快速封堵巷道顶板高压大流量集中涌水的井下骨料添加工艺

为解决注浆封堵巷道顶板高压大流量集中涌水时注入的浆液被涌水冲散流失的问题,提出了利用井下钻孔在涌水裂隙内添加骨料阻水的工艺。井下钻孔内注入骨料要使用骨料添加器,利用注水方式把骨料推送到涌水裂隙中去。以某矿FL8-1处的巷道顶板涌水堵漏为例,对井下钻孔骨料添加工艺技术要求进行了较为全面的介绍。指出注浆连通试验是判断钻孔内是否具备注入骨料的重要手段,当试验时钻孔内注入的水泥浆在极短时间内全部跑出时,说明导水通道宽大、直短,适合注入骨料,注入时要采用粗细结合的方式进行;相反,与涌水点连通性差的钻孔内则不具备注入骨料的条件。     

矿井涌水注浆治理技术探究

为解决矿井三采区变电所区域开采10#煤层时出水点相对分散、涌水通道复杂、涌水量大的问题,分析了采区的地质及水文地质条件,并依据井下瞬变电磁勘探成果,认为充水水源主要来自直接顶板K_2石灰岩含水层,奥陶系石灰岩含水层是间接充水水源。K_2石灰岩含水层的充水方式是采掘直接揭露,奥陶系石灰岩含水层突水的途径主要是导水陷落柱,其次为断层。出水点治理时,钻孔设计原则是封堵推-X-348陷落柱中奥陶系石灰水的导水通道;钻孔施工顺序是先探查陷落柱位置(探查孔)→封闭陷落柱上部渗水通道(封闭孔)→注浆封堵陷落柱通道(注浆孔)。封堵后,涌水量由200m~3/h减少至40m~3/h,效果明显。     

SJP水泥浆封堵强涌水钻孔可控注浆工艺技术研究

以云南毛坪铅锌矿勘查钻孔涌水治理实践为背景,针对金刚石钻进钻孔高涌水压力和大流量涌水的工程实际,对多种涌水治理方案进行了论证分析。依据实测的涌水量及涌水压力等参数,提出了可控注浆堵涌工艺。论述了SJP水泥浆基本组成及其性能特点,可控注浆止涌的工艺技术,分析了止涌注浆孔口压力变化与孔内浆液处境之间的关系,提出了止涌注浆压力变化中的“零起点”和“零末点”及h值等新概念,以及利用压力变化判断涌水通道类型的方法等。经3个涌水钻孔的注浆止涌的实践表明,按研究成果对大涌水量钻孔进行治理,有效封堵了这3个强涌水钻孔,保证了工程顺利施工。     

高家堡煤矿煤层顶板注浆加固堵水技术探讨

煤层顶板水害是煤矿安全生产隐患之一,对矿井安全生产危害极大。以陕西彬长矿区高家堡煤矿顶板注浆堵水为例,分析了顶板水导水通道,顶板水富集特征,进行了大量注浆试验,最后提出了顶板水治理方案。研究结果表明,采用水平钻孔、水平注浆方法探查的顶板裂隙发育高度已超过210 m,裂隙发育角度达到80°以上;采用充填注浆、间歇式注浆及快速封堵注浆相结合的方式进行封堵,注浆效果较好。研究成果对类似矿区顶板注浆加固技术推广有借鉴价值。     

井筒冻结孔解冻涌水发生机制及其控制技术

针对冻结井筒解冻后频繁发生涌水灾害的情况,通过工程实例分析了冻结技术、井筒地层条件及解冻涌水特征。结果表明,涌水发生是由于解冻后冻结止水帷幕失效,冻结管周围地层介质渗透性增强,介质接触界面粘结强度降低而致界面缝隙扩大连通,使冻结钻孔连通含、隔水层而形成竖向导水通道,通道内高压水通过井筒薄弱部位发生涌水。采取在井筒外围适宜地层开挖环形巷道,在环形巷道内逐个切断冻结管并向冻结管内外注浆加固,最后将环形巷道用混凝土回填,形成人工隔水塞层。利用RFPA2D-Flow渗流耦合模型验证了该治理方案的可行性,且利用FLAC3D程序计算出环形巷道距离井壁7.50 m是最佳开凿位置。经该措施处理后的井筒涌水由原来的90 m3/h降低至2 m3/h,且井筒保持了稳定。      

