全球大气位势高度场气候变率的球函数分析

为了研究全球大气位势高度场的气候变率, 利用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料, 按照距平高度场平均强度指数 (I_a) 分析发现, 半球距平高度场强度呈年单周振荡, 冬大夏小, 冬季随高度单调增大, 夏季有弱高、低值中心出现, 而北、南半球的差异明显表现在季节变化上; 进一步根据半球大气位势高度距平场球函数谱低维、低阶的基本特征, 将半球环流异常分为半球均匀异常 ( H ′₀₀)、纬向均匀异常 ( H ′₀)、超长波尺度异常 ( H ′_ul) 和长波尺度异常 ( H ′_l) 4种类型, 用波数域0≤m, k≤6上的球函数系数资料求得它们的方差贡献, 给出了4类异常的方差贡献随高度、季节变化的规律以及它们的半球际差异。由此得到异常环流球函数谱结构的总体特征为:对流、平流层之间存在明显变化。从对流层进入平流层, 一般由超长波异常为主转为纬向均匀异常为主 (冬半球) 或半球均匀为主 (夏半球); 半球均匀异常在对流层中不重要, 长波尺度异常在平流层中不重要, 它们拟合异常方差一般均小于10%; 北、南半球最大差异表现在冬季平流层R′₀₀和冬、夏季对流层R′₀南半球大于北半球, 冬、夏季对流层R′_l北半球大于南半球。     

梅汛期南亚高压活动的谱特征分析——波能密度谱

本文是应用100hPa北半球高度场格点资料,选取2003-2005年6-7月南亚高压季节性东进、北移的15个过程,其中包括这3年中在入、出梅期间500 hPa副热带高压有响应的季节性北移个例.计算了40 °N的波谱物理量-1～7波的方差比和波能密度,分析其西风带长波-超长波的调整和南亚高压的东进、北移的相关,并从波能密度的演变特征来识别何种长波波动对南亚高压的季节性变化具有最大的贡献.从而得出100hPa 40 °N的超长波的调整是南亚高压季节性东进、北移的环流背景,而西风带4～6波的长波槽波能密度的激增是诱发南亚高压季节性演变的最大贡献者.     

南半球环流与西太平洋副热带高压和台风群中期活动的关系

通过对南北半球环流6年资料的分析,发现在北半球夏季5～8月,南半球中纬西风指数、低纬西风指数、赤道气压指标与北半球西太平洋副热带高压和台风群的中期活动均有较好的关系。在台风群活跃的年份,台风群生成阶段前后,环流变化由南半球中纬先开始,随后南半球低纬和赤道地区环流也出现变化,赤道气压指标到达低值,此后,北半球西太平洋副热带高压的特征产生一系列的变化,上述南北半球环流系统变化的传播过程为准二周周期。     

海陆分布与高原对低纬7月平均经圈环流的影响

本文利用1961—1974年7月的平均资料,对45°N—40°S范围计算了各种平均经圈环流及加热场等物理量。所取的网格点为5°× 5°经纬度,垂直速度利用实际风计算,加热场是用热流量方程计算的。 由研究发现海陆分布及高原对平均经圈环流的影响是明显的,在南北半球大范围比较均一对称的下垫面上空,如欧非大陆、大西洋及东太平洋上空都存在一个典型的南北半球对称的Hadley环流。在北面是大陆高原,南面是海洋的亚洲地区,只有一个典型的季风环流。这是因为北半球副热带区的冷源变为热源,Hadley环流消失之故。西太平洋也有一类似的季风环流,这与这个地区存在较强的热源有关。北美季风环流很弱主要因为北美副热带陆地面积远比亚洲小。北半球全球的Hadley环流都很弱,主要是受季风环流的影响。 另外,还发现亚洲季风环流区,向上输送的能量很强,尤其高原地区更强更高,它在高空向东西两侧及南半球输送。     

