SLR资料解算地球自转短周期变化的协方差分析

采用统计定轨理论中的协方差分析方法讨论了卫星激光测距资料解乍地球自转的短周期变化（sub-daily）可达到的内符和外符精度,建立协方差分析的Givens-Gentlemen正交变换算法,并将精密定轨和参数解算理论中的多级复弧法推广到协方差分析中,同时考察不解算地球自转的短周期变化时,其误差对精密定轨和解算地球自转参数的影响。     

利用正交变换方法计算协方差分析的统计量

证明用Givens—Gentleman正交变换给出的加仅最小二乘解与统计定轨理论求得的解一致．采用正交变换方法计算其它的一些重要的统计量,如考察协方差矩阵、摄动矩阵等,并计算这些量随时间的传播．这种算法的优点是通过降低法方程的条件数提高计算的稳定性,同时可以方便地对不同的参数组合情况求解而不需多次解算法方程．     

测定地球引力常数GM的协方差分析

编制了在ＧｉｖｅｎｓＧｅｎｔｌｅｍｅｎ正交变换算法下的多级复弧协方差分析软件．运用到引力常数ＧＭ解算的情形中,并计算了未参加估计的台站坐标的误差对产生解算结果的影响．这种影响的直接后果是降低了解算的精度．对产生解算内符精度和真实外符精度之间差别的原因进行了初步的探讨     

CAPS（Covariance Analysis Program Developed at Shanghai Observatory）的原理、结构和使用

推导了在Givens-Gentleman正交变换形式下的考察协方差分析理论,给出一些重要的统计量,如考察协方差矩阵、摄动矩阵等在此形式下的表达式。在理论分析的基础上给出编写CAPS时采用的详细流程图,并介绍在使用CAPS时应注意的一些问题。     

对两种GPS解算方案的残差统计检验评估

文[1]和[2]中提出根据拟合后剩余残差的统计检验来全面评估解算,其想法是除了一般采用的ＲＭＳ和协方差外还试图以更多的统计量来反映解算更细致的差别.将其应用于Ｌａｇｅｏｓ激光资料的处理,文[3]鉴别了具有相同ＲＭＳ水平而差异较大的不同解算.但是除了理论上的依据外,文[3]事实上未能表明其中残差分布较合理的解确实优于其余的情况.本文的目的之一是试图改进这一不足之处.采用由美国喷气推进实验室(ＪＰＬ)发展的ＧＰＳ数据处理软件ＧＩＰＳＹ,本文比较仅固定精密星历(ＦｉｘｅｄＰｒｅｃｉｓｅＯｒｂｉｔｓ,简称为ＦＰＯ)和同时固定精…     

拟合后剩余残差的统计检验与待估参数的选择

在空间技术的实际资料处理中,经常遇到不同待估参数组合解算的ＲＭＳ水平大致相当而估值结果相差甚远的情况．本文提出采用残差统计检验的方法,结合ＲＭＳ的大小,来判断精密定轨和参数解算的好坏．将拟合后的剩余残差序列看作一个随机变量样本,并假设其满足正态分布,采用高阶矩和皮尔逊χ２ 统计量来度量残差序列偏离正态分布的程度．根据统计检验的结果,提出选择合适的待估参数的标准     

同波束VLBI差分相位抖动与角距离的关系模型

在有2个探测器的深空探测中,利用同波束VLBI技术可解算高精度的差分相时延,进而同时提高2个探测器的测定轨精度。但是,差分相时延的解算条件严格,差分相位抖动较大时直接影响解算的成功率。针对这一问题,利用SELENE两颗小卫星Rstar和Vstar的4个测站长达1年的同波束VLBI观测数据,统计得出了差分相位抖动与其对应的角距离的关系模型。该模型的建立,既有利于提高同波束VLBI差分相时延的解算成功率,又对行星中性大气和电离层掩星观测研究具有重要的参考意义。     

GPS卫星的激光测距和应用研究

简述了SLR和GPS跟踪技术的发展概况。详细介绍了近几年来对GPS－35、36卫星的激光测距进展和应用研究的情况。给出了残差分析的初步结果,并指出了目前GPS卫星的稀少的激光测距资料对卫星精密定轨和站坐标的解算是有价值的。同时,也简单地评述了GPS卫星的微波和激光跟踪技术各自的优势和弱点．建议联合利用GPS-35、36卫星的SLR和GPS观测资料来开展有关的应用研究。最后,对今后的应用研究工作提出了建议．     

卫星定位中的一种分步加权解算方法

卫星定位中,当可视卫星数目多于4颗时常采用加权最小二乘(Web Login Server,WLS)算法,对各卫星解算权重进行重新评估而获得最优解。然而由于受到多重因素的影响,权矩阵W的构造与确定一直是各类加权算法中的重点和难点。从线性测量方程组出发,通过研究迭代解算过程中用户等效伪距测量误差对坐标位置误差的传递与放大规律,提出了一种新的加权最小二乘解算方法,及其权矩阵的具体构造与实现方法,从而对各未知数进行分步加权与分离解算。通过全球定位系统(Global Positioning System,GPS)实测实验,对方法的可行性和精度水平进行了分析与验证。结果表明,使用该分步加权方法进行定位,解算结果准确度更高、稳定性更好。     

