旅行时差值曲线方法在时间项反演中的应用

因对初至旅行时层数的确定和拐点拾取存存不确定性．导致时间项反演方法在近地表复杂区建立的速度模型精度不高,静校正效果不理想。对此提出了利刚旅行时差值曲线方法进行层数确定和拐点拾取。理论分析认为,运用旅行时差值曲线方法时,应尽餐选择相邻的激发点。通过对三层近地表速度模型进行射线追踪。得到初至旅行时,根据其旅行时曲线初步判定层数,再运用旅行时差值曲线进一步确定层数。观察时间项反演速度模型,其与近地表速度模型较接近,经计算反演速度模型与设计的近地表速度模型之间的均方根误差仅为0．95m,可见该方法可有效提高时间项反演的精度。     

一种快速建立层析反演初始模型的方法

建立近地表层析反演模型时,通常利用射线追踪方法来计算模型初至旅行时,再与观测的初至实际旅行时进行比较,反复修改模型直到计算值与观测值的误差达到最小。因此,初始模型建立的质量直接影响到层析反演的精度、收敛速度和迭代次数。通过模拟近地表模型,利用时间项反演方法快速建立初始模型,提高了层析反演的精度,加快了收敛速度,减少了迭代次数。      

人机交互和全自动层析静校正技术的应用效果对比分析

复杂地表区地表起伏大,表层低速带横向变化大,静校正是此类地区地震资料处理的关键和难点。层析静校正方法利用地震初至波射线的走时和路径反演介质速度结构,因不受地表及近地表结构纵横向变化的约束等优势在地震资料处理领域得到广泛应用。笔者针对人机交互和全自动层析静校正技术做了概要描述,并给出了两种技术的实现过程,结合鄂尔多斯北部工区的实际资料,开展初至拾取、反演模型、静校正量、反射波剩余量、叠加剖面、闭合误差和长波长静校正等应用效果的对比研究,论述两者在静校正应用效果上的优缺点和差异,为地震资料处理选择实用高效的静校正技术提供依据。     

基于初至残差的最小二乘法高频静校正技术及应用

折射静校正和层析静校正是利用初至时间反演近地表速度模型,解决复杂山地地区的低频静校正问题,由于受偏移距范围、迭代次数和反演精度等因素的影响,由反演模型求解的静校正量残留高频静校正量,影响地震资料的成像质量。针对这个问题,这里提出了基于初至残差的最小二乘法高频静校正技术。假设初至残差就是炮点和检波点高频静校正量,通过最小二乘法构建方程,采用矩阵迭代法求解即可获得炮点和检波点高频静校正量。实际资料的应用结果表明,该方法原理可行、计算稳定快速,可以在折射法或层析法静校正的基础上显著改善地震资料的成像质量。     

折射延迟时与时深曲线反演模型法静校正技术

地震波在沙丘中的传播速度与沙丘厚度密切相关.利用延迟时反演高速顶界时,采用常速或插值方法求取表层速度,不能正确反应这种变化关系,使反演模型底界存在误差,影响静校正精度.利用微测井成果数据拟和得到时深曲线,再利用延迟时从时深曲线求取表层速度和厚度可有效解决此问题.方法为:解释和分析地震微测井数据→应用地震微测井或有代表性表层结构线段拟合时深曲线→利用野外单炮初至时间获取表层延迟时→应用延迟时与时深曲线反演近地表结构模型→静校正量计算.应用结果表明,该方法快速有效,在M10JQ3D中获得较好效果.     

