贵州水城 - 纳雍锰矿地球化学特征

贵州水城-纳雍锰矿属表生氧化锰类的锰帽型矿床。通过对锰矿石和矿胚层岩石中常量元素、微量元素及稀土元素等地球化学的研究,均具有热水沉积的特征,硅质灰岩、含硅质灰岩和生物碎屑灰岩是锰帽型矿石最主要的矿胚层。它们是在茅口晚期黔中台沟相带内中-低温热水中沉积的,锰质主要来自茅口期玄武岩。纯硅质岩仅见于地表,是含硅质的矿胚层岩石,在地表经强烈氧化作用形成氧化锰矿石同时产生的"副产品"。     

与火山活动有关的热水沉积锰矿——以贵州二叠纪锰矿为例

贵州产于中二叠统茅口组第二段的锰矿、铁锰矿、含锰菱铁矿,均分布在茅口晚期黔中台沟内。东部遵义一带为碳酸盐锰矿床,西部宣威—水城一带主要为锰帽型次生氧化锰矿床。笔者目的在于探讨黔中台沟锰矿成矿条件,以期扩大找矿远景。研究表明,区内各类锰矿石和矿胚层岩石都是在热水中生成的,证据是：①有大量热水沉积的标志性矿物;②常量、微量元素及稀土元素均具有热水沉积的特征;③流体包裹体均一温度达90～275℃等。锰矿的形成可能与峨眉地幔柱演化的中晚期阶段密切相关。茅口期玄武岩的喷出活动,有利于黔中台沟内硅灰泥锰质组合的形成。东部遵义一带的锰矿,被严格限制在热水喷发形成的硅质角砾岩分布区内,结合其他特征等,说明该区锰矿形成可能与强烈的热水活动有关。     

贵州水城-纳雍地区锰矿地质特征、控矿因素及找矿标志

贵州水城-纳雍地区锰矿是产于中二叠统茅口组之上,中-上二叠统峨眉山玄武岩之下,茅口组第二段锰矿层与硅质岩和含锰灰岩关系密切,通过对该区锰矿地质特征和控矿因素分析,认为控矿的主要因素为岩相古地理、地层岩性、断裂构造。主要含锰岩系第二段为含锰、微含锰的硅质灰岩、含硅质灰岩、含钙质硅质岩及石灰岩等,第一段局部可见少量零星锰矿体,多无工业价值,根据锰矿富集成矿地质特征,该区找矿标志主要有岩相古地理、地层、岩石及露头。     

滇东南地区三叠世下统石炮组锰矿找矿新进展

湘西-滇东地区矿产地质调查子项目云南广南地区矿产地质调查项目在广南幅下三叠统石炮组中首次发现氧化锰贫锰矿。本文通过对早三叠世锰矿岩相古地理、地层、构造、锰质来源、生物化学作用等控矿因素分析,石炮组作为区内主要含锰岩系之一,属碎屑岩型含锰建造,锰矿产于滇黔桂盆地北西缘台地边缘斜坡-台间盆地边缘相中,锰质主要来源于盆地西南侧的海底火山热液。广南县周边北西向斜坡-盆地边缘相带为区内锰质聚集的有利场所,出露石炮组地层的多个背斜构造为区内氧化锰贫锰矿找矿前景较佳地段。通过对比广西同类型典型矿床,认为该区同样具备探寻深部碳酸锰矿潜力。     

丽江古都塘锰矿

古都塘锰矿床由晚二叠世海底基性火山喷发及含锰喷气活动提供主要锰质来源，在海底槽形洼地内沉积形成的海相沉积锰矿床，并叠加了表生氧化富集作用。矿体赋存于二叠统猴子坡组（P2ho）灰岩夹层中，严格受层位、岩性控制。     

广西东平表生富集型锰矿床地质特征及成矿条件初步研究

本文主要论述了广西东平表生富集型氧化锰矿床成矿地质环境，含锰岩系地质特征，锰矿层结构，矿石矿物成分及结构构造，矿石化学组分等特征；认为表生富集型氧化锰矿床的形成主要受原生含锰层、地质构造、地形地貌、顶盖层厚度、岩性、气候及水文地质等条件所制约。文章最后讨论了锰矿化富集特征，氧化锰矿成矿模式等并指出探采意义。     

龙头碳酸锰矿床成因探讨

龙头锰矿床是一个受泻湖相控制、与海底潜丘有关的沉积碳酸锰矿床.锰质来源于江南古陆含锰灰岩和湖盆中残留锰质及生物.矿床经历了沉积、成岩及生物作用三个主要阶段.     

