元谋断裂晚第四纪活动特征及其构造应力分析

利用冲沟、山脊等断错构造地貌的卫星遥感图像解析,结合野外构造地貌观测以及断层露头剖面的研究,详细分析了元谋断裂一平浪-江边段的晚第四纪活动特征。研究结果表明,元谋断裂一平浪-江边段在晚更新世末期-全新世以左旋走滑活动为主,兼有一定正断层分量,其晚第四纪走滑速率大致为 0.45～2.60mm/a,其中一平浪-大龙潭一带,水平滑动速率约2.00mm/a,垂直滑动速率为0.07mm/a;   木莲旧-秧田井一带,水平滑动速率接近0.53mm/a,垂直滑动速率为0.06mm/a;   乐胜古-江边一带,水平滑动速率接近1.42mm/a,垂直滑动速率为0.04mm/a。同时表明,断裂表现出至少两期明显活动的分段性特征：  较早期活动时间大致为 50.87±4.32～53.23±5.89kaB.P.,为一平浪-秧田井段的最新活动时间,且一平浪-江边整段均活动;   在秧田井-江边段,断裂最新活动时间应晚于17.92±1.52kaB.P.。2008年8月30日的攀枝花61级地震的震源机制解也显示出与元谋断裂晚第四纪左旋走滑的活动特征一致。     

天景山断裂带晚第四纪左旋走滑运动速率确定及其空间分布特征

天景山断裂带是青藏高原东北缘一条重要的左旋走滑边界断裂,但是对该断裂左旋走滑运动速率的空间分布特征缺少足够的研究和认识.通过卫星影像解译和野外地质调查,我们在天景山断裂带中段滑动速率限定范围较宽泛的段落选择两个典型的断错地貌观察点,以期获得更为可靠的断裂晚第四纪滑动速率.首先,利用差分GPS和无人机摄影测量技术分别对孟家湾和崾岘沟两点的冲沟或河流阶地的左旋走滑位移量进行精确测量和恢复.然后,利用光释光测年技术对被断错地貌面的年龄进行限定.最后,在综合分析地貌标志物位移和地貌面年龄之间关系以及其形成演化过程,计算和讨论孟家湾和崾岘沟两个点的滑动速率,分别为(1.2±0.3)mm/a和(0.9±0.3)～(1.1±0.2)mm/a.通过与前人研究结果进行对比和分析,认为天景山断裂带晚第四纪左旋走滑运动速率在空间上较为稳定,约为1.1 mm/a.     

曲江断裂南东段全新世滑动速率

高精度SPOT卫星影像和野外地质调查表明,曲江断裂南东段断错山前冲沟及河流Ⅰ级和Ⅱ级阶地,在探槽中见到断裂断错全新世地层,是一条右旋走滑的全新世活动断裂,兼有逆冲性质,断裂的最新活动是1970年通海7.8级地震。对曲江断裂典型走滑断错地貌进行研究,曲江断裂南东段在五街一带水平滑动速率为(3.36±0.1)mm/a,白林山一带水平滑动速率为(3.21±0.3)mm/a。     

西秦岭西段光盖山-迭山断裂带坪定-化马断裂的新活动性与滑动速率

位于西秦岭西段的光盖山-迭山断裂带是由3条近平行的断裂所组成,其中坪定-化马断裂是该断裂带的主断层.坪定-化马断裂以宕昌岷江为界分为东、西两段,西段的新活动性明显强于东段.断裂西段线性特征明显,可见清晰的断层崖,不同期次的洪积扇上均有断层陡坎发育,晚第四纪以来有过明显的活动,最新一次活动的离逝时间约为1kaB.P.左右.通过对断错地貌研究得到断裂晚第四纪以来的垂直滑动速率为0.49±0.08 ～1.15±0.28mm/a,左旋滑动速率为0.51±0.13mm/a.而断裂东段由多条斜交或近于平行的断裂所组成,活动性明显减弱,没有发现最新活动的证据.在地貌上多表现为线性沟谷,向东逐渐被褶皱所替代,从基岩断面及相关地貌特征来看断裂活动性质主要表现为逆冲兼具左旋走滑运动.     