平流层剩余环流及其时间演变特征

平流层剩余环流是由剩余速度经向分量和垂直分量构成的平流层经向－垂直环流，它对于对流层－平流层相互作用和物质交换起着十分重要的作用。作者利用1979～2003年NCEP II再分析资料计算了剩余速度经向分量和垂直分量， 并与数值模拟结果进行了比较，再用计算的剩余环流讨论了它的季节变化、年际变化和长期变化趋势。计算结果表明，剩余环流的上升气流从低纬度赤道地区对流层顶上升到平流层下部，然后向极向下运动，在中纬度地区下沉， 进入对流层，这也就是Brewer－Dobson环流。计算结果同数值模拟结果比较一致。由此可见，可以利用NCEP资料得到比较清晰的剩余环流和Brewer－Dobson环流。剩余环流有明显的季节变化，上升气流的中心随着季节的变化在赤道地区南北移动，春秋季节其中心基本上位于赤道附近，南北半球大致呈对称分布，只是北半球副热带地区的下沉气流要比南半球强。在冬夏季节，上升气流的中心分别位于南北纬10°附近。北半球夏季的上升气流要比南半球夏季的上升气流强，同时冬半球的下沉气流比夏半球的下沉气流强。剩余环流还有年际变化和准两年周期振荡特征，在纬向风为西风位相时，赤道地区的上升气流比较弱；而在东风位相时，上升气流和水平方向的输送相对比较强。剩余环流的十年际变化表现为，1979～1983年、1990～1995年、2000～2003年较强，其他年份则较弱。在过去25年，就总的变化趋势而言，剩余环流的上升气流有所增强，平流层下部向中纬度地区的输送也有所增强，环流整体形势是增强的。     

105°E和125°E越赤道气流与南、北半球环流变化的关系

采用1980～2004年5～8月NCEP/NCAR逐日再分析资料, 将105°E和125°E越赤道气流增强过程按一定标准进行取样, 并对增强过程中越赤道气流的变化特点及其相应的南、 北半球环流特征进行分析, 结果表明: 越赤道气流的增强往往对应着通道南侧或北侧从热带到副热带地区的环流调整, 而这种环流调整在南半球主要指澳洲冷空气活动, 在北半球主要为辐合带的变化, 二者是影响越赤道气流的主要环流因子; 北半球辐合带的变化与西太平洋副高的东西振荡有密切关系, 前者的分布形态在一定程度上决定了南半球环流及越赤道气流变化对北半球热带外环流的影响情况; 125°E越赤道气流比105°E越赤道气流的增强过程通常更为显著, 这与它们对应的南、 北半球环流调整的差异有关。     

北半球中纬地区平均纬向垂直环流的特征

Reginald.E.Newell等曾计算了冬夏两季5℃和5°N的沃克环流(Walker Cell),给出了赤道地区纬向气流的特征。Krishnamurti曾根据200mb位势流的计算结果,推论出北半球夏季0°-30°N和北半球冬季15°S—15°N的理想纬向垂直环流圈,给出了热带和副热带地区纬向垂直环流的特征。叶笃正等指出青藏高原地形及其夏季的热源作用,使其与西半球、南半球和中、东太平洋的天气系统产生遥相关,给出了青藏高原地区和遥     

气候系统模式对Hadley环流的模拟和未来变化预估

针对全球变暖背景下未来Hadley环流将如何变化这一问题,评估了气候系统模式对1970~1999年Hadley环流时空特征的模拟效能,并在此基础上选取能合理模拟Hadley环流空间结构、强度指数和边界指数变化的3个模式,通过多模式集合方法预估了未来Hadley环流在A1B排放情景下的可能演变。预估结果表明,在全球变暖背景下,相比于1970~1999年,到本世纪末期(2070~2099年),北半球Hadley环流在4个季节都将减弱,春季变化幅度相对较弱;南半球Hadley环流在冬季和夏季也会减弱,而在春季和秋季的变化不明显。另外,北半球Hadley环流的北边界除在夏季向南收缩外,在其它3个季节均向北伸展;南半球Hadley环流的南边界在4个季节均向极地方向移动。两个半球的Hadley环流在垂直方向还将向对流层上层伸展。       

夏季长江淮河流域异常降水事件环流差异及机理研究

长江、淮河同处东亚中纬度,天气过程的大尺度环流背景相似,大量相关研究基本是把江淮流域天气气候事件作为一个整体研究,然而对长江、淮河流域夏季降水的时空变化进行分析发现,长江、淮河流域夏季异常降水事件有各自不同的年际、年代际变化特征,但环流差异及成因并不十分清楚。本文根据中国台站降水资料及NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,利用物理量诊断和现代统计学等方法,重点分析长江、淮河流域梅雨期降水异常事件发生时南北半球大气环流内部动力过程的差异及成因。研究指出:长江（淮河）流域梅雨期降水异常偏多年500 hPa位势高度场亚洲中高纬度环流呈现为南北向（东西向）的波列与东亚中高纬鄂霍茨克海阻塞频次增多（减少）以及200 hPa高度场上东亚副热带高空西风急流强度加强（减弱）、稳定（移动）有关;长江（淮河）流域梅雨期降水异常偏多年主要水汽来源与南半球澳大利亚高压、马斯克林高压位置偏东（西）造成西太平洋150°E～180°（阿拉伯海50°E～60°E）地区越赤道气流加强有关。长江（淮河）流域梅雨期异常降水事件大气环流内部动力过程最显著的差异表现为:东亚副热带高空西风急流加强（减弱）以及南半球澳大利亚高压、马斯克林高压位置偏东（西）。     