滇东南老乌锰矿床地球化学特征及其成因制约

为查明滇东南老乌锰矿的成矿环境、锰质来源及矿床成因,本文对该矿床开展了系统的矿物学、元素地球化学和同位素地球化学研究。结果表明,矿石品位为12.18%~41.24%;锰矿物组合特征为氧化锰矿与碳酸锰矿混生,其中氧化锰矿以褐锰矿为主,碳酸锰矿主要为钙菱锰矿、锰方解石、锰白云石等,可见少量含锰硅酸盐矿物;成矿环境为陆缘与盆缘接壤的边缘斜坡相的中低盐度浅海沉积环境,成矿物理化学条件主要为在弱氧化-弱还原之间起伏变化;主要成矿方式为陆源沉积成矿基础上叠加热液和生物作用成矿。     

广西氧化锰矿控矿因素探讨

广西的氧化锰矿是第四纪表生作用的产物。它是由原生沉积锰矿层或含锰岩石经风化作用后次生富集而成，主要产于第四系的风化带中，是广西重要的锰矿类型之一，与原生沉积锰矿相比，具有品位高，杂质少，易采选的特点，而且通过淋滤，矿床中的有益元素，如钴、镍等进一步富集，可综合利用，提高了矿床的经济价值，是目前工业急需的重要矿产，本文着重对氧化锰矿床的控矿因素进行探讨，认为含锰岩系的存在是氧化锰矿形成的先决条件，气     

贵州及邻区二叠系锰矿地质特征及成矿作用探讨

本文在系统收集和分析了近年来贵州锰矿资源评价工作及以往锰矿工作资料的基础上,获得了对贵州及邻区二叠系锰矿更深入系统的认识。主要成果为：认为该区中二叠世茅口期含锰岩系可大致对比,可沿用遵义锰矿产出地区所使用的名称——中二叠统茅口组白泥塘层（P2m^b）;水城纳雍锰矿与宣威格学锰矿特征及成矿机制十分相似,均为第四纪氧化富集成矿,矿床类型属于风化矿床类的锰帽型锰矿床亚类,矿质来源于原始沉积的含锰岩系——白泥塘层,而白泥塘层的锰质来源于中二叠世茅口期峨眉山玄武岩喷发;将贵州及邻区二叠系各类型锰矿床的特征及含锰岩系、物质来源、成矿作用等方面作了有机联系和系统分析,并建立了统一的成矿模式。     

Stratigraphy and sedimentology of Jurassic bedded chert overlying ophiolites in the North Apennines, Italy

In the North Apennines of Italy, Upper Jurassic bedded chert stratigraphically overlies ophiolitic rocks and is overlain by Lower to Middle Cretaceous pelagic limestone and shale, and Upper Cretaceous flysch. The bedded chert, best exposed in East Liguria and on Elba, is typically 30–80 m thick, but occasionally reaches 150–200 m thickness. It consists of two main alternating lithologïes: siliceous mudstone (SM) and radiolarite (R). Chert sections commonly show characteristic stratigraphic changes. Lower cherts display a striking rhythmic alternation of R and ferruginous SM beds. In middle cherts, SM beds are much less ferruginous and shalier intercalations are locally present. In upper cherts, R beds are less frequent and SM beds are essentially non-ferruginous. R beds are generally 1–4 cm thick, and consist of 80–90% quartz, 5–15% clays and usually < 1% hematite. They are commonly parallel-laminated, and rarely size-graded. In size-graded beds, large radiolaria are more abundant near the bed base (commonly together with ophiolitic or SM clasts) and small radiolaria more abundant near the bed top. Sorting is poor throughout most R beds. R beds are interpreted as turbidites (cf. Nisbet & Price, 1974). Model calculations suggest that typical settling velocities of radiolaria during redeposition are < 1 cm sec^?1, which is low and of restricted range relative to the 1–10 cm sec^?1 settling velocities of clastic grains of comparable size range. Radiolaria therefore should have only a limited tendency to grade and sort during deposition from a turbulent current. SM beds are commonly 1–7 cm thick, although much thicker ones occur near the base of sections, and consist mainly of 50–70% quartz, 15–35% clays and 0–15% hematite. Microscopic clay-silica aggregates and highly corroded remnants of radiolaria are common. SM beds are interpreted as mainly ambient pelagic sediment which accumulated slowly in topographic lows, and which was modified by near-surface dissolution of biogenic silica. In SM beds which contain two texturally different layers, the lower one is interpreted as the top of the underlying radiolarian turbidite. North Apennine cherts represent the first sediment deposited on oceanic crust formed during the opening of the North Apennine part of the Tethys. The ophiolitic basement had a rugged topography which favoured the redeposition of siliceous sediment. Hematite and local Mn enrichments in SM beds in the lower chert sections represent hydrothermal precipitates inferred to have originated at a spreading axis. During seafloor spreading, accumulation of siliceous sediments progressively reduced the topography. Deposition of ophiolitic detritus within the sediments phased out during early chert sedimentation, and the hydrothermal contribution during early-middle chert sedimentation. As local basins filled, during late chert sedimentation, radiolarian turbidites became less frequent. The first limestones at the top of chert sections are calcareous ooze turbidites derived from above the CCD and deposited slightly below it. Gradual descent of the CCD to ocean floor depths at the end of the Jurassic (Bosellini & Winterer, 1975) led to the replacement of siliceous by carbonate sedimentation.     

