Ⅱ型超新星瞬发爆炸模型的激波传播

本专门讨论Ⅱ型超新星瞬发爆炸模型中的激波形成点，激波波阵面的位置、激波速度和激波能量等一系列的问题，研究发现在外星核区除存在首级激波外，还存在次级激波，激波波阵面的准确位置应用熵变化的最大点和外星核区中人为粘性压的最大点之间，并给出激波能量的不同定义量之间的大小关系。     

超新星核中的非奇异－奇异夸克物质相变

最近Ｇｅｎｔｉｌｅ等研究了超新星核区从核物质到夸克物质的一级相变．沿着他们的工作，本文研究从两味夸克物质到三味夸克物质的相变过程．我们发现相变时标小于１０－７秒．超新星的中心温度和核区的中微子总能量明显增大，这不仅会增加超新星爆发的成功机会，而且会提高复活激波的能量，同时会影响新生中子星的冷却．核区存在Ｓｃｈｗａｒｚｓｃｈｉｌｄ对流．     

超新星核中的非奇异—奇异夸克物质相变

最近Ｇｅｎｔｉｌｅ等研究了超新星核区从核物质到夸克物质的一级相变，沿着他们的工作，本文研究从两味夸克物质到三味夸克物质的相变过程，我们发现相变时标小于１０＾－７秒，超新星的中心温度和核区的中微子总能量明显增大，这不仅会增加超新星爆发的成功机会，而且会提高复活激波的能量，同时会影响新生中子星的冷却，核区存在Ｓｃｈｗａｒｚｓｃｈｉｌｄ对流。     

黑洞吸积理论的新进展(II):含激波的吸积理论

着重评述了含激波吸积理论的发展历史和研究现状, 介绍了在伪牛顿势以及严格广义相对论框架下, 对等温和绝热两种不同的流体模型中可能发生的Ｒ－ Ｈ 激波、等温激波等各种不同激波的解析和数值模拟研究, 包括激波发生的参数空间、不同流体参数（ 比能量和比角动量） 下激波发生的位置、强度以及耗散的能量。这些研究结果表明, 在理想流体近似下, 黑洞吸积流中必定会产生激波。此外, 还介绍了含激波吸积理论在活动星系核方面的应用。对黑洞吸积理论简单讨论, 评述了含激波吸积理论与ＡＤＡＦ 吸积理论的关系, 着重评述了目前对于ＡＤＡＦ 中是否会发生激波这一存在很大争议的问题。     

黑洞吸积理论的新进展（Ⅱ）：含激波的吸积理论

着重评述了含激波吸积理论的发展历史和研究现状,介绍了在伪牛顿势以及严格广义和相论框架下,对等温和绝热两种不贩流体模型中可能发生的Ｒ－Ｈ激波,等温激波等各种不同激波的解析和数值模拟研究,包括激波发生的参数空间,不同流体参数下激波发生的位置,强度以和的能量。     

扩散激波加速过程中激波厚度和级联阿尔芬波对粒子加速影响的研究

通过数值求解包含二阶费米加速的一维扩散方程,探讨在准平行激波条件下激波厚度和级联阿尔芬波对粒子加速的影响,研究粒子分布函数的演化与激波厚度和阿尔芬波强度的内禀关系.计算结果表明:(1)考虑激波厚度时,谱指数明显依赖于激波厚度,随着厚度从0.32增大到2.56,低能端(3-10 MeV)谱指数逐渐从2.1增加到3.7,高能端(20-60 MeV)谱指数从2.4增大到5.0,能谱逐渐变软;当初始注入粒子动量增大1.3倍,质子能谱指数从4.3减小到3.1,且与零厚度激波加速的谱指数差值缩小;厚度不变时,随着压缩比从2增加到4,准稳态分布时低能端(3-10 MeV)粒子能谱指数逐渐从4.0减小到1.8谱变硬;(2)在级联阿尔芬波的影响下,随着时间的增大,粒子在低能处(3-10 MeV)的谱指数从2.5减小到0.6高能端(20-60 MeV)谱指数从11.6减小到5.0,能谱变硬,拐点能量值从7.5 MeV增大到为19.6 MeV;随着波的能量密度增大,谱指数从5.8减小到2.9,这表明阿尔芬波强度越大,加速效率越高.通过与激波厚度解析结果和高能粒子事件的观测能谱比较发现两者是一致的,说明数值模拟结果是可靠的.     

