初始外围尺度与加热对台风次眼墙形成的影响北大核心

台风次眼墙位于主眼墙外侧,由次对流环和低层切向风次极大值两个基本结构组成。本文通过一系列理想数值试验讨论了不同初始涡旋外围风场结构对次眼墙形成的影响作用以及关键动力学过程。结果表明,次眼墙形成的时间和位置与初始涡旋外围尺度显著相关:随着外围尺度递减,台风从形成完整双眼墙、伪双眼墙到没有双眼墙逐步过渡,次眼墙形成时间推迟且位置更加靠近台风中心。动力学分析发现,初始外围尺度可控制外雨带分布,雨带的非绝热加热主导了主眼墙外围边界层径向入流和绝对涡度径向输送的分布和大小。绝对涡度径向输送和摩擦耗散的相对大小及位置决定了次眼墙低层切向风次极大值出现的可能性和位置。动量强迫对低层切向风次极大值的大小仍有贡献。     

次千米至次百米高分辨率模拟的热带气旋眼墙低层极端上升运动特征分析

观测发现热带气旋(TC)眼墙附近低层(3 km以下)存在着强烈的上升运动,严重威胁低空观测飞机的安全,由于对实际TC观测的样本非常有限,目前对极端上升运动(大于10 m/s)的了解不多。通过三个水平分辨率自次千米(333 m)至次百米(37 m)大涡数值试验模拟眼墙附近低层上升运动的分布特征。结果表明,TC眼墙附近的最强上升运动主要分布在眼墙处最大风速半径(RMW)内侧,并且主要出现在台风眼墙强对流的一侧。对比不同试验发现,在大涡试验中,随着模式水平分辨率的提高,模式可以模拟出更强的上升运动,且极端上升运动最大频数的分布高度随着水平分辨率的提高而降低。研究表明,与现有观测结果比较,当大涡试验水平分辨率到达111 m时,可以模拟出与实际观测比较相似的极端上升运动空间分布和强度。      

登陆台风边界层风廓线特征的地基雷达观测

为了分析登陆台风边界层风廓线特征,利用2004—2013年中国东南沿海新一代多普勒天气雷达收集的17个登陆台风资料,采用飓风速度体积分析方法,反演登陆台风的边界层风场结构特征。与探空观测对比表明,利用雷达径向风场可以准确地反演登陆台风的边界层风场结构,其风速误差小于2 m/s,风向误差小于5°。所有登陆台风合成的边界层风廓线显示,在近地层(100 m)以上,边界层风廓线存在类似急流的最大切向风,其高度均在1 km以上,显著高于大西洋观测到的飓风边界层急流高度(低于1 km)。陆地边界层内低层入流强度也明显大于过去海上观测,这主要是由陆地上摩擦增大引起。越靠近台风中心,边界层风廓线离散度越大,其中,径向风廓线比全风速以及切向风廓线离散度更大。将风廓线相对台风移动方向分为4个象限,分析边界层风廓线非对称特征显示,台风移动前侧入流层明显高于移动后侧。最大切向风位于台风移动左后侧,而台风右后侧没有显著的急流特征,与过去理想模拟的海陆差异导致的台风非对称分布特征一致。     

大涡技术对模拟台风眼墙替换过程的影响

眼墙替换是影响台风强度和内核结构的一种重要过程。本研究在高分辨率的数值理想试验中加入大涡模拟技术,对比分析大涡模拟对眼墙替换过程的影响。结果表明:大涡模拟的加入使得模拟台风的强度和边界层入流增强。整个眼墙替换过程共用时约20～22 h,但大涡模拟试验中外眼墙形成更迅速,同时强度和上升运动偏弱。外眼墙完全取代内眼墙之后的台风强度超过替换过程之前的强度。此外,使用大涡技术可以更好地模拟出眼墙替换过程中内外眼墙之间的moat区下沉运动,结构特征与前人观测中所发现的结构特征一致。因此,在台风数值研究中引入大涡模拟技术,有助于更好地模拟眼墙替换过程中的台风结构特征和变化。     

包含超梯度力作用的台风次级环流诊断方程

次级环流在台风的发展和维持中起着重要作用,基于梯度风平衡的Sawyer Eliassen（SE）方程常用于台风次级环流的诊断。然而梯度风平衡关系在台风边界层及边界附近有较大误差,这导致SE方程求解出的次级环流在边界层也会有较大误差。本文在梯度风平衡方程中保留包含径向摩擦力项在内的超梯度力项,得到包含超梯度力作用的SE方程,从方程形式上看超梯度力主要是通过调节与斜压性相关的系数来影响次级环流的。对“森拉克”（2008）台风次级环流的诊断结果显示,在不人为改变边界层流场结构的情况下,新的SE方程能显著改善次级环流的求解效果,避免眼墙外侧边界层附近的虚假对流并且减小虚假入流。     

