基于遥感和GIS的烟台芝罘湾海岸线变迁研究

利用RS和GIS技术,提取了1976-2016年间9个时相的芝罘湾海岸线的时空分布信息,从海岸线和海湾形态两个方面出发,分析了在人类开发活动影响下典型陆连岛地区海岸线的时空变化特征及趋势。结果表明:近40 a来,芝罘湾海岸线整体向海推进,海岸线长度整体增加了15.78 km;岸线结构变化显著,自然岸线比例持续减少,人工岸线逐渐占据主导地位;3个分岸段变化不均衡,芝罘湾西岸岸线变化最显著,而南岸变化相对较小;海湾面积逐渐向海萎缩,自1976年以来海湾面积减少了7.93 km^2。海湾形状指数增加了1.08,海湾形状整体趋于复杂化;海湾重心总体上表现为不断背离陆地而趋向海洋的特点,近40 a来海湾重心整体向海偏移了606.25 m。岸线分形维数整体增大,说明岸线趋于复杂化。     

近百年来浙江三门湾海岸线时空演变特征

本文收集了1913年以来的历史地形图、海图和遥感影像,利用地理信息技术和空间分析技术,获取10期三门湾海岸线数据,进而对三门湾近百年来海岸线时空演变特征进行分析。结果表明:(1)海岸线变化主要发生在内海湾,以港汊围堵、连岛并陆为主的围填海活动导致海岸线向海推进的围填海面积总计231.42 km²。(2)海岸线总长度持续缩减,大陆岸线长度累计减少了161.99 km,海岛岸线长度累计减少了121.36 km;海岸线年平均变化强度介于-0.05%至-1.85%,大陆在1971—1980年、海岛在2006—2010年期间变化强度最为剧烈。(3)持续截弯取直致使岸线局部曲折形态特征平直化,自然岸线保有量不断降低,海岸线人工化程度持续增加,大陆远高于海岛。(4)人口增加、经济发展和政策引导是三门湾海岸线演变的主要驱动因素。     

30多年来盐城市围填海空间格局变化特征

为探究盐城市围填海空间格局的变化特征,选取1984~2015年Landsat 4/5/7/8影像数据,利用景观指数计算方法,对盐城市新增围填海的面积、强度、聚集度和质心等4个方面变化特征进行分析。结果如下:(1)1984~2015年,盐城市新增和侵蚀破坏围填海面积分别为95 182.71 ha和1 970.45 ha,且随时间变化围填海侵蚀破坏区不断向南扩张。1984~2015年,围填海利用类型经历了从已围待利用地为主到盐养用地为主的演变过程。(2)1984~2015年的3个时间段内港池蓄水围填海强度指数均较小,最大围填海强度指数仅为0.19 ha/km。建设填海造地、已围待利用地和盐养用地的围填海强度指数呈现不断上升的变化趋势,最大围填海强度指数分别为2.15,27.53和77.33 ha/km。农业填海造地的围填海强度指数呈现先上升后下降的变化趋势,最大围填海强度指数为18.51 ha/km;(3)1984~2015年,盐城市围填海各类型的聚集度指数均较高,平均聚集度指数高达96.98。盐城市围填海质心不断向东南方向迁移,说明盐城市围填海开发的重点区域逐渐向南迁移。     

1957—2019年厦门市马銮湾海岸线和围填海时空演变及互动关系分析

我国海湾地区高强度开发使得围填海活动频繁、岸线变化显著,分析岸线与围填海的时空动态特征以及互动关系对湾区的发展具有重要意义。运用分形维数、岸线开发利用程度指数和土地利用程度指数等方法,研究了厦门市马銮湾1957—2019年海岸线变迁和围填海的时空演变特征以及互动关系。结果表明:(1)1957—2019年马銮湾大陆岸线长度减幅达43.0%,其中自然岸线减少了83.4%;岸线长度总体先减后增,岸线分形维数波动变化,岸线主体类型经历了从自然岸线向养殖岸线再到建设岸线、围而未用岸线逐步变迁的过程;岸线开发利用程度指数从0.27上升到0.79,并在1997年后呈现出显著的空间分异特征。(2)1957—2019年,马銮湾总围填海面积为2 187.39hm2,其中1957—1972年围填速率最大(83.57 hm2/a);围填海主要利用类型从耕地向养殖池再到建设用地和未利用地逐步演变,总围填海区土地利用程度指数从0.25增加到0.76。(3)岸线长度、分形维数受围填海面积、海岸形状、围填海方式等因素共同作用,同时岸线对围填海活动具有约束作用。岸线长度、自然岸线长度与围填海面积成显著负相关,大陆人工岸线长度、岸线利用程度与围填海面积成显著正相关,岸线分形维数与围填海面积无显著相关。本研究可为海湾地区岸线资源的合理利用和围填海管理提供借鉴。     