山东赵楼煤矿首采1302工作面涌水分析

兖矿集团巨野煤田赵楼煤矿首采1302工作面在2009年5月底发生了一次突水事故,最大涌水量为290m3/h,造成工作面停产5d、处理被压实支架39d的后果。在分析井田地质及水文地质条件的基础上,通过现场水质化验以及观测孔水位等资料的研究,认为该工作面涌水水源为3煤顶板砂岩水,涌水通道为采动裂隙。并提出要采取查清水文地质条件、采前疏放、匀速推进、健全排放水系统等确保安全开采的防治水措施。     

鹤煤集团寺湾煤矿断层导水通道综合分析及治理

鹤煤集团寺湾矿由于受F8断层影响,断层东翼奥灰水侧向补给西翼二灰含水层,使该矿水文地质条件复杂化,存在突水隐患。采用瞬变电磁勘探、地质钻探、放水试验等手段进行综合分析,查明F8断层导水通道的具体位置。通过地面帷幕注浆,封堵断层带附近二灰岩裂隙,沿断层西盘形成一道连续的阻水帷幕,切断奥灰水对二灰水的补给通道,降低矿井的排水量。通过注浆,奥灰水通过F8断层侧向补给西翼二灰的水量由原来的802m3/h减少到202m3/h,断层堵水率为74.8%,堵水效果明显。该研究对今后矿井水害治理,具有一定的参考意义。     

江底隧道垮塌涌水冒顶地质灾害的高压注浆防治

在江底隧道施工中，以砂岩和泥质砂岩为主的破碎、裂隙节理发育地层经钻眼爆破震动后，出现了垮塌、涌水、冒顶等事故，直接危及工程和江堤安全。针对事故突发性、破坏性及危害性，制定了严格周密的防治 方案。应用高压封闭注浆技术，进行地层改良。首先砌筑封闭墙是关键一步，务必完全封闭，并能承受高压，该墙直接影响注浆成败；其次，河床沉陷处注浆既与井下注浆相互补充，又稳固河床及江堤；第三，注浆使浆液充填裂隙通道和垮塌体空隙，在高压下充填饱满、密实；第四，浆液硬化使裂隙被封堵、垮塌体胶结成完整一体，初步达到防垮止水目的；第五，浆液养护后，破碎地层在浆液胶结硬化作用下具有一定强度，达到地层改良目的；最后，地层改良后务必钻眼芯进行检 测，以观注浆效果。经过高压封闭注浆治理，垮塌、涌水、冒顶地层得到完全改观，注浆区域内不再垮塌、涌水，使工程顺利通过该垮塌涌水区，进入下一步施工程序。     

某矿区钻孔特大型"倒裂隙"的治理

某矿区ZK552钻孔中的“倒裂隙”造成漏失。“倒裂隙”的显著特点是与坡积含水层不相通，漏失层位置与实际静水位不一致，裂隙的倾向与地形坡向基本一致，是导水裂隙且通向地表，有较好的排泄点(泉)。治理这种裂隙的方法是准确计算漏失位置，采用水：灰为0．4的水泥浆灌注，同时用替浆水尽可能把水泥浆压入“倒裂隙”中，维持一段时间泵压，防止裂隙水把水泥浆压回钻孔。灌注后的凝固时间需40h以上，有效阻塞过水通道，钻孔的严重漏失可得到彻底封堵。     

