基于蒸渗仪和解析法估算毛乌素沙地潜水蒸发量

地下水蒸发是旱区地下水均衡计算中重要的排泄项之一。由于包气带水分运移高度非线性且大气—地表界面动力学过程复杂,估算潜水蒸发量一直是地下水资源评价的难题之一。利用内蒙古乌审旗河南乡均衡试验场E601型蒸渗仪,建立了毛乌素沙地水面蒸发及4种典型岩性（风化砂岩K₁、萨拉乌苏组砂Qpal+l、砂质壤土Qhl、风积沙Qheol）的饱和土蒸发原位试验,结合长期观测获取的大量数据,开展了地下水蒸发与水面蒸发、埋深的关系和地下水蒸发量计算方法研究。结果表明:（1）4种典型岩性（风化砂岩、萨拉乌苏组砂、砂质壤土、风积沙）饱和蒸发量与水面蒸发量比值分别为0.60,0.77,0.47,0.88,表明不同岩性的饱和裸土的蒸发强度不等于自由水面的蒸发强度;实际计算裸土蒸发强度时,不能以自由水面蒸发强度作为参考点,如果运用,必须校正。（2）利用蒸渗仪观测数据和土壤水运动方程稳态解析解,获得4种典型岩性（风化砂岩、萨拉乌苏组砂、砂质壤土、风积沙）潜水稳定蒸发计算的关键经验系数c,分别为628932.63,165058.71,48948.21,1525104.031 m?2。（3）利用稳定蒸发公式确定鄂尔多斯盆地风沙滩区四种典型包气带岩性（风化砂岩、萨拉乌苏组砂、砂质壤土、风积沙）潜水极限蒸发深度约为60 cm,结果得到了室内非稳态蒸发试验的佐证,为研究区水资源评价提供了重要的参数依据。     

内蒙古鄂尔多斯西北土壤水流动示踪实验及自流井群补给源讨论

降水模拟实验证明,鄂尔多斯北部沙土层单次降水入渗最大深度小于1 m,降水在土壤中受到蒸发后排泄到大气中。实验证实,只有当土壤含水率达到最大田间持水率,吸附在土颗粒表面的薄膜水才能克服电磁引力转化为重力水,在重力的作用下继续下渗。鄂尔多斯北部的年降水量小而蒸发量大,降水入渗土壤不能形成累积效应,无法形成连续下渗的重力水流。同位素示踪分析表明,土壤水主要来源于地下潜水,结合土壤含水率与TDS分析证实,地下水是通过薄膜水与蒸发-凝结方式补给到土壤水中,薄膜水从高温区向低温区流动,对于等温的薄膜水而言,薄膜水从厚层向薄层流动。同位素分析表明,都思兔河流域的河水、泉水、井水、湖泊、土壤水接受相同的外源水补给。鄂尔多斯盆地降水比地表水与地下水明显富集重同位素,不符合补给区降水同位素特征。鄂尔多斯盆地地下水分水岭与基底断裂带重合,据此推断,外源水以深循环方式通过基底断裂带补给鄂尔多斯盆地,在干旱地区形成自流井群。     

基于校正的遥感数据方法估算地下水补给量：以鄂尔多斯盆地台格庙矿区为例

地下水补给是影响区域地下水资源的关键因素,准确评价地下水净补给量对地下水资源的合理开发利用和区域水文循环过程的研究具有基础性意义。通常情况下,在站点尺度可以使用蒸渗仪等设备直接监测地下水补给,而在区域尺度获取地下水补给则难度较大,因此亟待构建一种简便量化区域尺度地下水补给量的方法。本文提出一种基于遥感数据校正来估算区域尺度多年地下水补给量的方法,并在黄河中游内蒙古鄂尔多斯盆地新街台格庙矿区进行试点应用研究。通过对多源降水数据的筛选和蒸发遥感数据的校正,评价台格庙矿区地下水多年净补给量,并基于实测数据的Hydrus-1D数值模拟验证评价方法的有效性。研究结果显示,TPDC来源的降水量数据集更适用于反映研究区降水量的空间分布;MOD16遥感数据低估了矿区实际蒸散量,实际蒸散量是MOD16数据的1.41倍;矿区多年平均净补给量变化范围在-65.70～73.93 mm之间,超过80%的区域净补给量在-30～30 mm之间。新方法估算的地下水净补给量与基于实测数据的土壤水流数值模拟结果接近,表明该方法在缺乏地表产流或地表径流观测资料翔实的地区具有较强的实际应用价值。     