东昆仑断裂带秀沟段晚第四纪滑动速率研究

东昆仑断裂带是青藏高原北部一条大型左旋走滑断裂带,其滑动速率对于断裂地震危险性评价和青藏高原的地球动力学研究具有重要意义。已有的研究认为东昆仑断裂带中西段晚第四纪滑动速率稳定、均一(10~13 mm/a),但对中段精确的滑动速率研究较少。以东昆仑断裂带中段秀沟盆地一个被断错的洪积扇为研究对象,基于高分辨率卫星影像和SPOT7立体像对提取的高精度数字高程模型(DEM)恢复位错量,利用宇宙成因核素测年厘定了断错洪积扇的年龄。结果表明,该洪积扇被左旋断错(1 862±103)m,年龄为(76.55±3.20)~(106.37±3.38)ka,据此得到的平均左旋滑动速率为(20.3+3.5/-2.3)mm/a。东昆仑断裂带中段的左旋滑动速率从晚更新世到全新世存在明显的减慢趋势。     

西秦岭北缘断裂带黄香沟段晚第四纪 活动表现与滑动速率*

文章对西秦岭北缘断裂带黄香沟段的沉积建造、构造地貌等开展了野外调查与研究。冲沟位错、断裂剖面、山脊位错、线性槽地、洪积扇变形与断塞塘等详细的构造地貌分析,显示断裂带在黄香沟段晚第四纪具有较强的活动性,以左旋走滑兼有倾滑分量为特征。根据其中两条晚更新世末期以来的冲沟左旋水平位错平均值30.5±3.0m,及其¹⁴ C限定的冲沟发生位错的年龄为13480±240aB.P.,获得断裂晚第四纪的水平滑动速率为2.3±0.2mm/a。 同时,由断裂位错洪积扇形成的1.05±0.30m垂直位移量,与该期洪积扇形成的¹⁴ C年龄3690±100aB.P. ,估算了断裂晚第四纪的垂直滑动速率为0.28±0.08mm/a。     

青藏高原东缘活动构造

青藏高原东缘由岷山断块和龙门山构造带构成。以活动构造地貌学为主线,在解析该地区主干断裂晚第四纪以来活动的地质地貌表现的基础上,对一批断裂运动学和史前强震活动的定量数据进行分析研究,结果表明:在岷山断块中,虎牙断裂的平均左旋滑动速率为1.4 mm/a,垂直滑动速率为0.3 mm/a。岷江断裂的平均垂直滑动速率介于0.37 mm/a~0.53 mm/a之间,左旋位错量与垂直位错量大致相当;在龙门山构造带中,茂汶-汶川断裂、北川-映秀断裂和彭县-灌县断裂的平均垂直滑动速率均在1 mm/a左右,且几条主干断裂的右旋位错量与垂直位错量相当。结合震源机制解结果和GPS测量资料,建立晚新生代以来青藏高原东缘向南东方向逸出的构造变形模式。     

河北省邯郸—邢台断裂晚更新世以来的活动特征

本文根据野外地质地貌调查,结合卫星影像解译和钻孔资料的分析认为,邯郸—邢台断裂是一条晚第四纪以来活动的断裂。根据断裂走向、活动时代及活动性质的变化,可将该断裂分为三段。临城—永年和永年—磁县段为全新世活动断裂,活动性质为右旋正断,晚更新世断裂的垂直滑动速率为0.25mm/a,全新世垂直滑动速率为0.47mm/a。磁县—安阳段为晚更新世时期活动断裂,活动性质为右旋正断,垂直运动速率为0.22mm/a,但全新世没有活动。     

理塘断裂带沙湾段的晚第四纪活动性*

理塘断裂带沙湾段展布于四川西南部的木里河流域,处于理塘断裂带的南东尾端,为左旋走滑运动性质。文章在航空照片判译的基础上,通过野外研究发现,该断裂段的断错地貌现象主要集中分布在绒龙沟-沙湾的木里河东岸坡麓地带,表现为断层陡坎、断塞塘、断错冲沟、河流阶地及洪积扇等。由5个地点的断裂位错值和位错开始的年代学(TL和¹⁴ C)测试结果,估计的该断裂段晚更新世以来的平均水平滑动速率为2.1±0.3mm/a。在该断裂上开挖的3个探槽资料表明,该断裂段存在史前强震的地质记录,最晚一次强震的发生时间介于1310±90~950±30aB.P.之间,强震所导致的垂直位错量约0.5m, 同震水平位错1.30~1.45m左右。根据同震位错量及断裂长度估计的地震震级为7.0级左右。     

元谋断裂晚第四纪活动性定量分析

ETM影像揭示了元谋断裂以左行剪切走滑为主, 局部张剪或压剪的性质.利用1:5万地形图和影像图内冲沟、山脊等地貌位错估测了元谋断裂一平浪-江边段晚第四纪活动性, 详细调查实测并分析了研究区断错地貌和构造剖面, 获取的该断裂晚第四纪活动性、活动强度, 与估测结果一致.结果显示, 元谋断裂一平浪-江边(金沙江边) 段最新活动时间为晚更新世末期-全新世; 其中一平浪-大龙潭一带, 水平滑动速率约2.0mm/a, 垂直滑动速率为0.07mm/a; 木莲旧-秧田井一带, 水平滑动速率接近0.53mm/a, 垂直滑动速率为0.06mm/a; 乐胜古-江边一带, 水平滑动速率接近1.32mm/a, 垂直滑动速率为0.03mm/a.综合分析表明, 该段断裂晚第四纪平均水平滑动速率为1~2.0mm/a, 以走滑运动为主.      

Distributed deformation around the eastern tip of the Kunlun fault

Whether active strain within the Indo-Asian collision zone is primarily localized along major strike-slip fault systems or is distributed throughout the intervening crust between faults remains uncertain. Despite refined estimates of slip rates along many of the major fault zones, relatively little is known about how displacement along these structures is accommodated at fault terminations. Here, we show that a systematic decrease in left-lateral slip rates along the eastern ~200 km of the Kunlun fault, from >10 mm/year to <1 mm/year, is coincident with high topography in the Anyemaqen Shan and with a broad zone of distributed shear and clockwise vorticity within the Tibetan Plateau. Geomorphic analysis of river longitudinal profiles, coupled with inventories of cosmogenic radionuclides in fluvial sediment, reveal correlated variations in fluvial relief and erosion rate across the Anyemaqen Shan that reflect ongoing differential rock uplift across the range. Our results imply that the termination of the Kunlun fault system is accommodated by a combination of distributed crustal thickening and by clockwise rotation of the eastern fault segments.     

Late Quaternary Slip Rate of the Xiugou Segment,Eastern Kunlun Fault Zone

The Eastern Kunlun fault zone (EKLF) is a large left-lateral strike-slip fault, whose slip rate is meaningful to seismic hazard assessment and geodynamics of the Tibetan Plateau. Previous studies suggested that the late Quaternary average slip rate was stable and uniform (10~13 mm/a) in the central and western segment of the EKLF. But there were a few researches of accurate slip rate in the central segment on the EKLF. Therefore, we focused on an offset and well preserved alluvial fan from Xiugou basin, located in the east of Xidatan-Dongdatan, to make it clear. Moreover, we used high-resolution satellite images and digital elevation model extracted from SPOT7 stereo image pairs to restore the offset alluvial fan, and combined terrestrial cosmogenic nuclides method, including 13 quartz-rich samples from this fan surface, 1 quartz-rich sample from the main active channel bed and 1 ¹⁰Be depth profile from this fan edge to eliminate the ¹⁰Be concentration of inheritance accurately, with 1 optically stimulated luminescence sample to obtain the reliable age of this alluvial fan together. Referring to field observations, this alluvial fan was offset left-laterally by (1 862±103) m, and its age is (76.55±3.20)~(106.37±3.38) ka which can be determined through the actual geologic setting and improving chi-square test. Thus, we used the Monte Carlo method to obtain a left-lateral slip rate of (20.3+3.5/-2.3) mm/a with 68% confidence envelopes since the late Pleistocene in the Xiugou basin. As a result, combining with the results of previous studies, the left-lateral slip rate indicated that the obviously decreasing activity transferred from late Pleistocene to Holocene on the central segment of the EKLF.     

青藏高原中部第四纪左旋剪切变形的地表地质证据

在青藏铁路的格尔木—拉萨段进行的活动断裂调查发现,在沱沱河—五道梁之间宽约150km的地段内发育了多条由北西西向次级断层左列分布构成的北西西向和北西向左旋张扭性断裂带,在断裂带之间则发育"S"型的北东向裂陷盆地和雁列分布的菱形裂陷盆地,盆地边界断裂也为左旋张扭性质。上述断裂带和裂陷带主要形成于第四纪,它们构成了宽约150km的不均匀的左旋简单剪切变形域,该变形域的整体活动性较弱,属于弱的不均匀剪切变形域。但其中的二道沟断陷盆地是个例外,该盆地边界断裂的垂直活动速率约为0 5mm/a,左旋活动速率介于0 8～1 0mm/a之间。而在整个左旋剪切变形带累计的左旋走滑速率不会超过6mm/a,它们所调节的昆仑山与唐古拉山之间的地壳南北缩短量也可能仅占总缩短量的15%～30%。上述弱剪切变形域与强烈左旋走滑的昆仑断裂系共同构成了高原中部的左旋剪切变形带,它们在印度板块与欧亚板块强烈碰撞的构造动力学背景下,起着调节青藏高原南北向缩短的重要作用。     

Reactivated strike–slip faults: examples from north Cornwall, UK

Several strike–slip faults at Crackington Haven, UK show evidence of right-lateral movement with tip cracks and dilatational jogs, which have been reactivated by left-lateral strike–slip movement. Evidence for reactivation includes two slickenside striae on a single fault surface, two groups of tip cracks with different orientations and very low displacement gradients or negative (left-lateral) displacements at fault tips.

Evidence for the relative age of the two strike–slip movements is (1) the first formed tip cracks associated with right-lateral slip are deformed, whereas the tip cracks formed during left-lateral slip show no deformation; (2) some of the tip cracks associated with right-lateral movement show left-lateral reactivation; and (3) left-lateral displacement is commonly recorded at the tips of dominantly right-lateral faults.

The orientation of the tip cracks to the main fault is 30–70° clockwise for right-lateral slip, and 20–40° counter-clockwise for left-lateral slip. The structure formed by this process of strike–slip reactivation is termed a “tree structure” because it is similar to a tree with branches. The angular difference between these two groups of tip cracks could be interpreted as due to different stress distribution (e.g., transtensional/transpressional, near-field or far-field stress), different fracture modes or fractures utilizing pre-existing planes of weakness.

Most of the d–x profiles have similar patterns, which show low or negative displacement at the segment fault tips. Although the d–x profiles are complicated by fault segments and reactivation, they provide clear evidence for reactivation. Profiles that experienced two opposite slip movements show various shapes depending on the amount of displacement and the slip sequence. For a larger slip followed by a smaller slip with opposite sense, the profile would be expected to record very low or reverse displacement at fault tips due to late-stage tip propagation. Whereas for a smaller slip followed by larger slip with opposite sense, the d–x profile would be flatter with no reverse displacement at the tips. Reactivation also decreases the ratio of d_max/L since for an original right-lateral fault, left lateral reactivation will reduce the net displacement (d_max) along a fault and increase the fault length (L).

Finally we compare Crackington Haven faults with these in the Atacama system of northern Chile. The Salar Grande Fault (SGF) formed as a left-lateral fault with large displacement in its central region. Later right-lateral reactivation is preserved at the fault tips and at the smaller sub-parallel Cerro Chuculay Fault. These faults resemble those seen at Crackington Haven.     

青藏高原东北缘大陆岩石圈现今变形和位移

川青地块在地貌上为川西高原，亦是青藏高原东北边缘最重要的构造单元。新的GPS监测资料表明，在欧亚框架内，川青地块及其邻近的龙门山带和华南地块西缘的地壳运动水平速度，具有自西向东由25．66mm／a递变下降到6．99mm／a的总趋势。速度矢量表现出顺时针涡旋转动。川青地块内具有局部应变积累的非均一的区域剪切。横切鲜水河断裂带中段新的GPS量结果揭示，两侧地块间的平均左旋滑动速率约8mm／a；由于局部应变积累，断裂系南西侧的主断裂的移动速率为9．3mm／a，其间为拉分盆地和小的横向伸展断裂。鲜水河断裂系的左旋断裂滑动作用，调节了川青地块与／11滇地块之间的相对运动。     

Paleoseismology of the Palu–Lake Hazar segment of the East Anatolian Fault Zone, Turkey

The East Anatolian Fault Zone (EAFZ) is among the most important active continental transform fault zones in the world as testified by major historical and minor instrumental seismicity. The first paleoseismological exploratory trenching study on the EAFZ was done on the Palu–Lake Hazar segment (PLHS), which is one of the six segments forming the fault zone, in order to determine its past activity and to assess its earthquake hazard.The results of trenching indicate that the latest surface rupturing earthquakes on this segment may be the Ms=7.1+ 1874 and Ms=6.7 1875 events, and there were other destructive earthquakes prior to these events. The recurrence interval for a surface rupturing large (M>7) earthquake is estimated as minimum 100±35 and maximum 360 years. Estimates for the maximum possible paleoearthquake magnitude are (Mw) 7.1–7.7 for the Palu–Lake Hazar segment based on empirical magnitude fault rupture relations.An alluvial fan dated 14,475–15,255 cal years BP as well as another similar age fan with an abandoned stream channel on it are offset in a left-lateral sense 175 and 160.5 m, respectively, indicating an average slip rate of 11 mm/year. Because 127 years have elapsed since the last surface rupturing event, this slip rate suggests that 1.4 m of left-lateral strain has accumulated along the segment, ignoring possible creep effects, folding and other inelastic deformation. A 2.5 Ma age for the start of left-lateral movement on the segment, and in turn the EAFZ, is consistent with a slip rate of 11 mm/year and a previously reported 27 km total left-lateral offset. The cumulative 5–6 mm/year vertical slip rate near Lake Hazar suggests a possible age of 148–178 ka for the lake. Our trenching results indicate also that a significant fraction of the slip across the EAFZ zone is likely to be accommodated seismically. The present seismic quiescence compared with the past activity (paleoseismic and historic) indicate that the EAFZ may be “locked” and accumulating elastic strain energy but could move in the near future.     

High slip rate for a low seismicity along the Palu-Koro active fault in central Sulawesi (Indonesia)

In eastern Indonesia, the Central Sulawesi fault system consists of complex left-lateral strike-slip fault zones located within the triple junction area between the Pacific, Indo-Australian and Eurasian plates. Seismicity in Central Sulawesi documents low-magnitude shallow earthquakes related, from NW to SE, to the NNW-trending Palu-Koro (PKF) and WNW-trending Matano fault zones. Study of the active fault traces indicates a northward growing complexity in the PKF segmentation. Left-lateral displacement of 370 ± 10 m of streams incised within fans, whose deposition has been dated at 11 000 ± 2300 years, yields a calculated PKF horizontal slip rate of 35 ± 8 mm yr⁻¹. This geologically determined long-term slip rate agrees with the far-field strike-slip rate of 32–45 mm yr⁻¹ previously proposed from GPS measurements and confirms that the PKF is a fast slipping fault with a relatively low level of seismicity.     

西藏安多-错那湖地堑的第四纪地质、断裂活动及其运动学特征分析

地表调查和初步的沉积物年代测试结果表明,晚第四纪期间,在安多-错那地堑中主要发育了分别形成于44.2kaB.P.和9～7kaB.P.左右的两套湖泊沉积物和约42kaB.P.以来的5套冲、洪积物。在安多-错那地堑的边界主要发育了包括安多南缘断裂、北缘断裂、错那湖东缘断裂和西缘断裂共4条第四纪正断层。其中活动强度最大的为安多北缘断裂,其第四纪最小垂直活动速率为0.24±0.02mm/a;其次为安多南缘断裂和错那湖东、西两侧边界断裂,它们的最小垂直速率分别为0.19mm/a,0.12～0.16mm/a和0.10～0.12mm/a。晚第四纪以来的断裂活动主要集中在平均垂直活动速率为0.41±0.22mm/a的安多北缘断裂带的西段。安多及邻区现今的地表构造格局及断裂带的几何学和运动学特征符合近南北向地壳缩短背景下由于近东西向伸展变形而引发的菱形断块发育模式。根据断层的活动速率估算结果,晚第四纪期间安多-错那地堑的平均伸展速率为0.25±0.15mm/a,而整个羌塘块体总的东西向伸展变形速率可能达到11±8mm/a。