近40年来海州湾海岸线时空变化分析

以Landsat MSS、TM、ETM+影像和HJ-1A CCD1影像为数据源,对海州湾大陆海岸线1973-2013年的变迁进行了连续监测,定量获取了海岸线信息,解译了岸线摆动区内土地利用类型,对近40 a来海州湾大陆海岸线时空变化和海岸开发方式进行了系统分析.结果表明:海州湾岸线长度及类型动态变化显著,岸线长度整体增加,海湾面积不断减少,岸线类型以人工岸线为主;岸线整体向海推进导致陆域面积净增65.54 km2,变迁速率时空分布不均,变迁主要发生在岚山港、绣针河口至柘汪河口、兴庄河口至西墅、连云港港岸段,城镇扩张导致20t0-2013年变迁最为剧烈,速率达122.9m/a;海岸人为开发是海州湾岸线变化的主导因素,且开发方式时间异质性显著,早期以盐业、养殖业为主,20世纪80年代开始港口码头建设比例显著增加,进入新世纪以来,用于城镇建设的围填海规模大幅增长,尤其是2010年之后已成为海州湾地区海岸开发的首要方式.     

近40 a 来三门湾海岸线时空变化遥感监测与分析

了解岸线的变化对海岸开发利用有重要意义。本文以Landsat MSS、TM、ETM+、OLI影像为主要数据源,采用人机交互的方式提取1973~2013年的4期三门湾大陆岸线,获取岸线长度以及陆域变化面积等信息,并以县级市(象山县、宁海县、三门县)为单位分段分析岸线时空变化特征。在此基础上,结合研究区新增土地利用类型的解译结果,对三门湾地区海岸开发方式进行系统分析。结果表明:1973~2013年三门湾岸线总体向海推进,总长度减少40.18 km,沿岸陆域面积增加155.89 km2,其中2000~2013年岸线向海扩张最为显著,近40 a来,在沿海三县中,宁海县岸段岸线变迁最为剧烈;海岸人为开发是岸线变化的主导因素,且开发方式时间异质性显著:早期以围垦造田、堵港蓄淡为主,20世纪80年代后期至20世纪末,偏重围垦养殖,进入21世纪,开发规模大幅增长,围垦造田和养殖依然是海岸开发的主要方式,同时城镇、工业建设等围填海规模迅增,港口码头建设也加快了步伐,海岸开发方式呈现多样化。     

近20a来渤海岸线演替及其开发利用策略

本文基于1993、2006、2013年遥感影像提取渤海大陆海岸线,分析了渤海海岸线和围填海的时空演变。研究表明:20a间渤海大陆海岸线长度共增加611.81km,形成陆地1888.30km2,1993-2006年影响渤海岸线变迁的主要因素为滩涂围垦,2006年以后填海造地工程对岸线变迁的影响加剧并成为主要因素;天津大港岸段、河北滦南县-唐海县岸段的岸线开发几近饱和,几乎不具备继续围填海的潜力,建议对已成陆区采取优化开发策略;天津塘沽、山东寿光、辽宁大洼岸段围填海强度较大,继续围填海的潜力很小,建议严格控制新增围填海规模,加强对已成陆区的集约利用,以提高利用效率。     

1990-2020年泰国海岸线时空变迁分析

作为海岸带变化的标志要素,大范围、长时序的岸线动态变迁研究对区域海岸带环境与人类活动研究具有重要意义。本文利用遥感技术分析泰国1990-2020年岸线长度、类型变化、变迁速率、海陆格局等变化特点。结果表明:(1)30 a来,泰国岸线长度总体呈持续增长趋势,但增长速率呈“先快后慢”的阶段性变化,表现为向海扩张及向陆侵蚀两种形式。1990—2015年岸线向海方向的扩张趋势逐渐变缓,向陆方向的侵蚀趋势逐渐增大,2000-2015年整体变化趋势以内陆侵蚀为主,但2015年后整体岸线变迁以向海扩张为主;(2)泰国岸线变化区域性差异显著,林查班港等区域岸线扩张变化剧烈,而曼谷湾北部区域岸线侵蚀变化明显;(3)海岸带工程建设是泰国岸线扩张变化的主要动力,海洋环境与极端气候是岸线侵蚀变化的主要因素,而政策管理贯穿于岸线增减变化的全过程。     

1990—2017年杭州湾大陆岸线时空变迁分析

以 1990、2000、2005、2010、2014、2017 年遥感影像为数据源，采用人机交互的方式提取杭州湾各时期大陆岸线。通过对岸线长度和类型、岸线变化速率，以及岸线变化区域类型的变化情况统计，综合分析杭州湾大陆岸线时空变迁规律。研究表明，20 世纪 90 年代以来，杭州湾大陆岸线整体向海一侧推进，自然岸线保有率持续下降。围填海等工程建设是导致岸线变化的主要因素，加强对围填海工程的管控和海岸线保护与利用管理，可以进一步优化资源配置，促使科学合理的海岸带格局的形成。     