西部严重缺水地区地下水勘查技术方法体系研究

本文主要介绍1999~2005年中国地质调查局组织实施的“西部严重缺水地区人畜饮用地下水勘查示范工程”中建立的西北内陆盆地、青海东部和甘肃中东部中小型碎屑岩盆地、宁夏南部和陕西北部黄土高原区、鄂尔多斯盆地周边岩溶区、内蒙古高原和川渝滇红层等不同复杂水文地质区以遥感、综合物探、钻探等方法为主要内容的地下水勘查技术方法体系研究成果。为继续推进上述地区人畜饮用水困难问题的解决提供技术指导。     

地下水化学组成的时空聚类分析与多级嵌套水流系统识别

水文地球化学是识别地下水流系统的重要方法,然而区域尺度上多级嵌套地下水流系统的复杂性使地下水化学组成的分析和解释难度增加.以鄂尔多斯北部盆地湖泊集中区典型的胡同察汗淖地下水流系统为例,基于丰水期和枯水期3个期次不同深度地下水样品的物理化学数据,应用时空聚类与主成分分析方法,揭示地下水化学组成的空间分布特征、变化规律及其...     

鄂尔多斯盆地北部断裂构造的后遥感应用技术研究

文章介绍了用后遥感应用技术对鄂尔多斯盆地北部断裂构造的分布、活动性及其对深盆气形成与演化的影响等进行的研究及取得的新认识。     

鄂尔多斯白垩系盆地地下水系统研究

地下水系统研究是正确评价和合理开发利用区域地下水资源的基础,也是区域地下水资源规划的重要依据。在对鄂尔多斯盆地白垩系岩相古地理和含水介质空间展布研究的基础上,应用区域地下水动力场、水文地球化学场和深井Packer系统所获得的不同深度的水位数据以及同位素资料,将白垩系地下水流系统概括为局部水流系统、中间水流系统和区域地下水流系统3种类型。以盆地中部的白于山地表分水岭为界,划分为南北2个地下水亚系统和5个分支系统,其中南部黄土高原地下水亚系统为典型的自流水盆地,而北部沙漠高原地下水亚系统则具有潜水盆地的特征。     

鄂尔多斯盆地陇东能源基地地下水系统划分

地下水系统划分是开展地下水资源评价的前提和基础。为更准确的评价鄂尔多斯盆地陇东能源基地地下水资源量,本文以地下水系统理论为指导,在地下水划分基本方法的基础上综合考虑研究区构造特征和地下水类型、分布特征、循环方式、补径排条件等因素,同时借鉴鄂尔多斯盆地内蒙古能源基地地下水系统划分方法,将鄂尔多斯盆地陇东能源基地划分为3个级别。本次研究对鄂尔多斯盆地陇东能源基地地下水资源评价工作奠定了基础。     

东胜铀成矿区断隆成矿观点的提出及其地质意义

文章利用后遥感应用技术对鄂尔多斯盆地北部东胜铀矿床的区域地质背景、铀矿化特征、铀矿化与油气的关系等进行了深入研究，提出砂岩型铀矿断隆成矿的观点，强调了断裂构造及深部物质在砂岩型铀矿成矿中的重要作用，丰富了砂岩型铀成矿理论，进一步明确了鄂尔多斯盆地的找矿方向。     

鄂尔多斯盆地北部风积沙覆基岩型包气带结构的生态意义

风积沙覆基岩型包气带结构在鄂尔多斯盆地北部分布面积最广.在其结构及其属性特征分析基础上,重点解析了结构内垂向上土壤水分的富集规律;以沙蒿为例,对喜沙耐旱植被的生长与风积沙厚度、地下水水位埋深间的关系进行了探讨.认识到风积沙覆基岩型包气带结构有利于土壤水富集,是鄂尔多斯盆地北部沙蒿、沙柳等耐旱喜沙植被分布与生长的决定性因素,对维系盆地北部生态系统有重要作用;而地下水位埋深与沙蒿等耐旱植被生长间的关系并不密切.在进行盆地北部地下水资源评价及开发方案制定过程中,应对风积沙覆基岩型包气带的生态意义给予重视.     

