榴辉岩中石英出熔体的拉曼光谱学研究及其构造意义

利用拉曼光谱学和费氏台方法对若干地区超高压榴辉岩中柯石英和榴辉岩中石英出溶体的超显微构造特征进行了研究。研究结果表明，石榴石（或绿辉石）中柯石英向石英相变是一个连续变化过程。绿辉石中石英出溶体和主晶具有一定的晶体学拓扑关系，即石英出溶体长轴有两个展布方向：平行于绿辉石（100）裂理面和平行于绿辉石（－101）面。目前，部分学者推断榴辉岩绿辉石中石英出溶体可作为超高压变质作用的标志。笔者认为，棒状定向石英在绿辉石中出溶的温压条件和出溶机理尚未查明。因此，需加强过量二氧化硅单斜辉石出溶机理的超高压实验研究，从而为证实石英出溶体作为超高压标志提供实验定量约束。     

CCSD超高压变质岩绿辉石中的石英出溶体及其大陆动力学意义

单斜辉石中发育石英出溶体是UHP变质作用的典型矿物学标志之一,在世界上著名UHP变质地体中屡有发现。本文利用激光Raman光谱和电子探针分析在中国大陆科学钻探先导孔(CCSD-PP1)榴辉岩岩心的绿辉石中发现了大量石英(棒)出溶现象。通过与CCSD主孔榴辉岩各种赋存形式的绿辉石成分对比,发现含石英出溶体的绿辉石具有超硅特征,这是出溶现象发生的决定性因素之一。结合高压实验岩石学资料,提出在UHP变质的峰值期部分Si进入六次配位的Si-O八面体位置,压力降低这部分Si析出,形成石英出溶体的出溶机制。结合新的矿物学研究进展,认为绿辉石中出溶石英所标志的压力应远大于前人提出的2.5GPa,意味着苏鲁超高压变质带陆壳物质的俯冲深度要大于目前一般认为的80~120km范围。     

北大别罗田榴辉岩的减压出溶结构与超高压变质作用

岩石学研究表明北大别罗田榴辉岩经过了榴辉岩相、麻粒岩相和角闪岩相变质作用,表现出多种减压出溶结构.特征性的减压出溶结构有单斜辉石和石榴石中分别发育石英+角闪石+斜长石等与金红石+单斜辉石+角闪石等针状矿物出溶体,以及锆石中含有柯石英残晶.这些进一步证明北大别南部（罗田一带）同北部（如黄尾河、百丈岩等地）榴辉岩一样经过了>5～7CPa的超高压变质作用.     

西藏松多榴辉岩矿物出溶体研究

西藏松多榴辉岩中的石榴石和单斜辉石中发育有大量的矿物出溶体。电子探针能谱分析结果表明,石榴石中的出溶体为金红石,绿辉石中的出溶体为石英和富钾质矿物(钾长石)。根据石榴石-绿辉石-多硅白云母矿物温压计计算出的松多榴辉岩变质温压范围接近石英-柯石英相转变线,结合这些出溶体的存在,指示了西藏松多榴辉岩曾经历过超高压变质作用,这为松多榴辉岩的形成条件提供了重要证据。     

苏鲁三清阁榴辉岩中柯石英的发现及其地质意义探讨

在苏鲁三清阁多硅白云母榴辉岩中发现了柯石英包体,该榴辉岩与超高压含菱镁矿大理岩共生。石榴石中存在的柯石英残晶和多晶石英假相包体表明榴辉岩的变质压力超过2.8 GPa。运用石榴石–单斜辉石Fe2+–Mg温度计和多硅白云母压力计估算结果表明,矿物核部的平衡压力为3.1～3.5 GPa（T ＝650～689℃）,边部的平衡压力为2.9~3.3 GPa（T＝652～671℃）。与石榴石伴生的绿辉石普遍发育石英出溶结构。在磷灰石中观察到金属硫化物出溶体。磷灰石富含OH,F,Cl和S等挥发份,这些挥发性组分的深循环对地壳和地幔之间的相互作用研究具有重要意义。通过磷灰石,苏鲁—大别俯冲带能够将大量（～80 000 Mt）OH,F和Cl携带到地幔深处。     