浙江省近50年大陆海岸线时空变迁分析

文章选取了1970-2018年近50年间具有代表性的6期Landsat、SPOT-5和GF-1卫星遥感影像,运用数字岸线分析系统,综合利用面积法、基线法等分析浙江省大陆岸线变迁,对岸线变化驱动力进行了分析。结果显示：（1）海岸线变化主要发生在杭州湾、象山港、三门湾、台州湾、乐清湾和瓯江口岸段,海岸线向海推进共围填海约14.77万hm2,海岸线的平均变化率为26.72m/a。（2）近50年来,浙江省大陆岸线呈明显递减趋势,海岸线减少了184.27 km,自然岸线减少了381.37 km,人工岸线增加了197.10 km。（3）浙江省大陆海岸线以人工岸线为主,人工岸线截弯取直,平直化严重,自然岸线保有量逐年降低。（4）围海养殖、围填海等人类活动是浙江省大陆海岸线变迁的主要驱动力因素。     

Model of the post-Cenozoic evolution of the cryolithozone of the shelf of the western part of the Laptev Sea

The analysis of the structure of the cryolithozone, facies, and thicknesses of the Quaternary sediments and the results of the physicochemical mathematical modeling of the modern shelf of the western part of the Laptev Sea support the influence of the Late Pleistocene glaciations on the heat conditions and the distribution of the permafrost in the area. A ～200-m thick glacier formed under aerial conditions from atmospheric precipitation represented the metamorphosed snow cover. According to the modeling, the long-living (from 60?50 to 10?4 ky) glacier reduced the thickness of the permafrost rocks in the reviewed shelf area for 280–360 m. The Holocene marine transgression additionally decreased the thickness from 50–140 m on the inner shelf to 220–350 m on the outer shelf. The modern submarine cryolithozone 450-0 m thick is wide-spread in the studied region from the coast to the shelf boundary (isobaths of 130–140 m), where it pinches out at a distance of ～380 km from the coast at a depth of ～250 m above the sea level.     

Investigation of the mechanism of the long-term evolution of the carbon cycle in the ecosystem of the Sevastopol bay

We analyze the components of the carbon system of the Sevastopol bay waters and the balance of main sediment-forming substances using the data of field investigations in 1998–2008. The interannual variations of total inorganic carbon and the equilibrium partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the bay water are noted. An increase in the flux of carbon dioxide into the bay and in the content of organic carbon in bottom sediments is revealed, and an explanation of this phenomenon is given. The priority accumulation of organic carbon in the sediments of the bay is established. We assess the interannual variation in the relative abundances of organic and inorganic carbon as an index of the carbon cycle stability.     

Contemporary state of the investigation of the influence of the discharge of rivers on the hydrologic structure of the Black Sea

We generalize and analyze the state of investigations of the influence of river waters on the hydrologic structure of the Black Sea. Specific features of the water, regime and hydrography of rivers flowing into the sea, data on the discharge of rivers, and intrayear and interyear variability of the discharge are presented. We discuss and analyze works studying the transformation of river waters, routes of desalinized sea waters, and their influence on the thermohaline structure and dynamic regime of the sea. Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev     

双壳贝类血淋巴中儿茶酚胺的检测方法初步研究

研究的目的是探索一种检测双壳贝类血淋巴中儿茶酚胺含量的方法。以栉孔扇贝(Chlamysfarreri)和长牡蛎(Crassostreagigas)为实验对象,研究了取样、抗氧化剂、氧化铝用量以及Tris缓冲液用量等对实验结果的影响。结果表明,高效液相色谱电化学检测器法(HPLC-ECD)可以灵敏高效地对双壳贝类血淋巴中儿茶酚胺进行定性、定量检测。实验表明,取样时间最长不超过1.5min;还原性谷胱甘肽作抗氧化剂效果较好;前处理各试剂与血样量的最适配比为血样量1.5mL,Tris缓冲液(1.5mol/L,pH8.6)1mL和氧化铝25mg;水洗后离心并尽可能吸干氧化铝中的水分。去甲肾上腺素、肾上腺素和多巴胺的回收率分别为53%~69%、47%~73%和48%~56%。     

Modelling of the ecosystem of the Black-Sea shelf zone near the estuary of the Danube