基于地下水陆面过程耦合模型的黑河干流中游耗水分析

耗水分析能够直接揭示水资源利用的本质, 蒸散发是流域尺度耗水的主体. 将一个典型的陆面过程模型和一个地下水模型紧密耦合, 从而在地下水模型中增加具有物理机理的蒸散发描述, 同时改进陆面过程模型中地下水的动力过程, 由此在发挥这两类模型各自优势的基础上, 构建了一个地下水-陆面过程耦合模型. 利用该模型模拟了黑河干流中游2008年逐小时的蒸散发过程. 结果表明: 黑河干流中游2008年总耗水量约为35.7×10⁸ m³, 耗水最大的地表类型是农作物为19.3×10⁸ m³、 裸地和戈壁为7.2×10⁸ m³、 草地为6.0×10⁸ m³、 稀疏植被为3.1×10⁸ m³, 其中, 不同地表类型的年蒸腾量分别为8.8×10⁸ m³、 0.02×10⁸ m³、 2.2×10⁸ m³以及0.4×10⁸ m³, 对应它们的年蒸散发强度分别为: 580 mm、 117 mm、 331 mm以及202 mm. 通过耗水平衡分析也得到2008年黑河干流中游地下水呈负平衡状态, 全年地下水超采约0.9×10⁸ m³, 其中区内地下水储量在7—11月间呈增加趋势, 其他各月呈减少趋势.     

利用遥感方法估算华北平原陆面蒸散量

本文主要讨论了遥感技术在水文学领域的应用。利用基于能量平衡原理的SEBS模型,结合NOAA／AVHRR数据,通过遥感方法估算了华北平原的区域陆面蒸散量,并分析了不同潜水埋深条件下植被指数对蒸散发的影响。通过遥感估算方法得到,华北平原6～8月份是蒸散量较高时期,变化幅度较大;1、2月和11、12月是蒸散量较低时期,变化幅度较小。其日蒸散量变化范围在0～8mm之间;年蒸散量在520-1100mm之间,平均为700-800mm。地下水埋深较浅的沿海、黄河沿岸以及河南黄河以北的农业区为蒸散发的高值区。在不同潜水埋深条件下,蒸散量与植被指数之间均存在线性正相关性。且在潜水埋深介于1～2m的情况下,陆面蒸散与植被指数间的关系最明显,两者之间的相关性达到0．669。     

地下水埋深对淮北平原冬小麦耗水量影响试验研究

研究地下水埋深对淮北平原冬小麦耗水量的影响,对浅埋区农业水管理具有重要意义。基于2017—2020年五道沟水文水资源实验站大型称重式蒸渗仪群,模拟不同地下水埋深下冬小麦蒸散发变化过程,以蒸散量表征小麦耗水的变化,识别影响小麦耗水的关键环境因子,探索不同情景小麦耗水特征。全生育期内各地下水埋深0.5,1.0,2.0,3.0 m下小麦蒸散量依次为510.50,499.33,567.88,727.88 mm,各埋深下表层10 cm处土壤含水率与蒸散量相关系数依次为?0.42,?0.69,?0.53,?0.43;依据太阳辐射量划分3类典型日,典型日内蒸散强度为:强辐射日约0.30 mm/h、弱辐射日约0.07 mm/h、微弱辐射日约0.03 mm/h;蒸散峰历时依次为:5:00—20:00、7:00—17:00和9:00—17:00;太阳辐射强时,地下水埋深对蒸散强度峰值出现的时间影响较小,而太阳辐射过弱时,地下水埋深大会阻滞能量传输,蒸散强度峰值滞后;表层土壤水是蒸散发的主要来源,尤其在1.0,2.0 m埋深下表层土壤水对蒸散发贡献率更高;太阳辐射、净辐射和土壤热通量正向驱动小麦耗水,表层土壤水分、平均气温和空气湿度反向驱动。     