代池坝煤矿深部水文地质条件研究及涌水量预测

代池坝煤矿进入深部开采,通过对矿区深部水文地质条件研究与矿井充水因素分析,认为矿床充水含水层为富水性弱^中等的砂岩裂隙含水层,各含水层间水力联系差,深部开采面临含水层地下水水压变大,具有一定的危险性。矿井主要充水水源为大气降水、含水层砂岩裂隙水、地表水和采空区积水。矿区主要充水通道是煤层开采后形成的导水裂缝带和矿区范围内11个报废钻孔。采用了比拟法的计算:深部标高+320中等的砂岩裂隙含水层,各含水层间水力联系差,深部开采面临含水层地下水水压变大,具有一定的危险性。矿井主要充水水源为大气降水、含水层砂岩裂隙水、地表水和采空区积水。矿区主要充水通道是煤层开采后形成的导水裂缝带和矿区范围内11个报废钻孔。采用了比拟法的计算:深部标高+320⁺50m范围内正常涌水量为234m+50m范围内正常涌水量为234m³/h,最大涌水量为509m3/h,最大涌水量为509m³/h。     

Bench blasting design based on site-specific attenuation formula in a quarry

This research was performed on the quarry that will be opened to produce aggregates and rock filling material at Catalagzi region at Zonguldak province in Turkey. However, there are some structures which can be adversely affected by blasting at the quarry. These structures are a methane exploration drill hole and a house at the distances of 340 and 390 m, respectively. One of the main goals of this study is to perform a preliminary assessment of possible damage effect of ground vibrations induced by blasting on these structures by risk analysis based on ground vibration measurements. In order to propose a preliminary blast design models separately for aggregate and rock filling material production, six test shots with different maximum charge per delay were planned and fired at the quarry. In these shots, 90 events were recorded. To predict peak particle velocity (PPV), the relationship between the recorded peak particle velocities and scaled distances were investigated. During this investigation, the data pairs were statistically analyzed and a PPV prediction equation specific to this site with 95% prediction line were obtained. And also, this equation was used in the derivation of the practical blasting charts specific to this site as a practical way of predicting the peak particle velocity and maximum charge per delay for future blasting. A risk analysis was performed by using this equation. In the light of this analysis, preliminary blast design models were proposed to be used in this quarry for aggregate and rock filling material production.     

Oxygen influx and geochemistry of percolate water from reactive mine waste rock underlying a sloping channelled soil cover

An ideal engineered soil cover can mitigate acid rock drainage (ARD) by limiting water and gaseous O₂ ingress into an underlying waste rock pile. However, the barrier layer in the soil cover almost invariably tends to develop cracks or fractures after placement. These cracks may change water flow and O₂ transport in the soil cover and decrease performance in the long run. The present study employed a 10-cm-wide sand-filled channel installed in a soil barrier layer (silty clay) to model the aggregate of cracks or fractures that may be present in the cover. The soil cover had a slope of 20%. Oxygen transport through the soil cover and oxidation of the underlying waste rock were investigated and compared to a controlled column test with bare waste rock (without soil cover). Moreover, gaseous O₂ transport in the soil cover with channel and its sensitivity to channel location as well as the influence of the saturated hydraulic conductivity of the channel material were modeled using the commercial software VADOSE/W. The results indicted that the waste rock underlying the soil cover with channel had a lower oxidation rate than the waste rock without cover because of reduced O₂ ingress and water flushing in the soil cover with channel, which meant a partial soil cover might still be effective to some extent in reducing ARD generation. Gaseous O₂ ingress into the covered waste rock was more sensitive to the channel location than to the saturated hydraulic conductivity of the material filling the channel. Aqueous equilibrium speciation modeling and scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray analysis indicated that secondary minerals formed as a result of the oxidation of the waste rock included gypsum and goethite in the covered waste rock and schwertmannite and other Fe oxides in the uncovered waste rock. The findings of the study provided insight into the effect of channel flow on O₂ transport and oxidation of the covered waste rock, which may help to improve soil cover design and construction to minimise the generation of preferential flow in the barrier layer.     