Numerical Simulation of Effect of Sea Spray on Typhoon ＇Morakot＇ Structure

将海洋飞沫参数化引入到高分辨率、非静力中尺度模式中,并对0908号台风＂Morakot＂进行了数值模拟,研究了海洋飞沫对台风＂Morakot＂结构和强度的影响。结果表明：（1）不论是否考虑海洋飞沫作用,模式均能较好地模拟出台风＂Morakot＂的移动路径,说明海洋飞沫对其移动路径影响不大;（2）引入海洋飞沫参数化后,台风眼墙区域的切向风速、径向风速、垂直速度、涡度、云水混合比、雨水混合比等物理量均增强,表明飞沫对台风结构变化的影响明显;（3）海洋飞沫对台风＂Morakot＂演变的直接影响是在对流层低层,低层风速明显增大,大风速区的影响尤为显著;（4）飞沫的蒸发使台风范围内的潜热和感热通量明显增强,尤其是潜热通量,其大值区对应着台风中心附近的最大风速区。由于水汽和热量输送的增强,使台风眼壁附近的云水量与雨水量增多,因此降水强度明显增加。     

海洋飞沫对台风“Morakot”结构影响的数值模拟研究

将海洋飞沫参数化引入到高分辨率、非静力中尺度模式中,并对0908号台风"Morakot"进行了数值模拟,研究了海洋飞沫对台风"Morakot"结构和强度的影响。结果表明:(1)不论是否考虑海洋飞沫作用,模式均能较好地模拟出台风"Morakot"的移动路径,说明海洋飞沫对其移动路径影响不大;(2)引入海洋飞沫参数化后,台风眼墙区域的切向风速、径向风速、垂直速度、涡度、云水混合比、雨水混合比等物理量均增强,表明飞沫对台风结构变化的影响明显;(3)海洋飞沫对台风"Morakot"演变的直接影响是在对流层低层,低层风速明显增大,大风速区的影响尤为显著;(4)飞沫的蒸发使台风范围内的潜热和感热通量明显增强,尤其是潜热通量,其大值区对应着台风中心附近的最大风速区。由于水汽和热量输送的增强,使台风眼壁附近的云水量与雨水量增多,因此降水强度明显增加。     

数值模式垂直分辨率对台风大涡模拟的影响

随着计算能力的提升,台风数值模拟大量采用了大涡尺度模拟,其水平分辨率已达到数10 m的量级,而垂直分辨率提升不大,其问题是数值模式的垂直分辨率对台风大涡模拟的影响如何?因此,本文利用WRF(Weather Research and Forecasting)模式开展理想台风模拟,在不同的模式垂直层次(42,69和90层)情况下,研究并讨论数值模式垂直分辨率对台风大涡模拟的影响。结果表明,42层的垂直分辨率明显不足,而69层和90层的垂直分辨率则都能模拟出细致的台风边界层小尺度结构,龙卷尺度涡旋出现较多。与69层试验相比,90层试验模拟的台风强度要弱、龙卷尺度涡旋数量要少,但模拟的台风强度更稳定,模拟的小尺度涡旋也更精细。     

登陆台风启德近地层强风特性观测研究

根据Airda3000Q型边界层风廓线雷达获取的台风启德(1213)强风观测数据,分析了强风条件下的近地层风廓线特征,发现以下观测事实:台风中心经过前后风速呈现尖耸的"M"形双峰变化,台风眼壁强风区风速最大,台风眼区经过前后100m高度极大10min平均风速分别为35.7、35.4m/s,眼区经过时出现最小风速为16.2m/s;而风廓线幂指数α则呈现比较平缓的"M"形双峰变化,风廓线幂指数α出现极大值的时间比风速出现极大值的时间分别提前约1h和延后3.5h,台风眼区经过时风廓线幂指数α接近最小,甚至出现负值;台风影响期间,风的垂直变化主要发生在200m以下的低空,风的垂直变化率有波动,最大值出现在台风眼壁强风区和台风中心过境后的外围大风区。     

