舟山近海环境DNA保存方法的建立及优化

近年来,环境DNA(environmentalDNA,eDNA)技术开始被广泛应用于水生生物多样性研究。本文通过绝对定量和高通量测序技术对舟山近海高浊度水样eDNA的保存方法进行了建立和优化。研究结果如下:(1)"酒精+低温"保存法的eDNA获得量是"酒精+常温"保存法的0.78—1.06 (7d)、0.89—1.80 (15d)、1.05—2.75 (30d)和2.69 (60d)倍;(2)酒精保存法(低温、常温)存在eDNA富集物渗漏及滤膜黏附现象;(3)短期内冷冻保存样品的eDNA获得量是酒精保存样品获得量的1.25—1.59倍(7d)和1.07—1.20倍(15d);(4)酒精保存法的eDNA降解速率慢于冷冻保存法,长期内酒精保存样品的eDNA获得量是冷冻保存样品获得量的1.99—2.10倍(30d)和2.84—7.64倍(60d);(5)二次富集(过滤)能显著提高eDNA获得量,富集组eDNA浓度是未富集组浓度的1.60—4.95倍("酒精+低温")和1.21—2.04倍("酒精+常温");(6)"酒精+低温"保存的样品在高通量测序总丰度、各鱼种分丰度、物种多样性指数等多个方面优于冷冻保存样品;(7)微生物(micro-organism)的eDNA降解速率慢于大生物(macro-organism),不同界(Kingdom)的eDNA最优保存方法可能并不相同。本研究首次建立了舟山近海高浊度水样eDNA最适保存方法,为相似水域的eDNA保存提供了借鉴参考。     

用于单-藻细胞PCR扩增反应的样品保存方法比较

用室内培养的塔玛亚历山大藻（Alezandrium tamarense ATHK藻株）作为实验对象，分别选择了5％福尔马林固定后常温保存、95％乙醇固定后常温保存、-20℃冷冻保存、鲁哥氏液（Lugol’s solution）固定后常温保存等方法，在5，15，30，60d后对保存的样品进行单细胞PCR反应，并与新鲜样品进行比较。实验结果表明，用95％乙醇保存、-20℃冷冻保存、鲁哥氏液保存的样品在60d后仍可扩增出目标条带，与新鲜样品没有差别，但是样品中的藻细胞形态有一些改变；而以5％福尔马林固定保存的样品只能在5d后扩增出目标条带，但藻细胞形态比较完好。因此，对用于单细胞PCR实验的微藻样品，短期内（不多于5d）可以采用福尔马林保存，而需要长期保存的样品，应当采用乙醇或鲁哥氏液固定，或者采用-20℃冷冻保存的方法。     

海绵动物保存及DNA提取方法的研究

海绵标本长期、完整的保存是开展海绵分类学及分子进化研究的重要前提, 本研究以建立通用的海绵动物标本的保存方法及快速、完整的基因组DNA 提取方法为主要目的, 通过对硅质的山海绵(Mycale sp.)和钙质的白枝海绵(Leucosoleniidae sp.)为材料进行–20℃冰冻、乙醇固定、冰冻后风干和乙醇固定后风干等4 种保存方法进行研究, 同时采用酚-氯仿法、高盐法、CTAB 法等3 种基因组DNA提取方法, 测试了4 种保存方法的DNA 提取效率。实验结果显示, 海绵样品的4 种保存方法以及3 种DNA 提取方法对于硅质海绵以及钙质海绵虽然在提取的DNA 得率上有差异, 但都能获得较高纯度基因组DNA。从经济成本、方便性、潜在的污染等因素考虑, 高盐法是首选的提取海绵基因组DNA 的方法; 乙醇固定保存的海绵样品DNA 得率最高, 冰冻的海绵样品得率最低, 推荐采用乙醇固定保存海绵样品的方法。     

不同保存方法对厚壳贻贝样品蛋白提取效果的比较

为了解厚壳贻贝(Mytilus coruscus)稚贝样品在冷冻保存过程中的蛋白变化情况,作者采用直接冷冻法、添加海水冷冻法、蛋白裂解液冷冻法等分别对保存1周至6个月的厚壳贻贝样品蛋白提取的不同效果进行了比较。SDS-PAGE胶结果显示,3种冷冻保存方法均出现4个有规律条带(a、b、c、d),其相对分子量依次约为55、46、38和26kDa。SDS-PAGE蛋白条带灰度值的检测结果表明,1个月内蛋白裂解液法保存的样品最佳;直接冷冻法和添加海水冷冻法的研究发现保存过程中的蛋白均出现不同程度的降解现象,因而可能不适宜用于该种稚贝样品的保存。     

用于单一藻细胞PCR扩增反应的样品保存方法比较

用室内培养的塔玛亚历山大藻(Alexandrium tamarense ATHK藻株)作为实验对象,分别选择了5%福尔马林固定后常温保存、95%乙醇固定后常温保存、-20℃冷冻保存、鲁哥氏液(Lugols solution)固定后常温保存等方法,在5,15,30,60 d后对保存的样品进行单细胞PCR反应,并与新鲜样品进行比较。实验结果表明,用95%乙醇保存、-20℃冷冻保存、鲁哥氏液保存的样品在60 d后仍可扩增出目标条带,与新鲜样品没有差别,但是样品中的藻细胞形态有一些改变;而以5%福尔马林固定保存的样品只能在5 d后扩增出目标条带,但藻细胞形态比较完好。因此,对用于单细胞PCR实验的微藻样品,短期内(不多于5 d)可以采用福尔马林保存,而需要长期保存的样品,应当采用乙醇或鲁哥氏液固定,或者采用-20℃冷冻保存的方法。     