种植条件下降雨灌溉入渗试验研究

基于清水河平原头营和黑城试验场降雨(灌溉)入渗过程土壤水分运移观测试验数据的分析研究,笔者应用能量观点描述了包气带水分运移的分带性、降雨(灌溉)入渗补给地下水的水分条件和地下水入渗补给过程的基本特征。应用蒸散量模型、土壤水分通量模型,计算了作物生长期的蒸发蒸腾量、土壤贮水量的变化量、400cm深度处的土壤水分渗漏量及渗漏系数。从多年的角度分析了深层土壤水分渗漏量、渗漏系数与地下水入渗补给量和补给系数的关系。它对分析降雨(灌溉)入渗对地下水的补给过程和定量分析地下水入渗补给量、入渗补给系数具有重要价值。     

Modelling of paleo-saltwater intrusion in the northern part of the Nubian Aquifer System, Northeast Africa

A numerical groundwater model of the Nubian Aquifer System was established to prove the influence of rising seawater levels on the groundwater salinity in northern Egypt over the last 140,000 years. In addition, the impact of a groundwater recharge scenario for these 140,000 years, involving climatic change, on the saltwater/freshwater interface was investigated. Saltwater intrusion induced by rising water levels of the Mediterranean Sea led to salinisation from the Mediterranean Sea to the Qattara depression. This modeling approach was supported by a density-driven model setup and calculation. The modelled saltwater/freshwater interfaces partially fitted the observed ones, especially in the southern half of the Qattara depression. In other parts of the northern Nubian Aquifer System, the ingression of salt water was modelled adequately, but in the west, small regions of the measured interface were not. The development in the Qattara depression (Egypt) and Sirte basin (Libya) were investigated in more detail. The different behaviour in the Sirte basin may be due to high evapotranspiration rates in some former periods, salt solutions from the pre-Quaternary layers or saltwater infiltration from sabkha-like recent salt-bearing sediments.     

玛纳斯河流域山前平原区蒸散发时空异质性分析

玛纳斯河流域气候干燥、蒸发强烈,准确估算蒸散发量对地下水资源评价及生态环境保护具有重要指导意义。以往蒸散发研究空间分辨率较低,已不能满足各水文地质分区景观格局演变引起的蒸散发细部变化研究,针对以往不足,文章基于SEBAL模型利用Landsat系列影像估算了近30年来玛纳斯河流域山前平原区蒸散发,并进一步探讨不同水文地质分区蒸散发时空分布特征及影响因素。结果表明,蒸散量空间分布按照水文地质分区呈现明显带状性,各水文地质分区日蒸散总量表现为戈壁带<荒漠带<绿洲带,时间尺度上全区蒸散总量呈上升趋势,且增大幅度逐渐变缓,各分区呈现绿洲带蒸散总量递增、戈壁带及荒漠带蒸散总量先减小后增大,各分区蒸散总量变化趋势是由各分区主地物类型蒸散量变化控制;通过对影响因素的分析可知日蒸散发量随气温的升高而升高,各地物日均蒸散发量与全区平均气温变化趋势一致;归一化植被指数与日蒸散发量在戈壁带与绿洲带呈现较好的正相关关系;地下水位埋深与日蒸散发量在绿洲带呈负相关,当地下水位埋深大于5. 5 m时,日蒸散发量趋于稳定。     

Evapotranspiration capture and stream depletion due to groundwater pumping under variable boreal climate conditions: Sudogda River Basin,Russia