北半球东半部对流层夏季平均环流形成物理机制的流体模拟实验

在旋转流体盘中做物理实验 ,模拟研究北半球东半部对流层夏季平均大气环流的形成物理机制。用镍铬电阻丝通电加热实验盘底作为热源 ,用冷水循环的铜管对实验盘底制冷作为冷源。将热源及冷源分布在绘有北半球极赤射面投影地图的底面上。人工地制造出中高纬西风带及越赤道气流模型。用流体物理模拟实验方法研究北半球东半部对流层夏季平均大气环流物理机制。逐个地试验了海陆温差、青藏高原地形及其高空热源、中高纬西风带 ,及来自南半球的越赤道气流的作用     

1980年夏季我国天气气候反常和St.Helens火山爆发的影响

1980年5月18日St.Helens火山大爆发,大量火山灰喷入平流层,围绕北半球中纬度带飘浮。在30°N以北我国东部各站晴空直接辐射量(S)从6月上旬开始异常偏低,夏季S达到近二十余年来的最低值,夏季中纬度S的经向梯度异常增大;相应地,西太平洋副高及北侧的季风雨带在7—8月异常偏南,形成了我国严重的北旱南涝以及江淮冷夏等反常天气气候。本文现就此作物理分析。     

RESEARCH ON INTERANNUAL CHANGE ABOUT TELECONNECTION OF GENERAL CIRCULATION IN SUMMER DURING 1980s OVER THE NORTHERN HEMISPHERE

In the paper the 5°×10°latitude-longitude grid point data of daily 500 hPa geopotential height over the NorthernHemisphere(NH)in summer(June—August)during 1980s are used.The base point(20°N,120°E)is selected to calcu-late point correlation between the base point and other grid points.We find that the summer heat source anomaly of thetropical western Pacific causes anomaly of summer general circulation over NH and teleconnection of general circula-tion similar to PNA pattern forms from East Asia to North America.The teleconnections show great interannualchanges.     

超长波的多年振动

我们对1871—1975年冬（1月）和夏（7月）60°N和30°N纬圈的海平面气压距平资料作谐波分析，讨论第1—3波的超长波的多年振动。其主要结果有:1. 超长波的第1波的近百年变化表现为向西的行波型振动。它的超长波槽有3次影响东亚，造成东亚地区降水量的36年左右周期。2. 第2、3波的变化是属于驻波型的振动，这种振动是由两个气候变化阶段来完成的。1921—1926年以前为第一阶段，超长波槽的位置偏东；1921—1926年以后为第二阶段，超长波槽偏西。超长波的阶段变化导致了大气活动中心的阶段变化，引起相关系数的不稳定。3. 超长波的阶段变化与海温距平的阶段变化有密切关系。超长波槽的变化与海温负距平的变化相适应。     

近五年东亚夏季自然天气季节的划分及夏季特征的初步探讨

本文根据1951—1955年五年高空和地面的资料,对夏季过程进行了分析,得到下面几点结果: 1.在东亚地区的四个主要经度带上以65°,120°和140°经度带的500毫巴强西风中心的位置和强度变化,对东亚自然天气季节的划分是最良好的指标。东经65°经度带上南边低纬度强西风的消失是梅雨期开始前的征兆。东经140°经度带上强西风在北纬40°以南消失时是夏季开始的征兆。和它相关联的过程是东亚高空大槽的消失和太平洋副热带高压带北移至30°—40°纬度带间,这个期间平均是在7月13日左右,也是江南梅雨结束的时候。故梅雨是夏季以前的盛行过程,它和500毫巴强西风区或锋区是有密切的联系的。 2.东经140°经度带上500毫巴强西风在北纬30°—40°重现时,是夏季结束秋季开始的征兆,和它相关连的天气过程是在该经度带上高空大槽重新建立,地面大陆冷高压从新地岛东部向东南下达华北地区。这个时间平均是在9月5日左右。故东亚夏季的长度平均仅55日。 3.从500毫巴强西风在各经度带上出现的情况来看,一般是西部比东部消失得早,出现得迟,不如冬季那样先在上游首先建立,在春夏之交这种相反的演变,似非地形的分支可以解释的。 4.在夏季自然天气季节所出现的盛行天气过程主要是表现在太平洋副热带高压随上游气压场的不同,及其和     