2006年超级台风“桑美”强度与结构变化的数值模拟研究

使用一个高分辨率、非静力数值模式WRF模式对2006年超级台风Saomei强度和结构进行了数值模拟研究.首先,评估了Makin的粗糙度长度公式对台风Saomei强度和结构变化的影响,结果表明,采用新参数后,使得模拟的台风强度变化与实况最佳路径资料的强度变化更一致,对超级台风Saomei强度预报有改进;但对台风路径的影响不大.通过QuikSCAT、雷达和TRMM非常规资料的验证,进一步表明模拟的台风Saomei的结构与实况很接近,可以再现台风内核区域的部分"双眼墙"和"Annular"结构.其次,通过对台风Saomei边界层过程模拟的改进,表明在平均风速大于40 m/s时边界层各物理量明显改善,使得模式最大强度比传统的简单外推插值方案有显著改进,特别是在台风最强阶段,当台风Saomei眼墙区域的海表面拖曳系数C_d的相对变小,使得其眼墙区域的平均切向风速、径向风速、垂直风速、温度距平、涡旋动能和绝对角动量等物理量均有增强.表明台风Saomei眼墙氏域(20-40 km)各物理量的贡献对其强度和结构变化的影响十分重要.最后,在此基础上进一步分析模式海温和大尺度环境垂直风切变对台风Saomei强度和结构变化的可能影响,讨论了台风Saomei在其增强和消弱阶段中,大尺度环境垂直风切变对其强度变化的负反馈作用.     

THE FORMATION MECHANISM OF CONCENTRIC DOUBLE EYEWALL TYPHOON——PART Ⅱ:NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS*

In the context of a non-hydrostatic axisymmetric compressible numerical model,the concentric double eyewall structure of the typhoon was replicated well to discuss the formation mechanism of concentric eyewall with the aid of gradient wind adjustment.Evidence suggests that in the weakening phase of the typhoon,the heterogeneous radial distribution of the sensible and convective latent heating over the sea surface will induce the gradient wind unbalance accompanied by mutual gradient wind adjustment between the thermodynamic field and dynamic fields,which results in a two-peak tangential wind and concentric double eyewall structure.     

How Does Tropical Cyclone Size Affect the Onset Timing of Secondary Eyewall Formation?

By using idealized numerical simulations, the impact of tropical cyclone size on secondary eyewall formation (SEF) is examined. Both unbalanced boundary layer and balanced processes are examined to reveal the underlying mechanism. The results show that a tropical cyclone (TC) with a larger initial size favors a quicker SEF and a larger outer eyewall. For a TC with a larger initial size, it will lead to a stronger surface entropy flux, and thus more active outer convection. Meanwhile, a greater inertial stability helps the conversion from diabatic heating to kinetic energy. Furthermore, the progressively broadening of the tangential wind field will induce significant boundary layer imbalances. This unbalanced boundary layer process results in a supergradient wind zone that acts as an important mechanism for triggering and maintaining deep convection. In short, different behaviors of balanced and unbalanced processes associated with the initial wind profile lead to different development rates of the secondary eyewall.     

涡旋Rossby波传播和台风切向风速变化的数值研究

设计了一个高分辨率f平面准地转正压涡度方程半谱模式，用以研究非线性对台风切向风速变化，以及不同初始异常条件下台风环流内涡旋Rossby波传播和台风切向风速变化特征。6类(14组)试验的数值结果表明：非线性使台风切向风速的增强减弱，可能使最大风速半径收缩。初始扰动中心位置对涡旋Rossby波传播和台风切向风速变化的影响明显。扰动中心在最大风速半径附近时，台风最大切向风速增强最多；异常中心在台风外区时，使最大切向风速减小。初始异常尺度(范围)减小对台风最大切向风速变化的影响减弱。双涡分布条件下，台风环流外区的涡旋使内区或近眼壁区对流涡旋对台风最大切向风速的影响减弱。     

利用浮标站观测资料分析台风“贝碧嘉”过境时风浪变化特征

利用北部湾海域一个大型气象浮标站获取的台风"贝碧嘉"过程实测数据,分析了该台风过境时风浪变化特征。分析结果表明:台风的风速时程变化曲线呈"M"形双峰分布,台风眼壁区风速最大,前眼壁区风速大于后眼壁区,前眼壁区和后眼壁区最大风速分别为22.6m/s和20.8m/s;台风眼区气压和风速最小,波高和波周期最大,其中眼区最大风速为2.7m/s,最大波高为5.4m,最大波周期为5.5s;波高最大值出现时间滞后风速最大值40min;台风眼区以外的波高与风速正相关;在台风从浮标站南侧经过期间,风向和波向均沿着顺时针方向旋转,其中风向和波向10min最大旋转角度分别为50°和150°;风向与波向不在同一个方向,两者之间的夹角平均为171°。     