Groundwater pumping and changes in climate-induced recharge lead to lower groundwater levels and significant changes in the water balance of a catchment. Water previously discharged as evapotranspiration can become a source of pumpage. Neglecting this effect leads to overestimated streamflow depletion. A small river basin (Sudogda River Basin, Russia) with a boreal climate and with long-term records of groundwater head and streamflow rate (showing that the measured stream depletion is less than the pumping rate) was investigated. The role of evapotranspiration in the water balance was analyzed by a hydrogeological model using MODFLOW-2005 with the STR package; the annual variation in recharge was obtained with the codes Surfbal and HYDRUS. The Sudogda River Basin was classified according to landscape and unsaturated-zone texture classes, and for each classified zone, the unsaturated-zone flow simulation was used to calculate the annual recharge dynamics for the observation period. Calibration of the regional flow model was conducted using flow and head observations jointly for two steady-state flow conditions—natural (before pumping started) and stressed (pumping). The simulations showed that pumped water originates from three sources: intercepted baseflow (75% of the annual total pumping rate), the capture of groundwater evapotranspiration discharge plus increased groundwater recharge (17%), and induced stream infiltration (8%). Additionally, multi-year precipitation records were analyzed to detect any long-term recharge and pumping water-budget changes. The results showed that increasing groundwater recharge by natural precipitation leads to (1) decreased intercepted baseflow and induced streamflow infiltration and (2) increased intercepted evapotranspiration discharge, thereby reducing stream depletion.     

基于粗集理论的地下水水质指标属性约简

粗集理论是一种处理不确定和不精确问题的新型数学工具。将粗集理论用于地下水水质指标属性约简,采用区分矩阵属性约简算法对原有的4个水质指标进行分析,发现仅需要其中的3个就可以表达相同的地下水水质级别区分能力,还得出了各水质指标相对于地下水水质级别的属性重要性。理论分析和应用实践表明了粗集理论用于地下水水质指标属性约简具有简便、准确和实用性强等特点。     

Use of water balance calculation and tritium to examine the dropdown of groundwater table in the piedmont of the North China Plain (NCP)

The groundwater table in the piedmont plain was only about 1–2 m in depth in the 1950s and 1960s, but it lowered dramatically afterwards to about 25–27 m in depth (currently 21–23 m above sea level) due to overpumping of groundwater and drought in the region. This change has adversely affected the sustainable development and food supply of this important agricultural area. The groundwater table at Luancheng Experimental Station of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, located in the piedmont, dropped from 39.36 m in 1975 to 21.47 m above sea level in 1999, at an average rate of 0.72 m/year. Water balance components, such as daily rainfall, pan-evaporation, and evapotranspiration (by lysimeter after 1995) have been recorded since the 1970s, and they were used as variants to simulate monthly water table change based on a physically based statistical model. Groundwater samples were collected during the period 1998–2001, and tritium was measured in the laboratory to trace the groundwater flow from the Taihang Mountains to the piedmont. A reasonable exploitation rate of 150 mm/year was obtained from the model by assuming the annual water table is constant. The recharge and groundwater flow from the Taihang Mountains plays an important role in the water balance of the piedmont area, and it was estimated to be about 112.5 mm/year by using the variation of tritium with the depth, which followed a good exponential function. The simple water balance calculation indicated that the water table could recede at a rate of 0.8 m/year, which is close to the actual situation.     

Method for prediction of landslide movements based on random forests

Prediction of landslide movements with practical application for landslide risk mitigation is a challenge for scientists. This study presents a methodology for prediction of landslide movements using random forests, a machine learning algorithm based on regression trees. The prediction method was established based on a time series consisting of 2 years of data on landslide movement, groundwater level, and precipitation gathered from the Kostanjek landslide monitoring system and nearby meteorological stations in Zagreb (Croatia). Because of complex relations between precipitations and groundwater levels, the process of landslide movement prediction is divided into two separate models: (1) model for prediction of groundwater levels from precipitation data and (2) model for prediction of landslide movements from groundwater level data. In a groundwater level prediction model, 75 parameters were used as predictors, calculated from precipitation and evapotranspiration data. In the landslide movement prediction model, 10 parameters calculated from groundwater level data were used as predictors. Model validation was performed through the prediction of groundwater levels and prediction of landslide movements for the periods from 10 to 90 days. The validation results show the capability of the model to predict the evolution of daily displacements, from predicted variations of groundwater levels, for the period up to 30 days. Practical contributions of the developed method include the possibility of automated predictions, updated and improved on a daily basis, which would be an important source of information for decisions related to crisis management in the case of risky landslide movements.