WESTWARD PROPAGATING LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION AND ITS TELECONNECTION IN THE EASTERN HEMISPHERE

By use of daily OLR data of eight years (1975—1977,1979—1983),the propagation features of 30—60day low-frequency oscillation (LFO) and its teleconnections are studied.The results are as follows:(1)The LFO is quite active in the regions of the South China Sea,mainland of China and subtrop-ical western-North-Pacific.(2)The zonal propagation direction of LFO is eastward along the equator and gradually changes towestward north of 10°N and south of 10°S.The westward propagation of LFO dominates in the areaof 15°N-30°N,Eastern Hemisphere.(3)In the region of east Asia (120°E),the main meridional directions are northward in tropics andsouthward in high latitudes.These two opposite propagating LFO are merged in the vicinity of subtropics.Sometimes,the northward propagating LFO can penetrate through the subtropics to high latitudes and viceversa.On the average,the northward propagation dominates in summer time.(4)The EOF analysis of the summer data shows that there are two main eiginvector centers of OLR-LFO,one is located over the Bay of Bengal and the other over the tropical western-North-Pacific.Thesign of these two centers are just opposite to each other.It should be noted that on the normal,thesetwo oscillation centers mentioned above coincide with the two strong centers of atmospheric 12eat source insummer.It means that the activities of LFO in the Indian monsoon system and the East Asian monsoonsystem are reverse.For the first component of eiginvector,a belt of LFO with the same sign stretcheswith a SW-NE direction from the tropical center in the western-North-Pacific northwestward,passing bythe point at 15°N,180°E and reaches southwestern states of the United States.To the north and southof this belt,there are other two belts with opposite sign.Again further north and south of them,there areother two belts with the same sign as the first one.Furthermore,to the NW (near Taiwan) and SE (10°S,160°W) of the tropical East Asian center,there is,respectively,another center with opposite sign.Analmost straight line can go through all three centers.The main characteristics of the second,third andfourth components of eiginvector are the same as that of the first one.It indicates that the teleconnectioncentered around the tropical East Asian center of LFO is characterized by a SW-NE oriented wave frontand the energy transport of oscillation from SE to NW.That is to say,the oscillations in the tropicalwestern-North-Pacific may be the source of those in China during summer.We call this teleconnection pat-tern the WPC (western Pacific-China) pattern so as to distinguish from the PNA pattern.     

对流层大气环流的甚低频振荡

对１９５１—１９９２共４２ａ５００ｈＰａ北半球高度场的月平均资料进行了纬圈谐波分析，计算了３５°Ｎ与５５°Ｎ超长波振幅及位相，以及３５—５５°Ｎ北半球月平均纬向风距平百分比。对超长波振幅及纬向风距平百分比做了小波转换。结果表明，对流层大气环流变化中存在３种准周期性的甚低频振荡：１．年代际的振荡；２．准２ａ周期振荡（ＱＢＯ）；３．半年韵律。同时发现对流层ＱＢＯ和平流层赤道纬向风ＱＢＯ之间可能没有联系。     

The effects of topography on the summer atmospheric energetics of the Northern Hemisphere in a low-resolution global spectral model

An analysis is made of the effects of topography on the summer atmospheric energetics of the Northern Hemisphere in a low-resolution global spectral model. The numerical mode! is a global, spectral, primitive equation model with five equally spaced sigma levels in the vertical and triangular truncation at wavenumber 10 in the horizontal. The model includes comparatively full physical processes. Each term of the energy budget equations is calculated in four specific latitudinal belts (81.11°S–11.53°S; 11.53°S–11.53°N; 11.53°N–46.24°N; 46.24°N–81.11°N) from a five-year simulation with mountains and a one-year simulation without mountains, respectively. Differences between them are compared and statistically tested. The results show that synoptical scale waves transport available potential energy and kinetic energy to long waves and increase conversion from available potential energy of the zonal flow to eddy's and from the eddy kinetic energy to the zonal kinetic energy in region 3 (11.53°N-46.24°N) due to mountains; topography intensifies the atmospheric baroclinity in region 3, consequently the baroclinic conversion of atmosphere energy is increased. The seasonal characteristics associated with the summer atmospheric energy source in region 3 are caused by seasonal variation of the solar radiation and the land-ocean contrasts and independent of topographic effects. The mechanism of topographic effects on the increase of long wave kinetic energy is also discussed.     

