西准噶尔恰达一带志留系玛依拉山组滑塌堆积岩发现及意义

滑塌堆积是由滑动作用导致岩性或岩相相同岩块和泥质基质相混杂且层理不发育的沉积体在新疆西准噶尔恰达一带志留系玛依拉山组上部发现一套特殊沉积层,经岩性特征、分布层位、构造形变及空间组合关系研究,厘定为滑塌堆积此次发现,证实恰达一带中晚志留世晚期正处于盆地斜坡带位置玛依拉山组滑塌堆积岩的发现,为恢复和建立西准噶尔志留纪沉积环境和古地理演化提供可靠依据,为进一步分析志留纪盆地演化提供了重要佐证.     

广西那坡盆地火山岩-碳酸盐岩混杂型滑塌堆积:特殊的弧前域构造指相标志及其大地构造意义

本文详细调查揭示,位于中越边境地区的那坡弧前盆地北部边缘发育17处滑塌堆积,有些表现为火山岩-碳酸盐岩块混杂型滑塌堆积,即由火山岩滑塌块体和碳酸盐岩滑塌块体无序堆积而成;有些只是具软沉积变形特征的薄层碳酸盐岩滑塌块体;还有些是砂屑灰岩滑塌块体与碳酸盐岩(或钙质)浊积岩组合以及单一的碳酸盐岩浊积岩或碳酸盐岩碎屑流。碳酸盐岩质块体流和碎屑流一般夹于大型或巨型滑塌块体间,而碳酸盐岩(或钙质)浊积岩和块状砂岩等一般发育于滑塌堆积的远端,有的覆盖于滑塌块体之上。无论是时代还是地球化学组成,滑塌堆积中的具枕状构造的火山岩块与盆地北侧富宁县架街一带的早-中三叠世弧火山岩完全一致。具软沉积变形特征的薄层碳酸盐滑塌岩块中发育有厚30cm左右的风暴沉积层,暗示这些滑塌岩块是发育于火山弧边缘的或其上的局部的碳酸盐岩台地(主要为潮坪-潟湖相)沉积。与全球不同造山带弧前盆地对比表明,这些滑塌堆积是一种发育于构造活动强烈的弧前盆地边缘的特殊的事件沉积,可作为识别弧前域大地构造相单元的普适性沉积标志,也可用以分析断定俯冲增生造山极性。本文对碳酸盐岩滑塌块体的原始层理和软沉积变形的滑塌褶皱轴面方位测量统计揭示火山弧斜坡大体向南西方向(232°~240°)倾斜,滑塌堆积远端浊积岩古水流测量与校正结果揭示沉积物搬运方向为南或南西向,这表明华南地块与北越地块之间的古特提斯分支洋盆在早三叠世期间是向北俯冲消化减的。     

白云鄂博群哈拉霍疙特组滑塌堆积的 发现及其地质意义

笔者等在白云鄂博矿田北西部查干楚鲁附近白云鄂博群哈拉霍疙特组上段发现了典型的滑塌堆积。重点研究了同一滑塌层位中的两个滑塌堆积露头。整个滑塌堆积层岩性单一,内部结构杂乱,不见原始沉积层理。根据野外观察和室内薄片鉴定结果,该处岩性主要有两种：形状不一、大小混杂的灰黄色白云岩岩块（滑积岩块）杂乱无序地分布在深灰色纹层状碳质微晶灰岩（本地沉积）中。最大的透镜状白云岩滑积岩块露头长27m,宽58m。深灰色纹层状碳质微晶灰岩岩层产状基本稳定,整体北倾,倾角较大。深灰色灰岩层与灰黄色白云岩的接触界面附近发育软沉积物变形构造,白云岩滑积岩块本身棱角不明显,两端有明显的细颈拉长现象,表明滑塌发生时,白云岩处于半固结和不完全成岩状态。滑积岩块位于不同的背景沉积层位中,揭示露头区存在多次的滑塌堆积事件。根据滑塌堆积的内部结构特征,初步判断其为被动大陆边缘靠近多岛洋或碳酸盐台地的深水盆地边缘,主要触发因素可能为地震活动。此外,白云鄂博群中滑塌岩块的发现表明白云鄂博群与腮林忽洞群沉积时具有相似的构造、古地理环境,这为白云鄂博群与腮林忽洞群相当（均为早古生代）提供了新的佐证。     