Biogenic chert in the Cow Head Group (Cambro-Ordovician), western Newfoundland

Chert in the Cow Head Group is mainly a replacement of limestone and shale and, to a lesser extent, an interparticle cement. Its field occurrences are distinct as: (1) silicified margins on coarse conglomerates and thinly bedded limestones; (2) nodules within limestone and shale; (3) pervasively silicified beds of limestone and shale; and (4) clasts or partial replacement of clasts within conglomerate. Radiolarians and sponge spicules are composed of microquartz or calcite and are particularly common in the Ordovician part of the succession where most chert occurs. In limestone spatially associated with chert, the use of cathodoluminescence demonstrates that calcite-replaced radiolarians and spicules are volumetrically more important than realized through transmitted-light petrography. Petrographic relations between siliceous and rare pyritized radiolarians further indicate that these particles may be dissolved prior to compaction. No trace of their former existence remains, other than indirectly through the presence of silicified limestone and shale. Crushed grains cemented by chalcedony indicate that chert was precipitated during or after compaction. The history of silicification and the replacement or dissolution of siliceous bioclasts is protracted, ranging from near the sediment-water interface, where it is concomitant with early limestone lithification, to deeper burial, postdating mechanical compaction.     

西秦岭洛坝铅锌矿床矿质运移过程中有机流体作用的模拟实验研究

在高压热水实验条件下,利用有机流体和无机流体对秦岭洛坝热水沉积改造型铅锌矿床中的硅化灰岩、千枚岩、硅质岩和生物碎屑灰岩进行了Pb-Zn元素的驱替模拟实验.结果表明:在不同囤压和驱替压力条件下,流体对成矿元素的迁移能力存在明显差异,在围压由45 MPa→15 MPa→9.8 MPa的条件下,千枚岩在无机流体中Pb,Zn的淋滤率由0变为0.019%,4.1%和12.21%,0.15%;在有机流体中由0变为0.278%,4.524%和12.37%,0.19%;淋滤率表现为增涨的趋势;碳酸盐岩在无机流体中Pb,Zn的淋滤率由0.034%,0.02%变为0.53%,0.45%;在有机流体中由0.049%,0.03%变为0.53%和0.45%,Pb-Zn的淋滤率均有上升的趋势;围压和驱替压力的降低有利于流体对铅、锌成矿元素的迁移.有机流体较无机流体更易于活化迁移铅、锌成矿元素.4种岩石类型的淋滤率分别是:对Pb是硅化灰岩千枚岩硅质岩生物碎屑灰岩,而对Zn是硅化灰岩硅质岩生物碎屑灰岩千枚岩.硅质岩、硅化灰岩、生物碎屑灰岩与千枚岩在矿床的形成中可能分别起到了矿源层、储集层和盖层的作用.     

浙江省长兴县煤山剖面二叠系-三叠系界线层序的沉积微相特征及层序地层划分

通过对浙江煤山剖面二叠系-三叠系界线层序新鲜露头的仔细研究后发现,长兴组顶部岩层(层22—层24)主要由3种微相构成:生物碎屑粒泥灰岩、富有机质生屑泥粒灰岩和含生屑或生屑质高有机质泥状灰岩—粒泥灰岩,其间夹有少量硅质骨针灰岩薄层或条带。殷坑组底部泥岩段(层30—层37)也主要由三种基本微相组成:灰绿色白云质泥岩、黑色白云质泥岩和灰白色瘤状白云质灰岩,其间夹有5层灰绿色火山灰层。界线附近的层25—层29的岩性及生物变化较为独特和复杂,属于以上两者的过渡部分。根据沉积微相组合特征和生物面貌纵向上的变化特征,将界线层序归为斜坡上部、斜坡下部和盆地环境3个沉积相带,并组成一个跨越界线的三级层序,层序底界位于层22中部(层22-11底面)。     