层析反演静校正技术在鄂尔多斯盆地中黄土塬区的应用

层析静校正是一种非线性模型反演技术,它利用地震记录的初至波时间,根据射线追踪方法反演地表及近地表不同介质的速度模型,建立与其相对应的表层结构模型,在此基础上分别求取激发点和接收点的静校正值。鄂尔多斯盆地南部的黄土塬区,地形起伏大,低速带速度和厚度纵横向变化剧烈,常规静校正存在较大的局限性,通过采用层析反演技术,解决了单炮记录初至不光滑、有效反射波不清晰、同相轴连续性差等问题,与折射静校正相比,不但很好地解决了区内不同波长的静校正问题,而且克服了由低、降速带厚度、速度等因素引起的构造形态扭曲现象,较好地改善了剖面同相轴的连续性,使解释的构造形态更趋于合理。     

准噶尔盆地玛湖地区高密度地震勘探中静校正问题解决方法

准噶尔盆地玛湖地区近地表结构复杂,静校正问题突出,且高密度三维地震勘探数据海量,初至时间拾取及质控挑战大,亟待研究适应于该区高密度地震勘探的静校正方法。利用集群并行批量拾取初至时间,进行逐级质控可得到满足反演需求的初至时间;结合LMI(层状模型反演)和TOMO(层析反演)两种静校正方法,分区(山前带和湖区)综合应用静校正量,能有效解决玛湖地区静校正突出问题。     

塔西南厚黄土戈壁区地震资料静校正处理技术及应用

静校正技术是复杂地表区地震资料地震成像的核心技术,塔里木盆地塔西南厚黄土戈壁区受低速层速度低、变化大,静校正问题突出,严重影响地震资料品质。在传统层析静校正技术的基础上,这里提出了改进的层析反演静校正处理技术,核心技术包括精确的初至拾取技术、分偏移距从浅到深逐步迭代的回转波层析反演技术、等速面静校正计算技术。通过这些技术的应用,提高了厚黄土戈壁区地震数据初至信息拾取的精度、近地表速度模型的精度和静校正计算量的精度。将改进的层析反演静校正处理技术,在塔西南厚黄土戈壁区的普东三维进行了实例应用,静校正问题得到了有效解决,地震成像质量得到显著改善。     

初至层析静校正在复杂山地三维地震勘探中的应用

随着地形高差增大、地貌单元多变、近地表模型复杂,目前被广泛应用的初至折射静校正的精度已无法满足精细勘探的要求。初至层析静校正技术,由给定的初始模型进行正演,用射线追踪方法得到初始模型的初至波,利用该初至波和实际拾取的初至波进行比较,计算地表模型的修正量,反复迭代求得准确的地表模型。山西省国阳新能股份有限公司二矿390水平九采扩区地表标高940～1100m,地貌单元复杂,在对该区资料处理时,利用初至层析折射静校正,经9次迭代计算后,真实地刻划出近地表模型。在二种静校正技术对比中,初至折射静校正不但近地表模型精度低于层析折射静校正,而且其叠加剖面精细程度也远低于层析静校正,如在初至折射静校正叠加剖面同相轴上呈现的凹凸形态,在层析静校正叠加剖面并无显示,且后者剖面的信噪比也比前者明显提高。     

VSP初至逐层递推层速度反演研究及应用

利用VSP资料准确获取地层速度,对地震数据时深转换和偏移成像具有重要的作用。受激发接收条件变化、近源动态干扰和初至拾取误差等因素,VSP资料初至时间往往含有一定程度的随机干扰。笔者研究了当VSP资料初至时间存在随机噪声干扰和仅有深部接收数据的情况下,不同井源距VSP资料逐层递推反演层速度的误差特性。研究表明:①井源距越大,其对应资料初至反演速度误差越小;②当仅有深部资料时,井源距越小,其资料反演结果与实际地层速度更接近。为此,提出初至时间平滑后再反演,多井源距反演结果求平均的方法,从而提高层速度反演精度。利用该研究结论,在某海上Walkaway-VSP资料处理中,取得了较好的效果。     

共聚焦点道集偏移速度建模

偏移速度建模可在多种道集实现.基于等时原理和差异时移分析,提出了共聚焦点道集偏移速度建模方法.偏移速度的更新是利用约束参数迭代反演实现,模型的参数化主要依据实际情况而定.为适应横向变速,选用了垂直速度梯度参数.模型试算表明:偏移速度相对误差在0.25%范围内,反射层深度误差小于10m.     

二维地层结构和速度的走时反演

介绍了在倾斜均匀各向同性层状介质情况下,根据地震反射走时反演二维地层结构和地层速度的地震射线层析成像方法——走时反演。正演模型射线追踪是根据Fermat原理实现的,即求解满足该原理的非线性方程组得到射线与界面的交点,进而计算相应的走时。反演是先假设一初始模型,用最优化方法使射线追踪走时与观察走时的残差极小。最后计算了分辨矩阵和信息密度矩阵,以评价反演结果。对有噪情形也进行了反演。     

井间地震走时波形层析成像方法

提出了井间地震走时波形顺序反演方法。该方法先利用井间地震走时反演得到速度模型的低频成分 ,然后用井间地震波形反演获得速度模型的高频成分。数值模型试验和实际应用结果表明 ,该方法反演稳健 ,提高了走时成像的分辨率 ,克服了波形成像易于陷入局部极小的缺陷 ,实现了快速高分辨率成像。     

投影解析速度建模

当今地球动力学的研究已逐步引起重视 ,尤其是高新探测技术的发展 ,将会大大加快其研究步伐。地球物理勘探作为重要的探测技术之一 ,已在该领域做出了重要贡献 ,比如能源探测、环境保护、防灾减灾工作中都需要物探技术。文中就地震勘探领域中地震波成像前沿技术———深度偏移的核心问题———速度模型的建立展开深入的研究。在分析现有方法缺陷的基础上 ,提出投影解析速度建模方法。该方法建立在两个重要事实依据之上 :(1)地震波旅行时误差是由描述地下反射界面的深度误差和描述地层的速度误差共同引起的 ;(2 )在反演中要保证零炮检距旅行时不变。在局部平面波前假设和拉东投影原理下 ,导出由旅行时误差计算界面深度误差和速度误差的解析公式。该方法可保证界面深度和层速度同步快速收敛。与现有方法相比 ,该解析法可以明显提高计算效率 ,且应用效果相当明显。     

横向各向同性介质中群速度的计算

各向异性走时计算和走时反演常需计算群速度，群速度的表达式通常在弱各向异性假设下给出。本文就横向各向同性介质中几种常见的群速度表示法进行了研究，给出了相应的计算方法，用数值例子讨论了它们所能近的各向异性强度，并比较了相互的优劣，这对各向异性人是质走时计算和走时反演无疑很有意义。     

A Simple Algorithm for Sequentially Incorporating Gravity Observations in Seismic Traveltime Tomography

The geologic structure of the Earth's upper crust can be revealed by modeling variation in seismic arrival times and in potential field measurements. We demonstrate a simple method for sequentially satisfying seismic traveltime and observed gravity residuals in an iterative 3-D inversion. The algorithm is portable to any seismic analysis method that uses a gridded representation of velocity structure. Our technique calculates the gravity anomaly resulting from a velocity model by converting to density with Gardner's rule. The residual between calculated and observed gravity is minimized by weighted adjustments to the model velocity-depth gradient where the gradient is steepest and where seismic coverage is least. The adjustments are scaled by the sign and magnitude of the gravity residuals, and a smoothing step is performed to minimize vertical streaking. The adjusted model is then used as a starting model in the next seismic traveltime iteration. The process is repeated until one velocity model can simultaneously satisfy both the gravity anomaly and seismic traveltime observations within acceptable misfits. We test our algorithm with data gathered in the Puget Lowland of Washington state, USA (Seismic Hazards Investigation in Puget Sound [SHIPS] experiment). We perform resolution tests with synthetic traveltime and gravity observations calculated with a checkerboard velocity model using the SHIPS experiment geometry, and show that the addition of gravity significantly enhances resolution. We calculate a new velocity model for the region using SHIPS traveltimes and observed gravity, and show examples where correlation between surface geology and modeled subsurface velocity structure is enhanced.     