Impact of Different Cloud Microphysics Parameterization Schemes on Typhoon Intensity and Structure

The impact of different cloud microphysics parameterization schemes on the intensity and structure of the Super-strong Typhoon Rammasun (1409) in 2014 is investigated using the Weather Research and Forecasting model version 3.4 with eight cloud microphysics parameterization schemes. Results indicate that the uncertainty of cloud microphysics schemes results in typhoon forecast uncertainties, which increase with forecast time. Typhoon forecast uncertainty primarily affects intensity predictions, with significant differences in predicted typhoon intensity using the various cloud microphysics schemes. Typhoon forecast uncertainty also affects the predicted typhoon structure. Greater typhoon intensity is accompanied by smaller vortex width, tighter vortex structure, stronger wind in the middle and lower troposphere, greater height of the strong wind region, smaller thickness of the eyewall and the outward extension of the eyewall, and a warmer warm core at upper levels of the eye. The differences among the various cloud microphysics schemes lead to the different amounts and distributions of water vapor and hydrometeors in clouds. Different hydrometeors have different vertical distributions. In the radial direction, the maxima for the various hydrometeors forecast by a single cloud microphysics scheme are collocated with each other and with the center of maximum precipitation. When the hydrometeor concentration is high and hydrometeors exist at lower altitudes, more precipitation often occurs. Both the vertical and horizontal winds are the strongest at the location of maximum precipitation. Results also indicate that typhoon intensities forecast by cloud microphysics schemes containing graupel processes are noticeably greater than those forecast by schemes without graupel processes. Among the eight cloud microphysics schemes investigated, typhoon intensity forecasts using the WRF Single-Moment 6-class and Thompson schemes are the most accurate.     

登陆台风卡努(0515)内核区环流结构特征分析

本文采用地基雷达轨迹显示技术(Ground Based Velocity Track Display,简称GBVTD)反演的雷达风场资料,分析台风卡努(0515)在登陆期间近中心环流结构特征.轴对称环流结构分析表明,登陆前卡努轴对称切向风速最大值出现在眼墙区域2 km高度附近,最大风速半径随高度向外倾斜.轴对称径向入流...     

IMPROVED SCHEME OF AXISYMMETRIC TYPHOON BOGUS MODEL AND ITS IMPACT ON NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF TYPHOON NOCKTEN （NO.0405）

There is distinct difference in the tangential wind profile between different typhoons in the western North Pacific. At present, only two parameters, maximum wind and radius of maximum wind, are used in NCAR-AFWA bogus for MM5 mesoscale numerical model. As a result, sometimes the outer structure of typhoon cannot be described accurately. The tangential wind profile of NCAR-AFWA bogus is improved by introducing radii of 25.7 m/s and 15.4 m/s, and then the track and intensity of Typhoon Nockten (No.0425) are simulated. The results show that the simulations of track and intensity of typhoon both have been improved by simultaneously introducing the radii in the tangential wind profile of typhoon bogus. At the same time, there is improvement in the gale wind range of the typhoon simulated.     

Lightning Activity and Its Relationship with Typhoon Intensity and Vertical Wind Shear for Super Typhoon Haiyan(1330)

Super Typhoon Haiyan(1330), which occurred in 2013, is the most powerful typhoon during landfall in the meteorological record. In this study, the temporal and spatial distributions of lightning activity of Haiyan were analyzed by using the lightning data from the World Wide Lightning Location Network,typhoon intensity and position data from the China Meteorological Administration, and horizontal wind data from the ECMWF. Three distinct regions were identified in the spatial distribution of daily average lightning density, with the maxima in the inner core and the minima in the inner rainband. The lightning density in the intensifying stage of Haiyan was greater than that in its weakening stage. During the time when the typhoon intensity measured with maximum sustained wind speed was between 32.7 and 41.4 m s-1, the storm had the largest lightning density in the inner core, compared with other intensity stages.In contrast to earlier typhoon studies, the eyewall lightning burst out three times. The first two eyewall lightning outbreaks occurred during the period of rapid intensification and before the maximum intensity of the storm, suggesting that the eyewall lightning activity could be used to identify the change in tropical cyclone intensity. The flashes frequently occurred in the inner core, and in the outer rainbands with the black body temperature below 220 K. Combined with the ECMWF wind data, the influences of vertical wind shear(VWS) on the azimuthal distribution of flashes were also analyzed, showing that strong VWS produced downshear left asymmetry of lightning activity in the inner core and downshear right asymmetry in the rainbands.