爆破开挖对岩体含水裂纹扩展的扰动机制

岩体裂纹的水力劈裂是岩体开裂渗漏甚至施工涌水的重要影响因素之一,也是岩土工程界的研究热点。从断裂力学角度分析了爆破开挖对岩体含水裂纹扩展的扰动作用,结果表明,爆破开挖扰动下,岩体含水裂纹的扩展,与爆炸应力波强度及其入射角、地应力的大小与方向、孔隙水压大小、裂纹的倾角及断裂韧度等因素相关;爆炸应力波的作用,相当于增大了岩体裂纹中的孔隙水压力,每1 cm/s的峰值振动速度相当于增大100 kPa的孔隙水压力,爆破振动速度越大,所产生的爆破扰动荷载越大;岩体开挖引起的岩体裂纹近区地应力及其孔隙水压力的变化,对裂纹的失稳与扩展具有较复杂的影响,可改变裂纹的失稳扩展模式。     

青龙寺井田水文地质特征分析

青龙寺井田位于陕北侏罗纪煤田神府矿区新民开采区中部,地质构造简单,主要可采煤层为延安组3^-1和5^-2煤层。井田主要含水层为第四系冲积层孔隙潜水、侏罗系延安组裂隙承压水和烧变岩空洞裂隙潜水。含水层主要接受大气降雨的入渗补给,补给量较小,因而富水性较弱。分析认为：未来矿井开采时的主要充水通道为煤层采空区顶板冒落形成的导水裂隙带,充水强度与大气降雨关系密切,在暴雨或持续降雨、渗透条件较好时,充水量大,其余时段和层段的充水量较小;开采5^-2煤层时对顶板砂岩水应以疏放为主。     

Study of the hydrogeological characteristics and permeability of the Xinli Seabed Gold Mine in Laizhou Bay,Jiaodong Peninsula,China

This paper presents a case study investigation into the hydrogeological characteristics and permeability of rock mass in a seabed mine. Following an introduction to the geology and hydrogeological conditions in the Xinli mine area, we reveal the features of the preferred structural planes, dynamic characteristics of mine water seepage, and the permeability of the fractured rock mass in the pit. The permeability of the pit rock mass shows varied characteristics at different geotectonic locations because of the different degrees to which the structural planes developed. The fractured rock mass generally shows low permeability, and the main composition of water seepage is high-salinity brine. Future large-scale undersea mining may induce rock mass movement, destroy water-resistant layers, and enhance water transmissibility and the probability of water gushing into the pit. Thus, strengthening the quality of the filling mass, protecting the stope roof and the water-resistant layers, as well as regular monitoring of water seepage discharge and identification of water sources are critical to work safety and the prevention of seawater gushing in the mine.     

基于电?磁法联合勘探的火烧区范围及富水性的预测

为精确查明矿区火烧岩体的分布范围及其富水程度,综合考虑地质体电?磁性特征,组合一套新型火烧区边界及富水性预测勘探手段。采用高精度磁测、瞬变电磁法、高密度电法3种物探方法联合勘探,将其应用于新疆沙吉海一号井田火烧区勘探,并与之前物探结果进行对比。结果表明,火烧区南部边界较原勘探边界发生较小移动;研究区总体富水性较弱,富水区主要集中在火烧区南部边界及以南,在B₁₀煤层附近圈定了9个火烧富水区,编号为Y1—Y9;拟设计钻孔位置均较合理,为下一步钻探施工提供可靠的物探资料依据。多种物探方法相互结合验证性较好,为今后火烧岩地区火烧范围及富水性探查提供实践依据。      

地面核磁共振技术在隐伏火烧区富水性探测中的应用

煤层隐伏火烧区上覆基岩复合含水层(包括风化基岩和烧变岩含水层)是煤层开采的主要威胁之一, 明确隐伏火烧区的富水性对矿井水害防治具有重要意义。基于此, 以发生过较大突水事故的柠条塔煤矿为研究对象, 利用地面核磁共振(SNMR)技术开展隐伏火烧区含水层富水性探测并对其进行分析和验证。结果表明, 隐伏火烧区共有2个含水层位, 分别为第四系松散砂层含水层和1-2 上煤上覆基岩含水层; 第四系砂层含水层富水性受地表地形及其下隔水层顶部起伏形态影响水平变化较大; 1-2 上煤上覆基岩含水层富水性总体西南较低、北东较高, 该含水层厚度9~30 m, 局部相对较厚, 推测为1-2 上煤火烧区风化基岩和烧变岩含水层的叠加反映; 研究区内1-2 上煤上覆基岩含水层总体呈现出西部及中部偏东南区域富水性相对较大, 其余区域富水性相对较小。利用SNMR得到的含水层富水程度与探放水孔及水文孔的涌水量结果大致相同, 表明该方法的勘探结果相对可靠, 可用于隐伏火烧区富水性的探测。      

Laboratory and numerical modeling of water balance in a layered sloped soil cover with channel flow pathway over mine waste rock

Macropores developed in barrier layers in soil covers overlying acid-generating waste rock may produce preferential flow through the barrier layers and compromise cover performance. However, little has been published on the effects of preferential flow on water balance in soil covers. In the current study, an inclined, layered soil cover with a 10-cm-wide sand-filled channel pathway in a silty clay barrier layer was built over reactive waste rock in the laboratory. The channel or preferential flow pathway represented the aggregate of cracks or fissures that may occur in the barrier during compaction and/or climate-induced deterioration. Precipitation, runoff, interflow, percolation, and water content were recorded during the test. A commercial software VADOSE/W was used to simulate the measured water balance and to conduct further sensitivity analysis on the effects of the location of the channel and the saturated hydraulic conductivity of the channel material on water balance. The maximum percolation, 80.1% of the total precipitation, was obtained when the distance between the mid-point of the channel pathway and the highest point on the slope accounted for 71% of the total horizontal length of the soil cover. The modeled percolation increased steadily with an increase in the hydraulic conductivity of the channel material. Percolation was found to be sensitive to the location of the channel and the saturated hydraulic conductivity of the channel material, confirming that proper cover design and construction should aim at minimizing the development of vertical preferential flow in barrier layers. The sum of percolation and interflow was relatively constant when the location of the channel changed along the slope, which may be helpful in locating preferential flow pathways and repairing the barrier.     

富水隧道幕墙堵水技术研究

富水隧道的涌水问题是目前隧道施工中要解决的首要问题,尤其是涌水量特别大、水流速度大的隧道。目前针对该问题多采用注浆加固圈的方法,以排为主,后注浆加固。这种方法对于涌水量不大、渗透率低的围岩可行,而对于水压力大、地下水丰富的隧道,其效果差、成本高。针对该问题,文章提出一种幕墙堵水技术。首先分析渗透力与浆液的黏滞系数之间的关系,通过计算得出多孔介质中注浆浆液在渗透力作用下的地下水临界流速,确定幕墙距离隧道的最佳间距为2m,并提出了24种不同尺寸的注浆方案。采用数值模拟方法,分别计算了24种注浆方案的堵水或限排效果。最后在所建的24个模型中得出注浆深度为30.6m,注浆长度为20m的方案为最佳堵水方案,并应用到工程中。结果显示该方案堵水效果明显,洞内积水降低80%,能保证隧道下一步施工。研究表明:通过临界流速分析方法能够经济、快速地确定堵水或限排方案,满足现场施工及注浆堵水限排的要求,研究成果可为类似工程设计提供理论依据。     

利用钻孔注水试验测试爆区周边岩体损伤场的可行性研究

穿孔爆破是露天矿开采的主要模式,爆破产生的冲击效应将导致周边岩体出现不同程度的损伤破裂,影响台阶边坡的稳定性。提出一种利用钻孔注水试验评价爆破周边岩体等效损伤场的方法,通过向若干钻孔内注满水,记录不同时间的水位,绘制水位随时间的变化曲线,并最终获得不同位置的损伤程度及损伤深度。采用相对损伤因子定量化表征爆破对岩体的损伤程度,通过水位-时间曲线中速降段与平缓段的交界点反映岩体的损伤深度及损伤距离。通过试验发现,爆破引起的周边岩体损伤范围一般在20 m之内,引起的最大损伤深度在12 m以内;铁矿的抗爆能力高于灰岩,相同位置铁矿的相对损伤因子比灰岩的小7.5%左右,铁矿的最大损伤距离及最大损伤深度均比灰岩的小4～6 m;某些情况下注水后水位会快速降至某一特定高程,然后保持不变,表明该高程出现了贯通性导水带,可通过窥视仪等设备进行观察校核。