纵波VTI介质各向异性参数的求取

在新疆塔里木盆地某地区的宽方位三维地震数据中,通过速度分析和不同炮检距范围数据的叠加剖面的比较,发现了各向同性基于双曲线时差曲线的NMO动校正时,远炮检距数据存在比较大的剩余动校正量。分析表明,是由于VTI介质火成岩的各向异性和垂向速度变化引起非双曲线时差。应用纵波短排列地震数据求取的均方根动校正速度,分别以扫描法和旅行时法得到了各自相互验证的各向异性参数。最后,利用所提取的各向异性参数,进行VTI介质各向异性速度分析、动校正和成像,剩余动校正得到消除,成像质量得到明显改善。     

Anisotropic Mean Traveltime Curves: A Method to Estimate Anisotropic Parameters from 2D Transmission Tomographic Data

We present the mathematical deduction and properties of the mean traveltime curves for homogeneous elliptical anisotropic media. These curves generalize their isotropic counterparts which have been introduced in the past as a simple data quality analysis technique at the pre-inversion stage for 2D transmission experiments, allowing the inference of prior velocity models to gain stability at the tomographic inversion. Also, the anisotropy parameters (maximum velocity, anisotropic direction and ratio) are shown to affect the shape of these curves. The degree of asymmetry of the anisotropic mean traveltime curves (displacement of the mean time and standard deviation minima from the middle of the gathering line) is related to the direction of anisotropy which can then be visually estimated. Least squares’ fitting of the anisotropic theoretical models to their experimental counterparts is an effective method to estimate at the pre-inversion stage a macroscopic elliptical anisotropic velocity model, valid at the scale of the experiment, and able to match the experimental mean traveltime distribution. Sensitivity analysis has shown that the mean curve is less prone to errors than the standard deviation curve. Parameter identification from the standard deviation curve becomes unstable for noise levels higher than 5%; data errors produce smearing of the value of the estimated anisotropy ratio and wrong directions of anisotropy biased towards zero degrees. Also, identification from the mean traveltime curve becomes stable when the maximum velocity is well constrained. Finally, this methodology is illustrated with the application to the Grimsel data set. Performing MTC analysis is always recommended since it does not need high numerical requirements, and as shown in the sensibility analysis section, errors in data can be misinterpreted as geological anisotropies. J.L. Fernández Martínez is a visiting professor at UC Berkeley, Department of Civil and Environmental Eng., CA 94720-1710.     

The Sensitive Properties of Hydrate Reservoirs Based on Seismic Stereoscopic Detection Technology

Higher-precision determinations of hydrate reservoirs, hydrate saturation levels and storage estimations are important for guaranteeing the ability to continuously research, develop and utilize natural gas hydrate resources in China. With seismic stereoscopic detection technology, which fully combines the advantages of different seismic detection models, hydrate formation layers can be observed with multiangle, wide-azimuth, wide-band data with a high precision. This technique provides more reliable data for analyzing the distribution characteristics of gas hydrate reservoirs, establishing velocity models, and studying the hydrate-sensitive properties of petrophysical parameters;these data are of great significance for the exploration and development of natural gas hydrate resources. Based on a velocity model obtained from the analysis of horizontal streamer velocity data in the hydrate-bearing area of the Shenhu Sea, this paper uses three VCs(longitudinal spacing of 25 m) and four OBSs(transverse spacing of 200 m) to jointly detect seismic datasets consisting of wave points based on an inversion of traveltime imaging sections. Accordingly, by comparing the differences between the seismic phases in the original data and the forward-modeled seismic phases, multiangle coverage constraint corrections are applied to the initial velocity model, and the initial model is further optimized, thereby improving the imaging quality of the streamer data. Petrophysical elastic parameters are the physical parameters that are most directly and closely related to rock formations and reservoir physical properties. Based on the optimized velocity model, the rock elastic hydrate-sensitive parameters of the hydrate reservoirs in the study area are inverted, and the sensitivities of the petrophysical parameters to natural gas hydrates are investigated. According to an analysis of the inversion results obtained from these sensitive parameters, λρ, Vp and λμ are simultaneously controlled by the bulk modulus and shear modulus, while Vs and μρ are controlled only by the shear modulus, and the latter two parameters are less sensitive to hydrate-bearing layers. The bulk modulus is speculated to be more sensitive than the shear modulus to hydrates. In other words, estimating the specific gravity of the shear modulus among the combined parameters can affect the results from the combined elastic parameters regarding hydrate reservoirs.