We analyze the results of numerical calculations performed according to the three-dimensional interdisciplinary model of an ecological system of the Black-Sea shelf zone near the estuary of the Danube. The complete system of equations of hydrothermodynamics is solved together with transport equations of the advection-diffusion-reaction type used to describe the transformation of a substance (nitrogen) between the components of the characteristic vectors of the ecosystem: plankton, detritus, and biogenic elements (nitrates). We describe the distinctive features of the circumcontinental distribution of components obtained as a result of numerical experiments and present arguments for the conclusion that the ecosystem of the Danube estuary water area plays the role of a buffer zone between the press of the Danubian biogenic pollutions and the neighbouring areas of the shelf zone and open sea. Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev     

黄河入海径流对河口海域盐度影响研究

为研究黄河入海径流变化条件下河口附近海域盐度扩散特征,以更好地保护河口海域生物资源多样性,本文以黄河下游利津水文站的长序列实测径流数据资料为基础,利用近海水动力模型FVCOM,分析径流变化对黄河口海域盐度的影响规律。结果表明：黄河口与莱州湾之间存在顺时针的环流系统,在余流作用以及涨落潮方向的影响下,黄河冲淡水长期向莱州湾扩散;丰水期黄河冲淡水几乎影响了整个莱州湾,27盐度锋可以到达莱州湾中部,27等盐线的表层包络面积为2 665.61 km²,占莱州湾的1/4左右,枯水期低盐度水只有向南扩散的趋势,27以下的低盐度水集中分布在黄河口门附近,27等盐线的表层包络面积只有199.65 km²;5月份,随着入海径流量增加,27等盐线扩散的范围、距离、方向都会发生明显变化。在对近海生物资源有迫切保护需求的情景下,适当减少其他用水户供水量以增加入海生态径流量,可以有效改善黄河口海域附近的盐度情况,为生物资源的生长繁殖创造良好条件。     

The influence of the bottom contour on the deformed state of the ice cover due to the motion of the submarine

The authors have previously determined that the effectiveness and failure pattern of the ice cover caused by flexural-gravity waves generated by a submerged body motion near the bottom ice can greatly depend on the depth of the water area. In its turn, the presence of a ledge on the ice surface may affect a wave propagation pattern. This paper presents an experimental study of the bottom contour influence on the deflection and length of flexural-gravity waves. The authors describe a numerical model for the analysis of the deformed state of ice caused by hydrodynamic loads due to a submarine motion, taking into account the bottom contour. The experiments are carried out in the ice tank. The results of calculations and experiments are compared.     

Dynamics of the ice cover and peculiarities of the ice transportation of the sediments at the tidal flats of the Kandalaksha Gulf of the White Sea

Ten years of semistationary studies of the interaction of the ice cover and the coastal relief of the Kandalakhsa Gulf in the White Sea allowed us to reveal the peculiarities of these processes in the warm and cold years and the mechanisms of the origination of ice forms, including ice tents, which govern the character of the tidal flats. Three dynamic fast ice zones are distinguished by their geomorphological location, morphology, and ice dynamics. The dependence of the mechanisms and volumes of the enrichment of the fast ice in the sediments on the coastal zone??s relief was established. At the coast of the Kindo Peninsula (Velikaya Salma Strait), the ice mostly contains fine-sandy sediments. Coarser sediments, including boulders, are occasional and frozen into the ice at the contact of the fast ice and the bottom. At the expense of the ice??s spreading by 4?C6 times in the warm years and 2?C4 times in the cold years, several thousand tons of sediments mostly from the tidal flat??s surface (100?C700 m³ from 1 km of coast in the wide tidal flats and <50 m³ on the steep coasts) are delivered to the water area.     

Relationship between the path of the Kuroshio in the south of Japan and the path of the Kuroshio Extension in the east

A relationship between paths of the Kuroshio and Kuroshio Extension (KE) is investigated, using the satellite-derived altimetry dataset of 1993–2008. When the Kuroshio takes the nearshore nonlarge meander path or typical large meander path and resultantly goes through the deeper channel (about 2500 m) of the Izu-Ogasawara Ridge, the KE path adopts a relatively stable state with the two quasi-stationary meanders. On the other hand, when the Kuroshio takes the offshore nonlarge meander path and then passes over the shallower part of the Ridge (about 1000 m), the KE path tends to be convoluted, i.e., an unstable state.     

A model of the dynamics of the ecosystem of the Sea of Azov

We use many-year archival observations of hydrologic and hydrobiologic state of the Sea of Azov for the identification of the structure of a model of its ecosystem. The ecosystem model, supplemented with expert estimates of bioresource consumption (fish reserve), contamination level, and possible ecologic fines for violation of the sea natural state, is formalized by the method of system dynamics. Hereat, the major part of influence functions is found in terms of observational data with application of self-organization algorithms. We also present the results of simulated experiments with the model of the ecosystem, which enable us to analyse scenarios of its behaviour under the influence of various external factors (wind, river discharge, water exchange with the Black Sea, etc.). Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev