新疆哈密黄山地区铜镍硫化物矿床的稀土元素特征及意义

通过对新疆哈密黄山铜镍矿带典型矿床矿石矿物和含矿岩石的稀土元素地球化学研究,发现产于造山带的铜镍硫化物矿床的容矿镁铁-超镁铁质岩具有富水特征,部分硫化物稀土曲线呈特殊的“三重弯曲”模式,反应出由于多种液相(流体和熔体)共存,硫化物熔体中含有大量热液流体,在主成矿期(岩浆熔离期)后逐渐演化出富含气液的成矿流体。本区矿床稀土特征不同于克拉通边缘的铜镍矿床,造成上述热液流体参与成矿的原因在于含矿岩体本身富水,可能与碰撞后富水洋壳的拆沉熔融有关。     

新疆可可塔勒铅锌矿成矿流体稀土元素地球化学特征

本文采用四极等离子质谱仪(ICP-MS)方法测定了可可塔勒铅锌矿矿物流体包裹体的稀土元素含量。研究表明,成矿流体稀土元素配分模式均为轻稀土富集,Eu具有明显正异常。矿石硫化物流体包裹体稀土特征具有3种稀土配分模式,即平滑右倾型、平坦型、倒“V”字型,矿体下盘围岩的稀土总量明显高于上盘围岩的稀土总量,具有明显的Eu的负异常,成矿流体具有多来源、成矿具有多阶段叠加特点,具有双淋滤模式特征。     

东天山图拉尔根大型铜镍硫化物矿床的斜长石主量成分特征：对矿床成因的指示

图拉尔根镍铜矿床产于康古尔塔格-黄山韧性剪切带NEE向的次级挤压破碎带上,位于黄山-镜儿泉岩浆铜镍成矿带的东段。矿田范围内有I、II、III号3个镁铁质-超镁铁质杂岩体,主要铜镍矿体就位于I号基性-超基性杂岩体内。该杂岩体主要包括辉长岩、角闪橄榄岩、二辉橄榄岩、角闪辉橄岩等岩相,其中角闪橄榄岩为主要的赋矿岩相。本文通过对矿物颗粒镜下形态、结构、构造的观察,对钻孔中赋矿岩相、不含矿岩相的斜长石进行系统的成分分析和对比,来进一步限定岩浆的演化及矿床成因。图拉尔根矿床中主要造岩矿物的结晶次序为:橄榄石-辉石(角闪石)-角闪石。仅见极少数斜长石颗粒包裹橄榄石,而与辉石和角闪石没有明显的包裹关系,可能是略晚于橄榄石结晶的另一单独结晶序列的矿物。赋矿的角闪橄榄岩中斜长石与硫化物含量呈负相关性。斜长石中SiO2和Al2O3含量相对集中,CaO、Na2O、K2O含量变化范围大。SiO2含量从深部到浅部,表现出含量从低到高变化的趋势,说明岩体中斜长石受同源岩浆结晶分异作用的控制。越靠近富硫化物的角闪橄榄岩,斜长石中CaO和Al2O3含量越高,SiO2、Al2O3、CaO、Na2O、K2O等主量元素的含量变化范围较大。因此,斜长石的主量成分可以作为接近硫化物富矿体的指示。     

云南大平掌铜多金属矿床稀土元素地球化学特征

滇西大平掌铜多金属矿床具典型的“双层结构”。对上部盆地相的块状硫化物和下部通道相的细脉浸染状硫化物的稀土元素分析表明,前者具正Eu异常的球粒陨石标准化配分模式,后者具负Eu异常的配分模式。这种变化与成矿流体演化有关。通过与大西洋中脊TAG热液活动区表层沉积硫化物和黑烟囱流体等的稀土元素配分模式对比,可以认为成矿是火山喷流沉积作用的结果。     

Sulfide saturation mechanism of the Poyi magmatic Cu-Ni sulfide deposit in Beishan,Xinjiang, Northwest China

The Poyi Cu-Ni deposit is hosted by the Early Permian Pobei mafic-ultramafic complex along the northern margin of the Tarim Plate. This series of multiple intrusions in the Poyi deposit can be divided into four lithologies: gabbro, dunite, hornblende peridotite, and wehrlite. The ore body consists mainly of disseminated sulfides hosted by hornblende peridotite. All the Poyi deposit sulfides show positive Δ³³S values from 0.004 to 0.221‰ and negative δ³⁴S values from −0.8 to −3.5‰. High Ni contents occur in the hornblende peridotites, which exhibit the highest Δ³³S value of 0.221‰ and the lowest δ³⁴S value of −3.5‰, indicating contamination by sulfides from Archean sedimentary rocks. This contamination was important during sulfide saturation in the Poyi intrusions and likely occurred at depth before the emplacement of the Poyi intrusions. The intrusions incorporated country rocks during their emplacement and consolidation, and the degree of assimilation increases from the central lithofacies (i.e., the hornblende peridotite) to the marginal lithofacies (i.e., the wehrlite, dunite, olivine gabbro, and gabbro). Higher Ni contents are correlated with lower degrees of contamination; thus, we infer that the contamination by the country Paleoproterozoic rocks, which contain significant amounts of gneiss and marble, hindered sulfide saturation.The whole-rock Ni content is negatively correlated with the MgO and Fo contents in the olivine and positively correlated with the FeO and MnO contents in the olivine. During crystallization, olivine becomes gradually richer in FeO but poorer in MgO, and Mn tends to be enriched in the late stages of the melt. We infer that the fractional crystallization of olivine was an important factor during sulfide saturation.     

内蒙古四子王旗地区小南山辉长岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄及其地质意义

四子王旗地区小南山为内蒙古中部镁铁质-超镁铁质岩带内发育的一个中型铜镍铂硫化物矿床,辉长岩为含矿岩体的成矿母岩。岩石主量、微量及稀土元素分析结果表明,小南山辉长岩属于铁质镁铁质岩,具有拉斑玄武岩系列演化趋势,相对富集大离子亲石元素(Rb、Ba、U、Pb等)和亏损高场强元素(Nb、Ta、Ti),并具有轻、重稀土元素分馏相对明显、轻稀土元素相对富集、重稀土元素亏损的右倾型稀土元素配分模式。采用LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb测年法,获得小南山辉长岩年龄结果为272.7±2.9Ma,代表了小南山辉长岩体的成岩成矿时代,属中二叠世。区域地质资料及微量元素特征表明,小南山岩体可能形成于板内构造环境。     

豫西嵩县上庄坪铅锌银矿床地球化学特征及地质意义

上庄坪铅锌银矿床是新一轮国土资源大调查中在北秦岭二郎坪群发现的硫化物矿床。笔者通过对矿床矿石、容矿同岩、重晶石岩的微量、稀土元素地球化学特征分析和地质特征研究,探讨成矿构造环境、成矿物质来源及矿床成因问题。研究表明.矿石和容矿围岩稀土元素球粒陨石标准化组成模式均为右倾型.矿石与围岩在Cu-Pb-Zn判别图解中投点区域一致.矿石Zn/(Zn Pb)与冲绳海槽和上向黑矿矿石特征相似、与TAG和EPR13°N区硫化物存在差异.矿石具较高As、Sb和Pb与低Cu、Cd和Se元素特征.认为该矿床成矿元素来源于壳幔混合、但以壳源为主的围岩变(石英)角斑岩和变细碧岩。矿石稀土元素、微量元素地球化学特征、矿床地质特征及与热水沉积重晶石岩和硅质岩的紧密共生关系说明,上庄坪矿床是弧后盆地构造环境海底热液喷流成岩成矿作用的产物。重晶石岩、硅质岩、矿床纵向和横向分带是寻找和勘探该类矿床的重要标志和依据。     

金川含矿超镁铁岩侵入体侵位序列

金川铜镍硫化物矿床是世界第三大镍矿床,但其成岩成矿过程及侵位机制一直存在较大争论。根据金川含矿超镁铁岩岩石学特征、穿插关系、矿物成分及地球化学特征,提出了金川含矿岩体5阶段的成岩、成矿侵位序列,它们分别是:(1)超镁铁质岩浆侵位;(2)浸染状硫化物矿浆侵位;(3)网状硫化物矿浆侵位;(4)块状硫化物矿浆侵位;(5)铂钯富集体侵位。金川铜镍(铂)矿床中Ni,Cu,Pt,Pd,Rh,Ir,Ru,及Co与S呈正相关关系;当ω(S)=5%～15%时,铂族元素发生明显的分离作用,铂族金属主要富集在铂钯富集体中。铂钯富集体是硫化物矿浆经单硫化物固溶体结晶后的残余熔浆;块状矿石是单硫化物固溶体堆积而成的产物。金川铜镍硫化物矿床的侵位机制为岩墙型岩浆通道。     

Metallogenic Series Related to Permian Mafic Complex in North Xinjiang: Post-collisional Stage or Mantle Plume Result?

There are four deposit types related to a Permian mafic complex in northern Xinjiang, i.e.,copper-nickel sulfide deposit, vanadic titanomagnetite deposit, magnetite (-cobalt) deposit and Cu-Ni-VTiFe composite deposit. The deposits are distributed spanning tectonic units with dose andconsecutive metallogenic ages. A transitional deposit type can occur among the end-member deposits.Trace elements of host rocks show that they can derive from similar source area. Hence, theyconstitute a particular metallogenic series related to a mafic-ultramafic complex that is also a symbolseries of the post-collisional stage of the Central Asia Metallogenic Province (CAMP). Themetallogenic ages of the series are between 260 Ma and 300 Ma throughout the Permian. Unlikemineralization from a mantle plume, the metallogenic period of this series spans at least 40 Ma.Compared with related deposits of the Emeishan mantle plume, the North Xinjiang series has asimilar ore-forming element assemblage but has preferably developed Cu-Ni sulfide deposits ratherthan vanadic titanomagnetite deposits. In concomitance with this series, North Xinjiang area hasdeveloped a set of syntectonic Au-Cu-Mo metailogenic series related to a felsic volcanic-intrusivecomplex, which might indicate that there is no direct relationship with mantle plume activity. Fromearly to late, i.e., the sequence of copper-nickel sulfide to magnetite (-cobalt) to vanadictitanomagnetite deposit, the host rock series evolves from mafic-ultramafic and tholeiite series tomafic and alkalic series, the ∑REE content tends to increase with increasing of REE fractionation, andsome of the trace elements (particularly LIL) also show an increasing tendency. The aboveevolutionary regularity possibly reflects a course where the magma source deepens and thermalinterface moves down, energy gradually exhausts, and neo-continentai crust forming in the post-collision stage tends to stabilize.     

富碱侵入岩与金成矿关系：云南省姚安金矿床 成矿流体形成演化的微量元素和同位素证据

以产在姚安富碱侵入岩体内外接触带上的姚安金矿床为对象，对成矿流体形成演化过程中的微量元素和S、C同位素地球化学进行了综合研究。研究结果表明，富碱侵入岩成岩过程中分异出的岩浆流体提供了姚安金矿床早期成矿作用所必需的成矿流体；从早期成矿阶段至晚期成矿,民矿流体经历了从以岩浆流体为主的流体体系至以大气降水为主的流体体系的转变。因此，钙碱性侵入岩成岩过程中可分异出成矿流体的过程，也存在于富碱浸入岩的成岩过程中。     

新疆东天山土墩铜镍硫化物矿床岩石地球化学和铂族元素特征及其对成矿的指示意义

为了探讨土墩铜镍硫化物矿床的成矿岩浆来源、岩浆演化过程以及硫化物熔离成矿作用,文章对土墩矿区内不同类型的岩石进行了岩石地球化学特征的研究,认为该矿床的成矿岩浆属于拉斑玄武岩浆系列。岩浆在岩浆房和/或侵位过程中存在着分离结晶作用,并且,在其上升演化过程中可能经历了同化混染作用。首次对该矿区内岩石和矿石的铂族元素地球化学特征开展了研究,发现其岩石及矿石具有一致的物质来源;岩石及矿石的PGE总量都较低,配分模式都为左倾富集PPGE的Pt-Pd型。根据Ni/Cu-Pd/Ir图解和地球化学特征,认为土墩岩体的原始岩浆应是低程度地幔部分熔融岩浆,是MgO含量较高的PGE不亏损的玄武质岩浆。根据Cu/Pd值较高,可以推断土墩矿床的成矿母岩浆在演化过程中经历了深部硫化物部分熔离的过程,这可能是导致该矿床PGE明显亏损的原因之一。同时,根据Cr与PGE和Ni的相关关系,认为其母岩浆可能经历了铬铁矿的分离结晶作用,这也许是导致该矿床硫化物发生熔离作用的重要因素。结合Ti/Y-Zr/Y相关图解及东天山区域地质演化史,笔者认为,土墩矿区的成矿镁铁质-超镁铁质岩体是形成于碰撞后的拉张环境。     

岩浆铜-镍-铂族金属硫化矿床“深部熔离-贯入”成矿作用与模式--加拿 大伏伊希湾和中国金川矿床地质特征对比

通过对金川铜镍矿床地质、矿化特征与加拿大伏伊希湾（Voisey′s Bay）铜- 镍-铂族金属硫化物矿床进行系统对比分析,总结出这2个世界级铜镍硫化物矿床 形成演化方面的相似性、可比性及其共同特点,即深部岩浆房含矿岩浆沿通道脉 动式上侵,到上部表现为“小岩体,成大矿”。成矿作用过程和模式表现为：①含矿 岩浆的有序侵位显示岩浆在深部岩浆房停歇过程中曾发生熔离分异,形成岩浆、 含矿岩浆、富矿岩浆和矿浆分层结构;②成矿作用是在富有动力的岩浆环境下岩 浆不连续（脉动式）上侵过程中发生的,岩浆熔融体富含挥发组分,上侵活动剧烈, 围岩角砾化;③含矿岩浆沿相同的通道或越位上侵,在先期侵入岩体下侧或上方 不同空间成矿;④岩浆运移过程中与围岩发生相互作用、组分交换和成矿物质的 富集。深入阐明了含矿岩浆不连续（脉动式）上侵、后续岩浆补给和混合是镁铁 —超镁铁岩体中硫化物被聚集在岩浆流动的通道内形成超大型铜镍硫化物型铂 族元素矿床的重要机制。     

新疆哈密黄山东铜镍硫化物矿床成岩成矿作用

黄山东铜镍硫化物矿床赋存于橄榄岩、苏长岩、辉长岩和闪长岩组成的镁铁-超镁铁质杂岩体中,赋矿岩体包含至少4套岩石组合。不同类型岩石微量元素和稀土元素原始地幔标准化配分模式指示,该矿床明显亏损Nb、Ta、Zr、Hf等高场强元素和Cr元素,富集Sr及大离子亲石元素;(La/Yb)N=1.08～2.70,δEu=0.50～2.57;含矿岩石Cu/Pd比值和Ti/Pd比值大于原始地幔值,表明不同类型岩石是高镁玄武质岩浆在深部分异结晶演化的产物。根据橄榄石和全岩化学组成可估算出母岩浆MgO含量约为12%。成矿岩浆深部演化过程中,富硅的地壳混染组分和外来流体的加入可能促成了岩浆中的硫饱和;深部熔离的不混溶硫化物珠滴被上升岩浆携带,富集在橄榄岩和苏长岩的底部。     

湖南沃溪钨-锑-金建造矿床同生成因的微量元素和硫同位素证据

对岩矿石和矿物的微量元素、稀土元素和硫同位素地球化学的研究表明,湖南沃溪钨-锑-金建造矿床系海底同生热水沉积作用的产物。矿石与围岩中微量元素和稀土元素含量的变化关系,反映了一种复杂的热液、海水以及陆源碎屑的联合影响。矿石及其中矿物(石英)的稀土元素配分模式可与许多沉积喷流型(sedex型)块状硫化物矿石及其共生的喷流岩相对比,暗示了两者具有相似的形成机理。矿石的硫同位素资料显示,生物成因硫与热液成因硫(下伏沉积柱中硫化物的溶解和/或部分海水硫酸盐的还原)共同参与了成矿作用过程。     