姿态卡尔曼滤波对FAST馈源舱 BDS/SINS组合导航位姿精度的提高

500 m球面射电望远镜(The Five-hundred-meter Aperture Spherical radio Telescope, FAST)馈源舱位置和姿态测量精度直接影响望远镜接收机的对准精度.为了提高馈源舱位姿精度,提出姿态卡尔曼滤波算法,采用北斗导航系统的多天线技术解算馈源舱姿态,将它与捷联惯导解算的馈源舱姿态对比,两者的差值作为姿态卡尔曼滤波的量测量.为了降低北斗导航系统解算姿态的复杂度,采用了罗德里格矩阵解算方法.以望远镜跟踪观测模式时,北斗导航系统和捷联惯导解算的实际导航结果作为测试数据,测试结果表明采用姿态卡尔曼滤波的组合导航结果精度优于传统卡尔曼滤波的组合导航结果,尤其在航向角和yf轴的位置精度上.     

Instructions for authors

正Research in Astronomy and Astrophysics publishes original research papers and reviews 011 all liranchcs of astronoiriy and astrophysics.Reviews arc by invitation only.Important new results that require rapid publication can be submitted as a Letter(Letters must be restricted in length     

A thermodynamic model of high temperature lava vaporization on Io

We modified the MAGMA chemical equilibrium code developed by Fegley and Cameron (1987, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 82, 207-222) and used it to model vaporization of high temperature silicate lavas on Io. The MAGMA code computes chemical equilibria in a melt, between melt and its equilibrium vapor, and in the gas phase. The good agreement of MAGMA code results with experimental data and with other computer codes is demonstrated. The temperature-dependent pressure and composition of vapor in equilibrium with lava is calculated from 1700 to 2400 K for 109 different silicate lavas in the ONaKFeSiMgCaAlTi system. Results for five lavas (tholeiitic basalt, alkali basalt, Barberton komatiite, dunite, and a molten type B1 Ca, Al-rich inclusion) are discussed in detail. The effects of continuous fractional vaporization on chemistry of these lavas and their equilibrium vapor are presented. The predicted abundances (relative to Na) of K, Fe, Si, Al, Ca, and Ti in the vapor equilibrated with lavas at 1900 K are lower than published upper limits for Io's atmosphere (which do not include Mg). We predict evaporative loss of alkalis, Fe, and Si during volcanic eruptions. Sodium is more volatile than K, and the Na/K ratio in the gas is decreased by fractional vaporization. This process can match Io's atmospheric Na/K ratio of 10±3 reported by Brown (2001, Icarus 151, 190-195). Silicon monoxide is an abundant species in the vapor above lavas. Spectroscopic searches are recommended for SiO at IR and mm wavelengths. Reactions of metallic vapors with S- and Cl-bearing volcanic gases may form other unusual gases including MgCl₂, MgS, MgCl, FeCl₂, FeS, FeCl, and SiS.     

Instructions for authors

正Research in Astronomy and Astrophysics publishes original research papers and reviews on all branches of astronomy and astrophysics.Reviews are by invitation only.Important new results that require rapid publication can be submitted as a Letter(Letters must be restricted in length to 6 printed pages).Authors who submit a paper are expected to be able to certify that the paper is original work,     

Research in Astronomy and Astrophysics CONTENTS

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Alkali and halogen chemistry in volcanic gases on Io

We use chemical equilibrium calculations to model the speciation of alkalis and halogens in volcanic gases emitted on Io. The calculations cover wide temperature (500-2000 K) and pressure (10⁻⁶ to 10⁺¹ bars) ranges, which overlap the nominal conditions at Pele (T=1760 K, P=0.01 bars). About 230 compounds of 11 elements (O, S, Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, F, Cl, Br, I) are considered. The elemental abundances for O, S, Na, K, and Cl are based upon observations. CI chondritic elemental abundances relative to sulfur are used for the other alkalis and halogens (as yet unobserved on Io). We predict the major alkali species in Pele-like volcanic gases and the percentage distribution of each alkali are LiCl (73%), LiF (27%); NaCl (81%), Na (16%), NaF (3%); KCl (91%), K (5%), KF (4%); RbCl (93%), Rb (4%), RbF (3%); CsCl (92%), CsF (6%), Cs (2%). Likewise the major halogen species and the percentage distribution of each halogen are NaF (88%), KF (10%), LiF (2%); NaCl (89%), KCl (11%); NaBr (89%), KBr (10%), Br (1%); NaI (61%), I (30%), KI (9%). We predict the major halogen condensates and their condensation temperatures at P=0.01 bar are NaF (1115 K), LiF (970 K); NaCl (1050 K), KCl (950 K); KBr (750 K), RbBr (730 K), CsBr (645 K); and solid I₂ (200 K). We also model disequilibrium chemistry of the alkalis and halogens in the volcanic plume. Based on this work and our prior modeling for Na, K, and Cl in a volcanic plume, we predict the major loss processes for the alkali halide gases are photolysis and/or condensation onto grains. Their estimated photochemical lifetimes range from a few minutes for alkali iodides to a few hours for alkali fluorides. Condensation is apparently the only loss process for elemental iodine. On the basis of elemental abundances and photochemical lifetimes, we recommend searching for gaseous KCl, NaF, LiF, LiCl, RbF, RbCl, CsF, and CsCl around volcanic vents during eruptions. Based on abundance considerations and observations of brown dwarfs we also recommend a search of Io's extended atmosphere and the Io plasma torus for neutral and ionized Li, Cs, Rb, and F.     