大别山超高压榴辉岩带榴辉岩的特征和变质作用

大别山超高压柯石英榴辉岩带中多处产出含柯石英榴辉岩,岩石中广泛分布柯石英假象。它们产在片麻岩和大理岩中,并有不同的特征矿物组合。与鄂北等地高压型榴辉岩比较,超高压(柯石英)榴辉岩的绿辉石富硬玉组分,而石榴石为一般的富铁铝榴石贫镁铝榴石的石榴石。钙质角闪石和钠钙质冻蓝闪石是超高压(柯石英)榴辉岩中主要的次生角闪石类型。榴辉岩的原岩是陆内拉张过程中形成的广义拉斑玄武岩,它们在中朝一扬子大陆板块汇聚造山的俯冲大地构造背景中,发生渐进变质。变质时地热增温率极低。造山运动后期,榴辉岩随构造运动抬升又经历两阶段迭加变质。     

徐淮地区镁铁质岩石捕虏体单斜辉石中石榴石和石英的出溶

徐淮地区早侏罗世侵入杂岩中榴辉岩,石榴辉石岩和单斜辉石岩捕虏体单斜辉石中可以观察丰富的出溶石英针和石榴石,黝帘石及角闪石的出溶叶片,榴辉岩中出溶石英针的绿辉石核部比其边部相对富含FeO和MgO,贫SiO2,Al2O3和CaO。在石榴辉石岩和单斜辉石岩捕虏体中具有出溶石榴石的单斜辉石。从靠近出溶石榴石的一侧向其核部,Al2O3,Na2O和TiO2含量降低,MgO,SiO2和CaO含量增加,单斜辉石中定向石英针的出溶表明曾经存在有超高压条件下（≥25×10^8Pa)稳定的过硅质绿辉石。单斜辉石中出溶石榴石表明温压条件的降低可能是引起出溶的一个主要原因,捕虏体中的矿物组合和岩相学特征表明它们曾经遭受了榴辉岩相和角闪岩相退化变质作用,这与因压力和温度降低引起矿物出溶的结果相吻合。     

隐藏在苏鲁地体斜长角闪岩锆石中超高压变质作用的信息

运用激光拉曼和阴极发光技术，配备电子探针测试，发现苏鲁地体地表露头和中国大陆科学钻探工程预先导孔CCSD-PP1和CCSD-PP2斜长角闪岩锆石中均保存以柯石英为代表的典型超高压矿物组合：柯石英 石榴石 绿辉石 金红石；柯石英 石榴石 绿辉石；柯石英 石榴石 绿辉石 多硅白云母 金红石 磷灰石；柯石英 绿辉石 金红石；柯石英 菱镁矿。该类矿物包体组合与苏鲁地体超高压榴辉岩的峰期矿物组合十分相似，表明斜长角闪岩可能是由超高压变质的榴辉岩在构造抬升过程中退变质而成。     

河南大别山区榴辉岩及蓝晶石石英岩中柯石英的发现

团麻断裂以西的河南大别山区榴辉岩及其围岩蓝晶石石英岩中首次发现柯石英。含柯石英榴辉岩的矿物共生组合为石榴石+绿辉石+蓝晶石+多硅白云母+石英(柯石英)+金红石,其形成温压条件为T=610～740℃,P≥2.8 GPa。含柯石英榴辉岩及其围岩同时经历了超高压变质作用,可能由扬子板块向华北板块深俯冲作用形成,俯冲深度可迭90km以上。河南大别山区含柯石英榴辉岩的发现扩大了中国中东部含柯石英榴辉岩带的分布区。     

大别地区榴辉岩中几种超高压变质矿物研究

根据镜下观察,在大别地区东南部榴辉岩中陆续发现柯石英、金刚石和文石等三种超高压变质矿物,拉曼分子探针检测进一步证实了这些发现。柯石英和文石均被包裹于石榴石或绿辉石晶体之内,而基质中则分别以低压多型变体石英和方解石的形式存在,说明其保存除快速构造抬升的外部条件外,还与寄主矿物机械阻力及晶内低压缩性有关。作为榴辉岩相的早期共生矿物,它们的出现证明该区榴辉岩经历了超高压变质作用。     