太阳Ⅱ型射电暴精细结构的观测研究

在太阳射电动态频谱图上,II型暴表现为缓慢频率漂移的窄带信号;这些信号为能量电子激发的等离子体辐射,其基频辐射的频率接近当地等离子体频率.II型暴在太阳暴驱动激波、激波加速产生能量电子以及空间天气预报方面具有重要的研究意义.有些II型暴的频谱形态比较丰富,存在多种精细结构;按照频谱形态和成因大致分为频带分裂、多支、鱼骨...     

成团超新星爆发的热自模解

在类似于原星系里的高温等离子体介质中，热传导具有很高的效率。当超新星爆发时，可以存在一个以纯热传导为主的能量传播阶段。本文解析地讨论了能量从持续点状源向外热传播的自模问题，得到成团超新星爆发的热自模解。作为热波传播的力学后果，热波自然地以强激波为终结。作为应用，本文分析了矮星系并合形成大星系这一模型中成团超新星爆发时能量传播的各个阶段。结论是，热传导可传播的距离与星系尺度上能量所需输运的距离是同量级的。     

平行激波加速离子的数值研究

伴随耀斑和日冕物质抛射共生的日冕和行星际快激波作为一种粒子加速机制一直是理论研究关注的热点课题.在准平行激波传播条件下,首先建立数值求解一维输运方程的方法,然后探讨加速离子分布与激波和背景等离子参数之间的关系.取扩散系数分别为常数和能量的函数、有限自由逃逸边界的计算结果表明:(1)随着加速时间的增大,高能粒子近似呈双幂律分布,低能端(3～10 MeV)谱指数逐渐从10.2减小到2.4,能谱逐渐变硬,粒子被激波加速后能量逐渐增大;(2)随着激波压缩比从2增大到4,相同时间同一能量范围的粒子能谱谱指数逐渐从3.2减小到2.2,能谱逐渐变硬,表明激波强度的增大使得加速效率增大;(3)上下游逃逸边界由5减小到2后,粒子能谱的谱指数由2.4增大到3.3,粒子的加速效率减小;(4)当粒子注入能量增大时,粒子能谱的谱指数由2.4减小到0.9,加速效率增大;(5)当扩散系数与能量成正比时,粒子能谱指数由2.2增大到4.3,能谱变软.     

伽玛射线暴内光度和峰值能量关系的再研究

使用了185个伽玛射线暴(简称伽玛暴)的5 218个时间分辨谱数据,重新研究了伽玛暴内光度和峰值能量的关系及该关系对火球模型的限制二研究结果表明:(1)不管是在伽玛暴内还是在伽玛暴间各向同性等值光度Liso和静止系中vF,谱的峰值能量E'p之间关系式Liso∝E'2p都存在;(2)不管是动能主导的内激波模型还是磁耗散主导的外激波模型都能很好地解释关系式Liso∝ E'2p及ω的值.这些结论与Liang等人的结论是一致的.     

A self-similar flow of self-gravitating gas behind a shock wave with increasing energy,I

Self-similar flows of self-gravitating gas behind a spherical shock wave which are driven out by a propelling contact surface, propagating in a nonuniform atmosphere at rest, are investigated. The total energy content of the flow between a shock front and contact surface is taken to be time-dependent. In brief, the self-similar homothermal flows of self-gravitating gas behind a shock wave and Roche's model case are also studied in the present paper.     

The development of central peaks in lunar craters

From a consideration of equations describing the supersonic impact of a solid body on to a solid target, the difference between final crater depth and distance vertically below the original impact at which the rarefaction wave front, resulting from the reflection of the backward propagating shock wave in the meteorite, first intersects the forward travelling shock wave front in the target has been determined. A correlation between this difference and the height of central peak features in the majority of fresh lunar craters has been established. On the basis of this, it is proposed that the intersection of these two wave fronts locally inhibits the ejection of material from behind the shock front during the excavation phase of crater formation, leading to the appearance of a centrally located peak of uplifted material. Subsequent post-impact development of the interior morphological features has been shown to be consistent with the size-scale of development of complex crater features on the lunar and other planetary surfaces. By considering only craters which exhibit this correlation, a scaling between peak height and impact energy has been derived.     

A self-similar flow in Generalized Roche model with increasing energy

The self-similar flow of a gas, moving under the gravitational attraction of a central body of fixed mass behind a spherical shock wave driven out by a propelling contact surface into quiet solar wind region, is investigated. The total energy content between the inner expanding surface and the shock front increases with time. In the last section we briefly pose the self-similar isothermal flow of a gas behind a spherical shock wave.     