新疆乌恰县博索果山锰矿地质特征及找矿标志

近年,在新疆西南天山乌恰县吉根地区首次发现锰矿带,长大于28km,向北延伸至吉尔吉斯斯坦。锰矿层沿锰矿带断续出露长约14km。博索果山锰矿位于锰矿带南部,已发现具一定规模的富锰矿体,有望评价一处中型锰矿床。锰矿赋存于下泥盆统萨瓦亚尔顿组第二段,层控特征明显,属沉积成因。含矿岩石组合为硅质岩、硅质板岩、炭质页岩、硅质粉砂质板岩,夹泥晶灰岩透镜体等。锰矿受控于博索果山背、向斜构造。向斜核部更有利于储存厚度大、品位高的锰矿体,剥蚀程度小,有较大的找矿前景。乌恰地区锰矿找矿标志明显,地表基本能快速发现。     

磁化率测量在沉积锰矿床中的应用

为研究磁化率在沉积锰矿床中的应用,对广西下雷锰矿床的钻孔岩心进行了磁化率测量试验。结果表明,含锰岩系中矿层磁化率与围岩磁化率明显不同,通常碳酸锰矿磁化率值比围岩要高出1~2个数量级,而围岩中硅质岩、灰岩、泥岩的磁化率无明显差异。磁化率可作为野外快速判别含锰岩系的代用指标。通过讨论下雷原生碳酸锰矿的磁化率异常,认为碳酸盐矿物磁性很低,对磁化率的贡献极小,磁化率异常高值指示与其伴生的铁质矿物;碳酸锰矿中含有磁性矿物,其磁性强弱决定了矿层磁化率的大小;黏土矿物中的绿泥石可吸附含铁的强磁性物质,绿泥石及其含量是影响碳酸锰矿磁化率的一个重要因素。     

湖南嘉禾大窝岭剖面吴家坪阶-长兴阶界线牙形石生物地层及一次碳同位素负偏

吴家坪阶-长兴阶界线位于这两次生物大灭绝事件之间,科学界对该界线附近是否发生重大地质事件仍然知之甚少,有关该时期的环境变化、碳循环的研究也不深入.嘉禾大窝岭剖面牙形石生物地层以及碳同位素变化的研究,为进一步探讨吴家坪期-长兴期附近的生物及环境事件提供基础材料.晚二叠世时以深水盆地相沉积为主的大窝岭剖面位于湖南省嘉禾县袁家镇附近.该剖面大隆组出露较好,岩性主要为硅质岩、硅质灰岩、灰岩以及泥岩.在大隆组中共识别出牙形石1属3种(含一个未定种):Clarkina wangi,C. deflecta,C. sp.,并识别出牙形石C. wangi带和C. changxingensis-C. deflecta组合带.根据C. wangi的首现,将大窝岭剖面的吴家坪阶-长兴阶界线(Wuchiapingian-Changhsingian boundary,简称WCB)置于第11层底部.该剖面全岩无机碳同位素数据显示在13~15层发生了一次快速的负偏,从2.18‰负偏到-1.39‰,负偏值近3.50‰,可与浙江煤山及四川上寺等剖面进行很好的对比,揭示这次碳同位素负偏在华南区域上可具对比性.      

震旦纪地层黄铁矿硫同位素组成时－空变化特征及扬子地块与晚元古超大陆关系的论证

扬子地区早震旦世时期沉积岩黄铁矿具有重的硫同位素组成,其δ¹⁴S值从早震旦世椿木组地层的24‰左右逐渐变得更正。在早震旦世扬子地区广泛沉积碳酸锰矿和黑色页岩的民乐组时期达到极正值+60‰,然后又降低至+16‰-+20‰。上述硫同位素组成的时-空变化特征支持了扬子地块属晚元古Rodinia超大陆的一个组成部分的假设。从晚震旦世早期陡山沱组底部开始,沉积岩中黄铁矿硫同位素的δ¹⁴SS出现负值,并继续降低至-27‰以下。早震旦世晚期-晚震旦世早期沉积岩中硫同位素组成特征反映了沉积盆地古海洋环境的剧烈变化,它与大约7亿年时Rodinia超大陆的解体以及扬子地块与其它大陆分离的地质推测相吻合。