鲁西地区馒头组下部滑塌堆积的地质特征及其意义

华北地台馒头组以干热气候条件下的陆源细碎屑岩为主夹碳酸盐岩组成,角度不整合于太古宙泰山群之上。济南仲宫镇的馒头组底部,为厚度约 4m的滑塌堆积。岩块由灰岩和细碎屑岩组成,基质为粉砂岩。岩块内部的构造变形样式及基质中的斜层理表明,寒武纪华北地台曾存在古斜坡和构造隆升作用是诱发成岩作用过程中滑塌堆积形成的重要机制。馒头组中滑塌堆积的发现和研究,有利于进一步认识华北地台古生代古地貌、沉积环境以及古潜山的形成和演化,从而为华北地台古生代含油气盆地和古潜山的研究以及油气资源勘探提供借鉴。     

秦岭勉县—略阳地区的构造混杂岩及其意义

秦岭造山带勉县长坝和略阳横现河地区发现的混杂岩均由不同性质的构造岩块和基质组成，混杂岩基质为受到不同变质作用的泥质岩或砂岩，属泥沙质混杂岩；构造岩块包括原地岩块和外来岩块两种基本类型，岩块大小不一，成分和形态复杂，在混杂岩中分布无序，两地区混杂岩普遍受到不同程度的褶皱变形和剪切作用，并且与两侧岩层以剪切带接触，综合研究表明长坝，横现河混杂岩明显区别于沉积成因的滑塌堆积，具典型构造混杂岩的性质特点，是勉略板块缝合带的重要标志。     

大兴安岭乌奴耳地区构造混杂岩的组成及地质意义

乌奴耳构造混杂岩由不同性质的岩块和基质组成,属泥沙质构造混杂岩.岩块可分为内部岩块和外部岩块两种类型.岩块大小不一,成分和形态各异,在混杂岩中分布无序.基质为片理化泥质岩或千枚状板岩,剪切变形强烈,面理产状紊乱,绕岩块分布.综合研究表明,乌奴耳构造混杂岩明显区别于沉积成因的滑塌堆积,是典型的泥沙质构造混杂岩,是新林-喜桂图缝合带的重要组成部分.     

东昆仑纳赤台岩群混杂堆积的古生物学证据及其地质意义

纳赤台岩群是东昆仑造山带一套构造—沉积混杂堆积地层,由各时期外来岩块和基质系统两大部分组成。以往曾依该岩群岩块中的珊瑚、腕足类、腹足类化石等划分为晚奥陶世或古生代。本文首次报道该岩群基质地层中发现的44属31种古近纪中—晚渐新世孢粉化石。这些化石的发现为厘定该岩群的地质时代、进一步确定该岩群为构造—沉积混杂堆积以及阐述东昆仑造山带形成演化机制等方面提供了有力证据,具有重要地质意义,而且在探讨古近纪生物地理区系和古环境等方面提供了重要参考资料。     

藏南晚白垩世滑塌堆积特征及形成机制

藏南萨嗄－江孜－浪卡子一线断续发育了一套晚白垩世滑塌堆积地层, 呈带状分布，东西长约700km，以三叠系－下白垩统不同的外来岩块沉积混杂为特征。代表雅鲁藏布江缝合带俯冲晚期形成的边缘前陆盆地沉积。无独有偶，在班公错－怒江缝合带内部侏罗系木嗄岗群也是一套由外来岩块、原地岩块和基质 组成的沉积混杂堆积。二者构成了西藏高原特殊的沉积地层。     

山东济南和新泰馒头组中浊积岩和滑塌堆积的基本特征及其大地构造意义

馒头组是华北地台盖层的重要组成之一,以陆源细碎屑岩为主夹碳酸盐岩。前人研究认为馒头组是滨海沼泽相、潮坪—泻湖相和沿岸滩坝相沉积组合。我们首次在济南和新泰地区馒头组中发现浊积岩和滑塌堆积组合,表明华北地台早寒武世沉积组合形成于深海半深海浅海中,曾存在古斜坡和构造隆升作用。详细研究浊积岩和滑塌堆积的基本地质特征,不仅对于进一步认识华北地台古生代古地貌特征以及古潜山的形成和演化具有重要意义,而且可为渤海湾盆地中古潜山成因以及潜山油气资源勘探提供借鉴。     

东昆仑纳赤台岩群混杂堆积的古生物学证据及其地质意义

纳赤台岩群是东昆仑造山带一套构造-沉积混杂堆积地层,由各时期外来岩块和基质系统两大部分组成。以往曾依该岩群岩块中的珊瑚、腕足类、腹足类化石等划分为晚奥陶世或古生代。本文首次报道该岩群基质地层中发现的44属31种古近纪中-晚渐新世孢粉化石。这些化石的发现为厘定该岩群的地质时代、进一步确定该岩群为构造-沉积混杂堆积以及阐述东昆仑造山带形成演化机制等方面提供了有力证据,具有重要地质意义,而且在探讨古近纪生物地理区系和古环境等方面提供了重要参考资料。东昆仑纳赤台岩群混杂堆积的古生物学证据及其地质意义@郭宪璞$中国地…     