Relativistic hydrodynamics of a free expansion and a shock wave in one-dimension

Dynamical evolution of a relativistic explosion resulting from a large amount of energy release in a homogenous medium is studied using the Khalatnikov equation describing relativistic, hydrodynamic, planar flow. The early phase of the explosion is idealized to two stages: a free expansion and a shock wave stage. By the hodograph transformation inverting the dependent and independent variables, the hydrodynamic equations for the relativistic flow are reduced to second-order linear equations in a velocity-enthalpy space and they are solved by the method of Laplace transformation. The propagation laws and flow structures of the relativistic expansion are obtained at each stage. In the free expansion stage, the flow with a sufficiently high sound velocity forms a thin shell of the energy density in the comoving frame at the front and accelerates the front. In the shock wave stage, the Lorentz factor of the shock front decreases logarithmically with time. The transition time from a free expansion to a shock wave stage suggests that the super-light expansion observed in extragalactic radio sources has no spherical geometry but must be confined to a narrow cone.     

A possible mechanism of jet formation in the nuclei of radio galaxies

A hypothesis is being put forward that the formation of jets in the nuclei of radio galaxies is due to a high-speed energy excretion (explosion) in the accretion disk around a massive black hole. The explosion can be induced, for example, by a fall of the star into the black hole. For the accretion disk featuring an exponential high-density distribution, an asymmetrical explosion can be obtained: the shock front moves in the direction of decreasing the density accelerately and achieves the relativistic velocity swiftly, carrying away the most fraction of the explosion energy. Radio emission of the jet involves synchrotron radiation of relativistic electrons which are accelerated by such shock wave in the magnetic field driven up by the shock front.     

Reverse shock wave in relativistic explosions

The dynamical evolution of a relativistic explosion in a homogeneous medium is studied by means of a time-dependent, hydrodynamic code. When the expanding velocity of the shock front reduces to the sound velocity in the relativistic fluid, the reverse shock wave propagating inward through the expanding material is generated. The radius of the turning point of the reverse shock wave is proportional to the explosion energy and hardly depends on the mass of the explosion products. In the case of the non-relativistic explosion, the reverse shock wave is generated just after the free expansion stage. The radius of the turning point of the reverse shock wave is proportional to the mass of the explosion products and little depends on the explosion energy. In both cases of the non-relativistic and relativistic explosion, the reverse shock wave is strong in a spherical explosion and weak in a cylindrical one. The plane symmetric explosion does not generate the reverse shock wave.     

Charged particle acceleration in the front of the shock wave bounding supersonic solar wind

The process of cosmic ray acceleration in the front of the spherical shock wave bounding the supersonic solar wind is studied. On the basis of our analytical solution of the transport equation, the energy and spatial distributions of cosmic ray intensity and anisotropy are investigated. It is shown that the shape of accelerated particle spectrum is determined by the medium compressibility at the shock front and by cosmic ray modulation parameters.     

Shock waves propagation in the turbulent interplanetary plasma

Effect of turbulence on interplanetary shock waves propagation is considered. It is shown that background turbulence results in the additional shock wave deceleration which may be comparable with the deceleration due to plasma sweeping. The turbulent deceleration is connected with the energy losses due to the strong turbulence amplification behind the moving shock front.     

Shock wave phenomena in collisions between a current loop and a plasmoid

We present the results of 3-D MHD simulations of collisions between an equilibrium current and a plasmoid. Three typical equilibrium configurations were analyzed. Our simulation results show that when a plasmoid approaches a current loop, an active region is created in front of the plasmoid bounded on the front side by a bow shock wave and on the back side by a reverse shock wave. The collision process modifies the current system and a strong electric field is also induced in the active region. An additional magnetic field generated by the induced current upsets the initial equilibrium condition. As a result, the whole loop is compressed and heated. We found that when the plasmoid approaches the loop, before reaching it the induced electric field amounts to its maximum value. The current loop is curved under the collision. The core of the plasmoid can not drive into the loop, it is sprung back by a magnetic counterpressure. This collision process between a plasmoid and a current loop may be responsible for the triggering of a solar flare observed by Yohkoh.     

Similarity solutions for an axially symmetric explosion model in magnetogasdynamics. I

Similarity solutions, for a point explosion in a spheroid with axially symmetric density distribution obeying power laws in the presence of magnetic field, are obtained. A new technique suggested by Bhowmick (1978) has been utilised to study the character of flow variables behind the shock front in an axisymmetric model. The total energy of the wave is constant.