Study on the Stressed Mirror Polishing with a Continuous Polishing Machine for Large Aperture Off-axis Aspheric Mirrors

A special stressed annular polishing technique is proposed to mill the off-axis aspheric sub-mirrors of a large segmented mirror with an annular polishing machine. Based on the basic principle of stressed annular polishing technique, a set of special stressing mechanisms are designed to convert milling the aspheric surfaces of sub-mirrors with different off-axis distances into milling the spherical surfaces with identical radii of curvature, so that they can be pol- ished simultaneously on a continuous polishing machine. It took about contin- uous 40 hours to polish a scaled-down mirror of the planning Chinese Future Giant Telescope (CFGT) using this technique. This mirror has the 330 mm di- ameter, 3.6 m off-axis distance, and the 21.6 m radius of curvature, and its max- imum asphericity is 16 micron. The experiment shows that this method has a high effciency, suits batch manufacturing, especially the batch manufacturing of aspheric sub-mirrors of the segmented primary mirror of an extremely large aperture telescope.     

The climatic and physiographic controls of the eastern Mediterranean over the late Pleistocene climates in the southern Levant and its neighboring deserts

Modern-day synoptic-scale eastern Mediterranean climatology provides a useful context to synthesize the diverse late Pleistocene (60–12 ka) paleohydrologic and paleoenvironmental indicators of past climatic conditions in the Levant and the deserts to its south and east. We first critically evaluate, extract, and summarize paleoenvironmental and paleohydrologic records. Then, we propose a framework of eastern Mediterranean atmospheric circulation features interacting with the morphology and location of the southeast Mediterranean coast. Together they strongly control the spatial distribution of rainfall and wind pattern. This cyclone–physiography interaction enforces the observed rainfall patterns by hampering rainfall generation south and southeast of the latitude of the north Sinai coast, currently at 31°15′.The proposed framework explains the much-increased rains in Lebanon and northern Israel and Jordan as deduced from pollen, rise and maintenance of Lake Lisan, and speleothem formation in areas currently arid and semiarid. The proposed framework also accounts for the southward and eastward transition into semiarid, arid, and hyperarid deserts as expressed in thick loess accumulation at the deserts' margins, dune migration from west to east in the Sinai and the western Negev, and the formation of hyperarid (< 80 mm yr^− 1) gypsic–salic soils in the southern Negev and Sinai. Our climatic synthesis explains the hyperarid condition in the southern Negev, located only 200–250 km south of the much-increased rains in the north, probably reflecting a steeper rainfall gradient than the present-day gradient from the wetter Levant into its bordering southern and eastern deserts.At present, the rainiest winter seasons in Lebanon and northern and central Israel are associated with more frequent (+ 20%), deeper Cyprus Lows traversing the eastern Mediterranean at approximately the latitude of southern Turkey. Even these wettest years in northern Israel do not yield above average annual rainfall amounts in the hyperarid southern Negev. This region is mainly influenced by the Active Red Sea Troughs that produce only localized rains. The eastern Mediterranean Cyprus Lows also produce more dust storms and transport higher amounts of suspended dust to the loess area than any other atmospheric pattern. Concurrent rainfall and dust are essential to the late Pleistocene formation of the elongated thick loess zone along the desert northern margin. Even with existing dust storms, the lack of rain and very sparse vegetation account for the absence of late Pleistocene loess sequences from the southern Negev and the formation of hyperarid soils.When the north Sinai coast shifted 30–70 km northwest due to last glacial global sea level lowering, the newly exposed coastal areas supplied the sand and dust to these active eastern Mediterranean cyclones. This enforced the latitude of the northern boundary of the loess zone to be directly due east of the LGM shoreline. This shift of coast to the northwest inhibited rainfall in the southern Levant deserts and maintained their hyperaridity. Concurrently, frequent deep eastern Mediterranean Cyprus Lows were funneled along the northern Mediterranean increasing (probably doubling) the rains in central and northern Israel, Lebanon, southwestern Syria and northern Jordan. These storms and rains formed lakes, forests, and speleothems only a short distance north of the deserts in the southern Levant.     

Active hot star shells

Interferometry in the visible provides milliarcsecond spatial resolution and thus has been used for studying the circumstellar environment of active hot stars. In this paper I will illustrate how the visibility modulus and phase can be used to better constrain the physics of Be disks through results from the VLA, the MkII and the GI2T interferometers. I will insist on the importance and the potential of coupling high angular resolution with high spectral resolution to the study of Be shells. Finally I will present a possible study of the circumstellar disk of Be stars using the VLTI. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.