Franciscan melanges compared with olistostromes of Taiwan and Italy

Details of origin of Franciscan melanges are unknown, although subduction is accepted as the controlling process. Some melanges near plate boundaries in Taiwan and Italy are evidently olistostromes. How do Franciscan melanges compare with these? The Lichi melange and units of “argille scagliose” type in the Northern Apennines rest upon normal marine sediments. The time of accumulation was brief, as shown by limiting time brackets. These key types of evidence for olistostrome origin are rare or absent in the Franciscan, but the pervasive shearing would probably have obliterated such evidence.Similarities between the above-cited olistostromes and Franciscan melanges include the following: argillaceous matrix; large and small blocks of sedimentary rocks and ophiolites; phacoidal and joint-block shapes; soft-sediment deformation in some sandstone; rotation of blocks; extreme dispersal of distinctive rocks; reappearance of older rocks at younger levels. Collectively, these similarities suggest that Franciscan melanges were originally assembled by olistostrome accumulation.Differences between presumed olistostromes and the Franciscan include the following, in addition to stratigraphic relations mentioned above. The Lichi melange shows faint original gross layering where shearing is minimal. Franciscan melanges show various compositional units, but shearing allows tectonic explanations. Blueschist metamorphism is rare or absent in olistostromes of Taiwan and the Northern Apennines. It occurs in the Franciscan not only in random blocks, but also as extensive units of schist and phyllite near the structural top of the complex, toward the “hanging wall” (Great Valley sequence). In the structurally lowest levels, only zeolite facies metamorphism is prevalent. Similar generalities apply to ages of rocks at highest and lowest structural levels. The age distribution would be just the opposite if the entire Franciscan were simply an east-dipping pile of olistostromes.It is concluded that neither subduction alone nor olistostromes alone could have produced all the features of Franciscan melanges, but both played an important role. Critical original features of olistostromes have been modified or destroyed by recurrent underthrusting.     

Structured serpentinite melanges of the Koryak-Kamchatka fold system

The Kuyul, Taigonos, and Upper Khatyrka structured serpentinite melanges at the Pacific continental margin of Northeast Asia considered in this paper are diverse in tectonic setting, age, and geological history. They are characterized by an ordered internal structure expressed in regular arrangement of rock blocks different in composition. These blocks make up mappable tectonic sheets deformed into complex, nappe-related folds. Difference in the block composition of particular sheets is often combined with different composition of serpentinite matrix. The structured melanges of Cape Povorotny (Taigonos Peninsula) and the Kuyul Terrane were formed during accretion of oceanic complexes to a suprasubduction zone and their subsequent juxtaposition. The Upper Khatyrka melange comprises oceanic, island-arc, and marginal-sea complexes. The study of structured melanges makes it possible to ascertain the history of continental accretion and transformation of the oceanic crust. The combination of ordering and chaotic structure allows us to consider structured melanges as manifestations of nonlinear geodynamics.     

北祁连乌鞘岭蛇绿混杂岩地球化学特征及其构造环境

乌鞘岭蛇绿混杂岩位于北祁连造山带东段,具有相对完整的蛇绿岩序列,包括：变质地幔橄榄岩单元（蛇纹岩＋辉橄岩）,镁铁质一超镁铁质堆晶岩单元（橄辉岩＋辉石岩）,镁铁质侵入岩单元（辉长岩）,及基性火山岩单元（玄武岩）。依照TiO,的含量,本文从乌鞘岭蛇绿混杂岩中分出两类玄武岩,即：低n玄武岩（Ti02=0．55％～0．76％）和高Ti玄武岩（Ti02=1．35％-1．99％）。低Ti玄武岩大离子亲石元素含量波动较大,具明显n负异常,LREE呈略富集的配分模式,整体上具有弧火山岩的特征;高Ti玄武岩大离子亲石元素含量在小范围内变化,未见Nb、Ti负异常,LPtEE呈略亏损的配分模式,具有典型N—MORB的性质。在构造环境判别图上,低n玄武岩和高Ti玄武岩分别落入陆缘弧和大洋中脊环境。高Ti玄武岩是鸟鞘岭蛇绿混杂岩的一部分,源于亏损地幔的部分熔融,与陆缘弧型低rri玄武岩构造混杂在一起。乌鞘岭蛇绿混杂岩大概于中一晚奥陶世形成于北祁连造山带老虎山一毛毛山弧后盆地。     