Raman Spectrum Study on Quartz Exsolution in Omphacite of Eclogite and Its Tectonic Significances

The studies on ultra-microstructue characteristics of quartz exsolution in eclogite and coesite in UHP eclogite of several localities are done with the appliance of laser Raman spectroscopy and Ustage. Research results show that the phase transformation of coesite-quartz in garnet and/or omphacite is a continuous process. Topological relationship is present between quartz exsolution in omphacite and its host mineral which shows orientations of two long axes of quartz exsolution parallel to (100) and (-101) of omphacite. At present, some scholars suggest that thequartz exsolution in omphacite of eclogite is the evidence of UHP metamorphism. However, temperature and pressure condition and the exsolution mechanism of oriented needlelike quartz in omphacite still remain undear. Tnerefore, further study should be enhanced on experimental research on exsolution mechanism of super-silicate clinopyroxene, which could provide experimental quantitative constraint on quartz exsolution as UHP indicator.     

TEM and HRTEM Study of Microstructures in Omphacite from UHP Eclogites at Shima, Dabie Mountains, China

Transmission electron microscope (TEM) and high resolution transmission electron microscope (HRTEM) analyses have been performed on omphacite from ultra-high pressure (UHP) eclogites at the locality of Shima, Dabie Mountains, China. TEM reveals that the microstructures consist dominantly of dislocation substructures, including free dislocations, loops, tiltwalls, dislocation tangles and subboundaries. They were produced by high-temperature ductile deformation, of which the main mechanism was dislocation creep. Antiphase domain (APD) boundaries are common planar defects; an age of 470±6 Ma for UHP eclogite formation has been obtained from the equiaxial size of APDs in ordered omphacites from Shima, coincident with ages given by single-zircon U-Pb dating (471±2 Ma). HRTEM reveals C2/c and P2ln space groups in different parts of one single omphacite crystal, and no exsolution is observed in the studied samples, which is attributed to rapid cooling. It is suggested that the UHP eclogites underwent a long     

Origin of retrograde fluid in ultrahigh-pressure metamorphic rocks: Constraints from mineral hydrogen isotope and water content changes in eclogite-gneiss transitions in the Sulu orogen

By taking advantage of having depth profiles between contrasting lithologies from core samples of the Chinese Continental Scientific Drilling (CCSD) project, a combined study was carried out to examine changes in mineral H isotope, total water and hydroxyl contents in garnet and omphacite across the contacts between ultrahigh-pressure (UHP) eclogite and gneiss in the Sulu orogen, east-central China. The samples of interest were from two continuous core segments from the CCSD main hole at depths of 734.21-737.16 and 929.67-932.86 m, respectively. The results show δD values of −116‰ to  − 64‰ for garnet and −104‰ to −82‰ for omphacite, consistent with incorporation of meteoric water into protoliths of UHP metamorphic rocks by high-T alteration. Both equilibrium and disequilibrium H isotope fractionations were observed between garnet and omphacite, suggesting fluid-assisted H isotope exchange at local scales during amphibolite-facies retrogression. While bulk water analysis gave total H₂O concentrations of 522-1584 ppm for garnet and 1170-20745 ppm for omphacite, structural hydroxyl analysis yielded H₂O contents of 80-413 ppm for garnet and 228-412 ppm for omphacite. It appears that significant amounts of molecular H₂O are present in the minerals, pointing to enhanced capacity of water storage in the UHP eclogite minerals. Hydrogen isotope variations in the transition between eclogite and gneiss show correlations with variations in their water contents. Petrographically, the degree of retrograde metamorphism generally increases with decreasing distance from the eclogite-gneiss boundary. Thus, retrograde metamorphism results in mineral reactions and H isotope variation. Because hydroxyl solubility in nominally anhydrous minerals decreases with dropping pressure, significant amounts of water are expected to be released from the minerals during decompression exhumation. Decompression exsolution of structural hydroxyl from 1 m³ volume of eclogite composed of only garnet and omphacite results in release of a quantitative estimate of 3.07-3.44 kg water that can form 140-156 kg amphibole during exhumation. Therefore, it is concluded that fluid for retrogression of the eclogites away from the eclogite-gneiss boundary was derived from the decompression exsolution of structural hydroxyl and molecular H₂O in nominally anhydrous minerals. For the eclogites adjacent to gneiss, in contrast, the retrograde metamorphism was principally caused by aqueous fluid from the gneiss which is relatively rich in water. Consequently, both the origin and availability of metamorphic fluid during exhumation of deeply subducted continental crust are deciphered by this combined study focusing on the transitions and the retrograde processes between the felsic and mafic UHP rocks.     