Mafic-ultramafic magma activity and copper-nickel sulfide metallogeny during Paleozoic in the Eastern Kunlun Orogenic Belt,Qinghai Province,China

The Eastern Kunlun Orogenic Belt (EKOB) has a complex geological structure and diverse magmatic activities, which are closely related to the Qaidam Basin and the Tethys tectonic evolution. There are at least 3 stages mafic-ultramafic rocks occurred in the Early Paleozoic in EKOB. The first stage is the Later-Silurian to Early Devonian, represented by the giant Xiarihamu super large magmatic Cu-Ni deposit, containing about 1.18 million metric tons (Mt) of nickel with average grades of 0.65% Ni, and its age of ore-forming pyroxene peridotite is 411 Ma; The second stage is the Early Carboniferous, represented by the large Shitoukengde magmatic Cu-Ni sulfide deposit, and its ore-forming age of the olivine websterite is 334 Ma; The third stage of mafic-ultramafic rocks occurred mainly during the Middle-Late Triassic, represented by Xiaojianshan, Lalinggaoli, and Kaimuqi complexes, and no economical ore bodies have been found in this period. The authors summarized the difference between the ore-bearing and the nonmineralized mafic-ultramafic rocks in the EKOB. The olivine of the ore-bearing complexes contains higher MgO and SiO₂ content but lower FeO and CaO contents, and the clinopyroxene of ore-bearing complexes contains lower FeO and CaO contents. Crustal sulfur contamination is key to the formation of the giant Xiarihamu Ni deposit, and crustal sulfur contamination degree of the giant magmatic Ni deposit is higher than that of large Ni deposit. The above indicators could guide the exploration and evaluation of similar deposits in the EKOB.     

Volkovsky deposit of titanomagnetite and copper-titanomagnetite ores with accompanying noble-metal mineralization, the Central Urals, Russia

The geology of the Volkovsky deposit, the composition of its rocks, titanomagnetite and copper-titanomagnetite ores with accompanying noble-metal mineralization, and their formation conditions are considered. Special attention is paid to the recently revealed noble-metal mineralization and its attendant character in respect to titanomagnetite ore is shown. Ore minerals and their relationships are characterized. Initially immiscible sulfide segregations are described and their evolution is traced up to interrelations with oxide and silicate cumulates. The distribution of noble metals (NM) in titanomagnetite and copper-titanomagnetite ores is discussed. Throughout ore formation, NM gradually accumulated in silicates, oxides, and sulfides. The highest NM concentrations are related to the sulfide schlieren and veinlike segregations in gabbroic rocks. It is suggested that the deposit was formed as a product of fractionation of basaltic magma. The copper-iron ore was deposited from the residual melt enriched in Cu, Fe, Ti, V and volatile P and S in a wide temperature range of 800 to 570°C. Noble metals concentrated in parallel with their own minerals (largely tellurides and native gold) at the final stage of crystallization of gabbroic intrusion.     

新疆霍什布拉克铅锌矿床微量元素地球化学

霍什布拉克铅锌矿床是新疆西南天山地区晚古生代碳酸盐岩容矿的重要矿床。本文采用高精度电感耦合等离子质谱(ICP-MS)对主要矿石矿物(黄铁矿、方铅矿、闪锌矿)和热液脉石矿物方解石进行了微量元素地球化学研究。研究表明,黄铁矿、方铅矿、闪锌矿、方解石具有较为相似的稀土元素特征,Eu正异常明显,弱负或弱正Ce异常指示成矿流体最初由相对氧化的条件演化为还原条件。与霍什布拉克岩体、容矿围岩的稀土元素组成进行对比后发现,硫化物及热液方解石稀土元素配分曲线部分与重结晶泥晶灰岩重合,结合前人同位素地球化学研究,认为容矿坦盖塔尔组碳酸盐岩为成矿提供了必要的成矿物质及成矿流体组分。Ga/In值显示闪锌矿为低温成矿;硫化物明显富集LREE,Hf/Sm、Nb/La和Th/La值小于1,显示铅锌成矿过程中成矿流体主体以富Cl为特征;Y/Ho、Zr/Hf和Nb/Ta值变化范围相对较小,表明成矿期流体性质相对较为稳定,基本未混入外来流体。     