桐柏—大别山构造混杂岩带对比研究

桐柏—大别山造山带地球化学、变质作用以及野外地质调查研究表明：七角山岩组和浒湾岩组是具有相似构造环境、形成于晋宁期的构造混杂岩。高压榴辉（闪）岩原岩是形成多种构造环境的变玄武岩，桐柏固庙、信阳柳林高压榴闪岩的发现说明区内高压变质带沿北坡向西延伸。定远岩组、随县岩群、耀岭河岩群反映了板块拼合后所形成的陆内裂谷、造山后火山弧环境     

Debris flow (olistostromes) and slumping on a distal passive continental margin: the Palombini limestone–shale sequence of the northern Apennines

An olistostrome accumulation up to 530 m thick occurs in the Casanova area of the northern Apennines. It lies within or above the calciturbiditic Palombini limestone-shale sequence, and is part of the allochthonous Vara Complex—sediments originally deposited on oceanic crust. The olistostromes are poorly sorted, monomict, matrix-supported, submarine debris flow deposits with rigid plugs. They have a compactional foliation and a compaction-modified, planar clast fabric created during flow. Although diachronous in the main part of the area, the olistostromes have a vertical gradational contact with the overlying slumped Palombini, in which recumbent asymmetric fold hinges and trains and slump boudins are present. Many criteria indicate soft-sediment deformation. Fold asymmetry indicates a uniformly SW-dipping palaeoslope. The textural gradation from slumps to olistostrome beds, plus slump folds and boudins as olistostrome clasts show that the olistostromes are dismembered slumps. In vertical sections, variations in limestone petrography, volume percentage and size of clasts confirm that the olistostromes were derived from the Palombini as a series of bed-by-bed slumps keeping pace with sedimentation of the Palombini. From olistostrome clast sizes and bed thicknesses, a depositional slope of ～ 4° is estimated. The olistostromes are not precursor sediments shed from advancing nappes, as in the Bracco ridge model of some authors; rather, they were formed at the foot of a distal, block-faulted passive continental margin, long before nappe emplacement.     

Origin of Franciscan blueschist-bearing melange at San Simeon,central California coast

Block-in-matrix melanges at San Simeon have been variously interpreted as deformed olistostromes or as subduction-channel flow melanges. Detailed examination shows that seven types can be distinguished, with transitions among them. All contain exotic clasts of greenstone, chert, and more rarely blueschist, in addition to greywacke; the same materials also occur as blocks metres to tens of metres in diameter immersed in melange. The seven types are (1) bedded conglomerate, (2) structureless conglomerate, (3) mud-matrix conglomerate, (4) sandy block melange, (5) broken formation, (6) mud-matrix melange without deformational fabric, and (7) sheared melange. Types (1)–(3) are clearly sedimentary in origin. Types (4) and (5) were formed from unconsolidated sediment, most likely by down-slope sliding, and transitional types suggest that the mud-matrix melange (6) formed in the same way. Sheared melange (7) was formed by low-temperature post-consolidational deformation of all other types, which produced shear bands and a crude scaly fabric.

Kinematic indicators of shear direction are rare, but assuming the fabric and shear bands are coeval, the shear direction and sense can be determined from the angular relationship between the two planar fabrics. Most shear planes are gently dipping, with normal-sense displacements of a few centimetres to tens of centimetres. Shear directions are highly variable, with the highest concentrations between WNW and S. This suggests that the main phase of shearing took place during a phase of approximately vertical shortening and horizontal extension, rather than during accretion. Post-accretionary dextral shearing on NNW-trending vertical planes, and sinistral shear on a variety of trends, are likely related to Neogene transform tectonics. The simplest interpretation of these relationships is that the disrupted character of the melanges formed primarily by sliding down the trench inner slope of unconsolidated sediment, including clasts and blocks of previously accreted and exhumed greenstone, chert, and blueschist. The deformational fabric is largely unrelated to the disruption, and was formed during late-stage extension in the accretionary wedge.     