羌塘地区榴辉岩中矿物出溶体及其成因机制探讨

西藏羌塘地区榴辉岩石榴子石和磷灰石中均发育矿物出溶体,结合电子探针和扫描电镜分析及能谱分析,确定了石榴子石中的出溶体有金红石、石英和角闪石,指示其可能经历了高压/超高压变质作用。本研究在磷灰石中发现了金红石出溶,并认为其可能是在高压/超高压条件下元素相互置换的结果,置换方式为Ti~(4+)(Fe~(2+)、Si~(4+))=2Ca~(2+),这些出溶体的形成为榴辉岩曾经历高压/超高压变质作用提供了矿物学证据。     

Rheological Strength of UHP Eclogite from Dabieshan: Evidences from High p-T Experiments

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大别山超高压榴辉岩流变强度——来自高温高压实验的证据

利用Griggs型 5GPa高压仪器 ,在柯石英稳定域围压条件下 ( >3GPa)完成大别山超高压榴辉岩流变学实验 ,建立了榴辉岩流变状态本构方程 (流动律 ) : ε=Aexp( -Q/RT)σn ,应力指数 (n)为 3 .4 ,活化能 (Q)为 4 80kJ/mol,结构常数 (A)为 10 3.3.实验结果表明 :( 1)作为两相矿物组成的榴辉岩 ,其流变学强度在很大程度上取决于强相矿物 (石榴石 )和弱相矿物 (绿辉石 )含量比例 ;( 2 )天然榴辉岩塑性变形机制是以位错蠕变为主 ;( 3 )根据实验成果比较榴辉岩和上地幔方辉橄榄岩流变学强度相当 ,两者耦合在大陆深俯冲 10 0km左右深度发生拆沉作用可能性很小 ,与上地幔上隆 (upwelling)作用有关的造山期后伸展作用对超高压岩石折返更具有重要意义 .     

Role of Water in Deformed Omphacite in UHP Eclogite from the Dabie Mountains, Eastern China

Omphacite grains from UHP eclogite of the Dabie Mountains in eastern China are elongated and show strong lattice preferred orientations (LPOs). Observations by the transmission electron microscopy (TEM) identified not only structures of plastic deformation occurring as free dislocation, dislocation loops and dislocation walls, but also bubbles of water present in the deformed omphacite. The bubbles attach to the dislocation loops which are often connected to one another via a common bubble. Using infrared spectroscopy (IR), two types of hydrous components are identified as hydroxyl and free-water in the omphacite. An analysis of deformation mechanism of microstructure in omphacite suggests that the mineral deformed plastically under UHP metamorphic conditions by dislocation creep through hydrolitic weakening.     

柴达木盆地北缘早古生代高压——超高压变质带中发现典型超高压矿物——柯石英

从都兰北带榴辉岩的片麻岩围岩的锆石中发现了柯石英包裹体和石墨包裹体，说明该超高压带的峰期变质作用已达柯石英稳定区间（＞2.8GPa）但小于金刚石的稳定区间（＜3.5GPa），从而确定柴达木盆地北缘存在早古生代超高压变质作用和陆－陆碰撞作用，为中国中部存在一条横贯东西的早古生代（大致500－400Ma）高压超高压变质带的推断提供了新的关键性证据。     

豫南——鄂北大别山北部高压角闪石榴辉岩的研究

一个高压角闪石榴辉岩带出现在豫南——鄂北大别山高压超高压变质单元的最北部。榴辉岩的矿物组合为石榴石+绿辉石+角闪石+绿帘石+多硅白云母+石英+金红石。采用Powell等(1994)的Thermocalc估计的温压条件:压力为1.8-2.4GPa,温度为490-592℃。这个带的榴辉岩在矿物组合,矿物成分和温压条件上明显不同于该高压变质单元中其它带的榴辉岩。