铝的特征,属于高钾钙碱性和碱性岩石系列。岩石富集轻稀土元素和大离子亲石元素(Th、U、Zr、Hf),亏损重稀土元素和Nb、Ta、Ti等高场强元素。这些特征显示岩浆来自被俯冲流体交代富集的岩石圈地幔,且经历了以单斜辉石为主的结晶分异过程。结合区域地质资料,认为在大西营子金矿区火山岩形成于造山后伸展环境,与蒙古—鄂霍茨克洋闭合作用有关。     

华北板块北缘东段二叠纪的构造属性:来自火山岩锆石U-Pb年代学与地球化学的制约

本文对华北板块北缘东段大河深组、关门咀子组火山岩进行了锆石LA-ICP-MSU-Pb定年和岩石地球化学研究以便制约该区的区域构造演化。大河深组和关门咀子组火山岩中的锆石均呈自形-半自形晶,具有清晰的岩浆振荡生长环带和条痕状吸收(玄武安山岩)的特点,其Th/U比值高达0.31～1.56,表明其岩浆成因。测年结果表明,桦甸大河深组流纹岩形成于早二叠世(279±3Ma～293±2Ma),珲春和图们关门咀子组玄武安山岩和玄武岩分别形成于早二叠世(275±7Ma)和晚二叠世(250±5Ma)。大河深组火山岩SiO2含量介于64.9%～75.4%,Mg#值介于0.21～0.57,属于中钾-高钾钙碱性系列,明显富集轻稀土元素(LREEs)和大离子亲石元素(LILEs)、亏损高场强元素(HFSEs,如Nb、Ta、Ti)以及P元素,类似活动大陆边缘火山岩;其锆石的εHf(t)值为+0.9～+10.37,Hf同位素二阶段模式年龄值为785～1240Ma,表明它们均起源于中-新元古代新增生玄武质下地壳的部分熔融。珲春早二叠世关门咀子组属于中钾钙碱性系列;贫硅(53.4%～53.7%)和HFSEs,富铝(16.4%～16.8%)和LILEs,具有较低的稀土元素总量,以及较平坦的稀土配分型式,显示出岛弧火山岩的地球化学属性;该组火山岩的原始岩浆应起源于受俯冲板片脱水熔融交代的亏损地幔楔。图们晚二叠世关门咀子组玄武岩SiO2含量为48.7%～49.6%,Mg#值高达0.64～0.72,相对富集LREEs和LILEs,亏损HREEs和HFSEs,具有火山弧玄武岩的地球化学属性,同时其εNd(t)=+6.01,暗示其原始岩浆起源于亏损的岩石圈地幔。综上所述,我们认为早二叠世至晚二叠世期间,华北板块北缘东段(吉林中部地区)和兴凯地块西南缘均处于古亚洲洋的俯冲作用下。     

SHRIMP zircon U–Pb geochronology,geochemistry and H–O–Si–S–Pb isotope systematics of the Kanggur gold deposit in Eastern Tianshan,NW China: Implication for ore genesis

The Kanggur gold deposit is located in the southern margin of the Central Asia Orogenic Belt and in the western segment of the Kanggur–Huangshan ductile shear belt in Eastern Tianshan, northwestern China. The orebodies of this deposit are hosted in the Lower Carboniferous volcanic rocks of the Aqishan Formation and mainly consist of andesite, dacite and pyroclastic rocks. The SHRIMP zircon U–Pb age data of the andesite indicate that the volcanism in the Kanggur area might have occurred at ca. 339 Ma in the Early Carboniferous, and that the mineralization age of the Kanggur gold deposit was later than the age of volcanic rocks in the area. Geochemically, the andesite rocks of the Aqishan Formation belong to low-tholeiite and calc-alkaline series and display relative depletions in high field strength elements (HFSEs; i.e. Nb, Ta and Ti). The δ¹⁸O_w and δD_w values vary from − 9.1‰ to + 3.8‰ and − 66.0‰ to − 33.9‰, respectively, indicating that the ore-forming fluids were mixtures of metamorphic and meteoric waters. The δ³⁰Si values of 13 quartz samples range from − 0.3‰ to + 0.1‰ with an average of − 0.15‰, and the δ³⁴S values of 18 sulphide samples range from − 0.9‰ to + 2.2‰ with an average of + 0.54‰. The ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb and ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb values of 10 sulphide samples range from 18.166 to 18.880, 15.553 to 15.635 and 38.050 to 38.813, respectively, showing similarities to orogenic Pb; these values are consistent with those of the andesite from the Kanggur area, suggesting a common lead source. All of the silicon, sulphur and lead isotopic systems indicate that the ore-forming fluids and materials were mainly derived from the Aqishan Formation, and that the host volcanic rocks of the Aqishan Formation probably played a significant role in the Kanggur gold mineralization. Integrating the data obtained from studies on geology, geochronology, petro-geochemistry and H–O–Si–S–Pb isotope systematics, we suggest that the Kanggur gold deposit is an orogenic-type deposit formed in Eastern Tianshan orogenic belt during the Permian post-collisional tectonism.     

拉萨地块中北部尼雄地区早白垩世火山岩的成因及构造意义

以往的研究多侧重于拉萨地体中南部,对拉萨地块中北部地区的火山岩浆活动的分布特点、火山岩成因及构造意义关注相对较少,且对该地区中生代火山岩的成因机制存在不同认识.尼雄地区广泛发育的白垩纪火山岩保存了大量青藏高原新生代之前的地质演化信息.岩石学和锆石U-Pb定年研究表明,火山岩类型主要为玄武安山岩、粗面安山岩和流纹岩,其SiO₂含量为55.76%～77.78%,铝饱和指数（A/CNK）为0.89～3.04,属高钾钙碱性-碱钙性、偏铝质-过铝质岩石;其富集Th、U,亏损Nb、Ta等高场强元素,显示出A型花岗质岩石特征;此外,流纹岩具有较高的SiO₂含量和极低的MgO、TiO₂、P₂O₅含量及δEu值,相对亏损Ba、Nb、Ta、Sr和Eu等元素,与高分异的A型流纹岩特征一致.从1个玄武安山岩、1个粗面安山岩和2个流纹岩样品中获得的岩浆锆石U-Pb年龄分别为117 Ma、127 Ma和126～127 Ma,代表了尼雄地区早白垩世火山岩的形成年龄,否定了前人把尼雄地区火山岩全归属为始新世林子宗群年波组或渐新世日贡拉组的认识.综合研究表明,玄武安山岩、粗面安山岩和流纹岩可能为壳幔熔体混合的结果,并伴随着一定的分离结晶作用.它们可能同时受到班公湖-怒江洋壳向南、雅鲁藏布江新特提斯洋壳向北双向俯冲的影响.