Analysis of Stationary-Wave Nonstationarity in the Northern Hemisphere 500-hPa Height Field

In this paper, the concept of stationary-wave nonstationarity is presented and elucidated in the framework of the Lorenz circulation decomposition. This concept indicates the relative magnitude of the zonal nonuniform abnormity to the intensity of stationary waves on the monthly mean scale. Based on the Lorenz circulation decomposition, the nonstationarity degree Ius(Ilus) of the global (local) stationary waves is defined, and then used to analyze the stationary-wave nonstationarity at 30° 60°N, where the intensity of stationary waves at 500 hPa in the Northern Hemisphere, as is well known, is very high. The following findings are obtained: (1) There exist seasonal southward and northward movements in the position of the nonstationarity zones of the global stationary waves. The steady stationary waves occur in midlatitudes (35°-55°N) in winter and in the subtropical region (south of 35°N) in summer, associated with the major troughs over East Asia and North America and the weak European trough in winter, and with the relatively steady subtropical high system in summer. A high value center of Ius is at 35°N in spring and 50°N in summer, which might be caused by the seasonal variation of stationary-wave intensity, particularly in association with the interannual variability of trough ridge positions of stationary waves on the monthly mean maps. (2) There exists obvious asymmetry in Ilus, with the steady zones always located in the areas controlled by strong troughs/ridges and the unsteady ones in the areas where the stationary-wave intensity is low. The Ilus in the subtropics (south of 35°N) is larger in winter than in summer, and vice versa in the midlatitude region (north of 35°N). The summertime distribution of Ilus on the whole shows a rather complicated structure. However, North Europe is the most unsteady area for local stationary waves, as represented by high values of Ilus in both summer and winter, while over the North American continent (about 120°E-60°W), the °Ilus is slightly less than 1 in summer, indicating that the stationary waves in this region are more steady than those over other mid and high latitude regions. (3) From North China to Northwest Pacific, there is a high value zone of Ilus in summer, with its center (45°N, 130°E) located in the east of Heilongjiang Province. This influences the summer climate of northern China, including Northeast, North, and Northwest China. It is obvious that the nonstationarity is an intrinsic attribute of stationary waves, and can be regarded as being of the same importance as the intensity and energy-spectrum structure of stationary waves in the studies of the general circulation system.     

THE ROLE OF THE MERIDIONAL CIRCULATION IN STATIONARY WAVE PROPAGATION

In a general baroclinic atmosphere,when the basic state includes meridional circulation,the sta-tionary waves might not only pass through the equatorial easterlies,but also strengthen significantly.The orographic forcing in the Northern Hemisphere mid-latitude might cause marked responses in thelow latitude atmosphere.This suggests that the meridional circulation plays an important role in theconnection of stationary responses in mid and low latitudes,and so does the heating forcing in theNorthern Hemisphere mid-latitude.Forced by the heating forcing in the Northern Hemisphere mid-latitude,the features similar to the Northern Hemisphere summer monsoon circulation can be ob-tained.It appears that the meridional circulation plays certain role in the formation of summer mon-soon circulation.The heating anomaly forcing located at the eastern equatorial Pacific makes the sta-tionary waves present PNA(Pacific-North America)pattern in the winter hemisphere,but it doesnot in the summer hemisphere.It suggests that the meridional circulation has a marked influence onthe route of stationary wave propagation both in the winter and summer hemispheres.     

北半球500毫巴月平均环流特征及演变规律的研究——超长波

本文是作者研究近10年大气环流特征的第二部分。应用1951—1960年北半球500毫巴月平均图,用谐波分析方法计算了历年逐月55°N及35°N上波数1到4(第1到第4)波的振幅及位相角。由此分析了大气环流的季节变化。主要结果如下: 1.第1波及第3波的振幅均有明显的年变程,但趋势彼此相反。另外,第1波或第3波振幅本身在55°N及35°N年变程也相反。第2波振幅年变程不明显。 2.各波的位相角亦有明显而规则的年变程,只有55°N第2波的位相角季节变化不大。 3.从逐年波谱及位相来看,大气环流的季节变化各年虽有不同,但季节的趋势却是每年都一致的。 4.过渡季节的波谱与冬夏截然不同。因此一年可分为4个自然天气季节,但每年季节早晚、长短及特征均有一定差异。 5.北半球超长波特征与我国天气有密切关系,这可以从一些例子来说明,如1954年7月与1959年7月,1957年2月与1960年2月。