大黄鱼倍性检测研究

于2001—2004年对人工诱导大黄鱼的不同发育阶段和不同组织进行倍性检测，胚胎眼泡期采用染色体计数法测定，鱼苗和成鱼阶段用流式细胞法，结果表明，胚胎染色体数目2n=48条为二倍体，3n=72条为三倍体．采用流式细胞法测定鱼苗和成鱼个体时，若受测样品的DNA相对含量值与已知对照组二倍体的比值约为1．5：1，其个体为三倍体；比值约为1：1，则为二倍体，无论用肌肉或尾鳍组织，皆可检测出其个体的倍性。     

海湾扇贝样品不同保存条件下DNA的提取及RAPD扩增比较

以海湾扇贝为材料，研究了鲜活样品以及采用冷冻保存、70％乙醇固定和10％福尔马林固定等方法保存的闭壳肌样品用于DNA提取的不同效果，并分析了不同保存条件下所提得DNA用于RAPD扩增的结果，研究表明，鲜活样品以及采肜冷冻保存和70％乙醇固定的样品可以得到很好的DNA，其质量和得率没有显著差异，利用上述DNA模板进行RAPD分析，可以获得一致性很好的扩增结果。10％福尔马林休固定样品则没有得到可用的DNA模板。采用70％乙醇固定保存海洋生物组织，是用于DNA提取及相关的分子生物学研究的快速、简易和有效的方法。     

海洋环境中多环芳烃的测定与来源解析

从样品采集与保存、样品前处理、多环芳烃的检测3个方面介绍了测定海水和海洋沉积物中多环芳烃的步骤和最新进展.对目前较为常用的几种样品前处理方法,如液-液萃取、固相萃取、固相微萃取、索氏提取、超声提取、微波萃取、超临界流体萃取、加速溶剂萃取;以及检测方法,如气相色谱-质谱法、高效液相色谱法等作了详细介绍,比较了各自的优缺点.对目前较为常用的2种多环芳烃的来源解析方法(分子指纹法和同位素指纹法)的相关研究进展进行了总结.     

不同保存条件下中华哲水蚤基因组DNA提取的比较

以采自厦门港的中华哲水蚤(Calanus sinicus)为对象，研究多种保存条件对中华哲水蚤基因组DNA提取的影响。结果表明，除5％福尔马林保存的样品没有提取到DNA之外，其余样品均能成功提取出基因组DNA；以该DNA为模板通过相应引物成功扩增出线粒体DNACOI基因片段。其中无水乙醇保存样品提取可靠的基因组DNA方法的建立，为野外样品保存工作提供了一个简便，经济的途径。     

不同保存方法的大黄鱼肌肉样品基因组DNA提取及RAPD分析

以－20℃冷藏、70％（V／V）乙醇、含50mmol/dm^3 EDTA的70％（V／V）乙醇和10％（V／V）福尔马林保存等方法处理大黄鱼肌肉样品，进行了DNA的提取及RAPD分析，并与新鲜样品作了对照。实验结果表明，鲜活样品以及冷冻保存、70％（V／V）乙醇以及含50mmol/dm^3EDTA的70％（V／V）乙醇保存的样品均可得到高质量的DNA，大小在21kbp左右，含量为100μm/cm^3左右。而从10％（V／V）福尔马林保存样品也能提到DNA，但其DNA得率低，约10μg/cm^3。分别以上述提取的DNA为模板进行RAPD扩增，未见有明显的差异。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Coastal Lagoon Bacterioplankton and Picophytoplankton: Fixation and Storage Effects

The effect of different fixation and storage protocols on the flow cytometric (FCM) simultaneous analysis of bacterioplankton and phytoplankton in coastal seawater samples (Mediterranean coastal lagoons) was investigated. FCM measurements (cell number, fluorescence and scatter characteristics) were obtained through DAPI staining. Three fixatives [glutaraldehyde (GA), formaldehyde (FA) and paraformaldehyde (PFA)] and two storage (3 months duration) methods (5 °C and −196 °C) were tested. Two dominant populations were detected in studied samples: bacteria and eukaryotic picophytoplankton. Adding fixatives (2% final concentration) appears necessary to obtain FCM exhaustive counts of all the bacteria and phytoplanktonic cells. This was related to the permeation effect of fixatives which allowed a better DAPI staining of the cells. Maximum fluorescence, i.e. optimal staining of the cells was obtained with FA or PFA, and significant lower fluorescences with GA. Fixed samples stored at 5 °C induced rapid cell loss. Only storage in liquid nitrogen of samples fixed with FA or PFA, allows mid-term (≥4 months) preservation of bacteria or picophytoplankton cell numbers, and limited evolution of DAPI-induced fluorescence and scatter characteristics.