四川西部呷村银多金属矿床稀土地球化学研究

呷村矿床是我国典型的含金富银多金属海相火山岩型块状硫化物矿床。通过对该矿床岩石及矿石的稀土地球化学研究，结合硫铅同位素的工作，提出成矿热液为高温酸性、富C1溶液，其稀土特征为富轻稀土，具明显正铕异常。在蚀变过程中，流体／岩石比值相对较主，稀土元素在成矿流体－围岩间具有明显的带进或带出。正铕异常产生最可能的来源是该区深部火山岩富含长石，热水溶液与火山岩发生水岩反应使长石释放出铕，使热水溶液具正Eu异常，这方面也反映该矿床成矿物质与深部火山岩有密切关系。弱负铈异常是成矿流体继承海水Ce亏损的结果。层状矿石中Eu异常变化较大，且其中LREE的含量变化大于HREE。主要原因可能是矿石中矿物组成和形成条件的变化。呷村矿床的成矿模式可以认为是火山喷发过程中产生了岩浆热液，并带出了硫和金属元素，并在海底附近快速沉淀形成。成矿后为正常深海沉积岩覆盖。     

青海省柴达木南北缘岩浆熔离型镍矿的找矿——以夏日哈木镍矿为例

夏日哈木铜镍矿是在东昆仑造山带首次被发现的岩浆熔离型矿床,该类型矿床是青海省铜镍矿勘查研究方向之一.笔者通过夏日哈木镍矿成矿特征研究认为:碰撞伸展环境是夏日哈木超大型镍-钴硫化物矿形成的基本条件,成岩成矿年龄集中于早泥盆世,岩体侵位于古元古代金水口白沙河组,参与后期混染成矿作用.对柴达木南北缘岩浆熔离型镍矿的成矿条件分析发现:泥盆纪热事件显示柴达木盆地南、北缘在该期均发生了碰撞伸展作用和成矿作用,镁铁质-超镁铁质岩均侵入古老地层,地层硫参与成矿作用;成矿镁铁质-超镁铁质岩体与物探磁异常,Ni、Co、Cu组合异常相对应.综合分析,柴达木南北缘岩浆熔离型镍矿的找矿潜力大,提出了今后柴达木南北缘岩浆熔离型镍矿勘查重点是柴达木南缘的昆中岩浆弧带、柴达木北缘高压变质岩带、欧龙布鲁克陆块.     

Geochemistry and mineralogy of platinum group element in ores of the Kingash deposit,Eastern Sayan,Russia

The paper discusses the results of studying the contents of platinum group elements (PGE) and platinum group minerals (PGM) in ores of the Kingash deposit. The bulk of PGE has been established as concentrated in disseminated sulfide chalcopyrite–pyrrhotite–pentlandite ore and is represented by palladium bismuth–tellurides. During melt differentiation, the content and relationship of PGE are changed; the Pd/Pt value increases (up to 1.9 and 4.2 in dunite and wehrlite, respectively) with decreasing Mg number. The distribution of PGE, sulfur, and REE in various ore types suggests two formation mechanisms of high-grade ores: (1) the product of liquid immiscibility and gravity separation at the early magmatic stage and (2) involvement of the residual melt saturated in volatiles, which contributed to transportation and segregation of PGE at the late magmatic stage. The evolution of the ore system of the Kingash massif is characterized by sequential enrichment of PGM in Ni from high-Mg to low-Mg rocks similarly to sulfide minerals of disseminated ore. The criteria for ore content in utramafics of the Kansk block have been identified based on compared ore element and PGE concentrations in ultramafic rocks of the Kingash and Idar complexes.