Mélanges and other types of block-in-matrix formations in the Cantabrian Zone (Variscan Orogen,northwest Spain): origin and significance

Block-in-matrix formations in the Variscan foreland of Spain (Cantabrian Zone) occur in two different geological settings. The major block-in-matrix formations are mélanges, which appear as carpets beneath or ahead of submarine thrust systems. These mélanges may reach up to kilometric thickness and are mostly composed of broken formations (boudinaged sequences) of late Carboniferous age and scattered ‘exotic’ blocks derived from older Palaeozoic formations. Moreover, the mélanges in the Cantabrian Zone also include subordinate debris flow deposits with a chaotic block-in-matrix fabric (olistostromes). The source of the mélange blocks was the front of advancing nappes, chiefly the upper part of the nappe stacks. Therefore, the Cantabrian mélanges are interpreted as originated through submarine sliding and slumping associated with steep slopes at the orogenic front. The different types of rock bodies of these mélanges may be related to the degree of lithification of the sediments or rocks during slumping. So, broken formations are boudinaged sequences where the boudins or blocks resulted from extensional faults developed in lithified or semilithified limestones and sandstones, whereas the unlithified muddy matrix underwent continuous deformation. The scattered ‘exotic’ blocks ranging in age from early Cambrian to early Carboniferous were incorporated into the mélanges as individual blocks from competent well-lithified formations, originally located in the lower part of the nappe stacks. Although the Cantabrian Zone mélanges include olistostromic intervals, most of the olistostromes of this zone occur in a different geological setting. They are usually intercalated in the normal marine deposits of the Variscan foreland basin and, in contrast to the mélanges, they are mostly related to the margins of carbonate platforms, ahead of moving nappes. Finally, other instances of olistostromes are related to slopes generated by limb rotation of growth folds, which developed on submarine wedge-top successions.     

Increased soil gas radon and indoor radon concentrations in Neoproterozoic olistostromes of the Teplá-Barrandian unit (Czech Republic)

The Neoproterozoic olistostromes were first distinguished as a special geological unit in a generalised geological map of the Czech Republic on a scale 1:500,000. The olistostromes represent a tectonic mélange or subaquatic continental slope-slides formed by a mixture of black shales, greywackes, carbonates and shales, forming an extremely inhomogeneous geological environment. The extreme over-limit values of indoor radon (Rn, ²²²Rn) were first detected during check measurements performed for final building approval by team of the National Radiation Protection Institute in a house situated on bedrock of black shales—lithological component of olistostromes north-eastward from Plzeň. Additional measurements of soil gas Rn performed by the Czech Geological Survey were oriented to cover the whole olistostrome belt extending over 65 × 25 km area NE of Plzeň–Prague general direction. The increased concentrations both of soil gas and indoor Rn were confirmed in the whole extent of Neoproterozoic olistostrome belt compared to neighbouring geological units (Neoproterozoic metasediments on NW and Cambrian Palaeovolcanites and Ordovician sediments on SE). This observation lead to increasing the radon index of olistostromes to medium radon category (from the low one) both in general and detailed Rn index maps. Drawing the attention to this lithological type enables to improve the radon risk prevention for newly built houses and interest of remediation of existing houses not only in the specific area of the Czech Republic, but also in other European countries, where Neoproterozoic olistostromes form the geological basement.     

东帕米尔及邻区古生界基性火山岩地球化学特征与构造属性

西昆仑山库地、乌依塔格地区的超铁镁质岩及基性火山岩的岩石化学、微量元素、稀土元素特征表明：在震旦－早古生代时期塔里木板块南部的被动陆缘上存在一个扩张规模有限的边缘海洋盆;而在喀喇昆仑山南带的明铁盖地区下二叠统的深海相的硅质岩、纹泥岩、滑塌堆积物及基性火山岩岩石化学、微量、稀元素特征表明,是属于塔里木板块南部活动大陆边缘上的弧后盆地,陆壳的增生是以软碰撞的方式实现的。     

西藏江孜地区上白垩统宗卓组沉积混杂堆积基本特征及构造意义

分布于藏南江孜一带的上白垩统宗卓组沉积混杂堆积岩呈近东西向与雅鲁藏布江缝合带平行相伴,由“基质”、原地岩块、外来岩块三部分组成。“基质”以正常沉积的细碎屑岩为主;原地岩块是沉积物未完全固结时,由于重力或其它地质作用使之变形变位后形成的;外来岩块成分复杂、形态各异、大小悬殊,不同岩块中产晚三叠世—早白垩世的箭石、双壳类等化石。岩块间很少直接接触,地貌上明显突起,其变形变质程度与“基质”极不协调,它是早白垩世以来,喜马拉雅板片向冈底斯－念青唐古拉板片俯冲,于被动陆缘形成近东西向的狭长海槽,而仰冲板片受到强烈的破碎,大小不等的岩块滑落于海槽中构成的沉积混杂堆积岩。