Garnet-cordierite-biotite equilibria in the Steinach aureole,Bavaria

Three garnet-biotite pairs and eleven garnet-cordierite-biotite triplets from the Steinach aureole (Oberpfalz, North-East Bavaria) were analyzed using an electron probe microanalyzer.The regional metamorphic muscovite-biotite schists contain garnets strongly zoned with Mn-Ca-rich centers and Fe-rich edges, the average composition being almandine 67 — spessartine 4 — pyrope 4 — grossular (+andradite) 25.The first contact garnet that is formed in mica schists of the outermost part of the aureole is small, virtually unzoned, and has an average composition of almandine 52 — spessartine 37 — pyrope 8 — grossular (+andradite) 3. With increasing metamorphic grade, there is a consistent trend to form garnets richer in Fe ending up with a composition almandine 84.5 — spessartine 5.5 — pyrope 7.5 — grossular (+andradite) 2.5. This trend is accompanied by a general increase in grain size and modal amount of garnet. Associated cordierites and biotites also become richer in Fe with increasing grade. While the garnets in the highest grade sillimanite hornfelses are poorly zoned, the transitional andalusite-sillimanite hornfelses contain garnets with distinct but variable zonation profiles.These facts can possibly be explained by the time-temperature relationships in the thermal aureole. In a phase diagram such as the Al-Fe-Mg-Mn tetrahedron, the limiting mineral compositions of a four-phase volume or a three-phase triangle are fixed by T and P (the latter remaining effectively constant within a thermal aureole). Thus, in garnet-cordierite-biotite assemblages, garnet zonation should be controlled by temperature variation rather than by a non-equilibrium depletion process. Taking into account the experimental data of Dahl (1968), a zoned garnet from a transitional andalusite-sillimanite hornfels would reflect a temperature increase of about 40° C during its growth. A hypothetical P-X diagram is proposed to show semi-quantitatively the compositional variation of garnet-cordierite pairs with varying pressures (T constant).     

Mineralogy of New Caledonian metamorphic rocks

A Cretaceous to low-Tertiary sequence of interbedded pelites, cherts, basic and acidic volcanics and calcareous lenses has been metamorphosed by an Oligocene event. A complete intergradational metamorphic sequence is exposed in the Ouégoa destrict. The following metamorphic zones have been recognised: — (1) lowest-grade rocks consisting of quartz-sericite phyllites and pumpellyite metabasalts (2) lawsonite zone, characterized by the association of lawsonite and albite (3) epidote zone, characterised by epidote-omphacite-sodic hornblendealmandine bearing metabasalts and epidote-albite-almandine-glaucophane bearing metasediments; calcareous metasediments may also carry omphacite. The epidote and lawsonite zones are separated by a narrow belt of transitional rocks. Garnets occur in metasediments throughout the lawsonite zone as rare tiny crystals (<0.03 mm diam.). Garnets first appear in metabasalts in lawsonite-epidote transitional rocks. Garnets are widespread and abundant in epidote-zone metasediments and metabasalts. 45 garnets from rocks representative of all lithologies and metamorphic grades have been analysed with an electron-probe microanalyser. The garnets were consistently zoned. Garnets in lawsonite and low-grade epidote zones show a “bell-type” zoning with cores enriched in Mn relative to Fe and rims enriched in Fe, Mg and frequently Ca. Garnets from high-grade epidote-zone metapelites and metabasalts show, in addition, a shallow oscillatory zoning with complimentary variations in Mn and Fe equivalent to 5 mole- % spessartine and almandine. The Fe-for-Mn substitutional zoning, believed to be caused by a diffusion/saturation effect similar to that of the Rayleigh fractional model (Hollister, 1966), appears to have had superimposed on it the effects of parent-rock chemistry and metamorphic grade which control in a complex manner the composition of the cores and the rims of garnets. Garnets from different rock types and metamorphic grade are compositionally distinct. Garnets from lawsonite-zone rocks, irrespective of parent-rock chemistry appear to be spessartine. Garnets from epidote-zone metaigneous rocks and most metasediments are almandine. Garnets from epidote-zone metasediments with bulk-rock compositions which are manganiferous, or have high oxidation ratios, or both, may be spessartine-rich. Garnets from metabasalts are consistently more pyropic in both core and rim compositions than garnets from pelitic metasediments; the pyrope content of cores and rims of garnets from equivalent rock types and mineral assemblages increases with increasing metamorphic grade. Cores of garnets from epidote-zone pelites are richer in grossular than garnets from lower-grade pelites. The reaction which brings almandine garnet into Ouégoa district blueschist assemblages simultaneously with the replacement of lawsonite by epidote involves components of chlorites and sodic amphiboles and can be represented by the following simplified equation: ferroglaucophane+Fe-rich chlorite+lawsonite → glaucophane+Mg-rich chlorite+epidote+almandine.     

Low-Temperature Eclogites and Eclogitic Schists in Mn-rich Metabasites in Ward Creek, California; Mn and Fe Effects on the Transition between Blueschist and Eclogite

In situ eclogitic schist lenses occur in the coherent low-gradeepidote-zone Ward Creek metabasite unit of the Central Franciscanbelt. They contain almandine garnet, clinopyroxene, and rutile.They have slightly higher Mn content (0–5–1–0wt.%) than the coexisting Type III metabasites (0–12–0–25wt%) which contain epidote + glaucophane + actinolite + chlorite+ omphacite + quartz + sphene ? aragonite? lawsonite ? pumpellyite+ albite. The in situ eclogitic schists (130–140 Ma) canbe distinguished from older tectonic eclogites (150–160Ma) in Ward Creek as follows: (1) they are medium grained, whereasType IV tectonic eclogites are coarse grained; (2) they haveunaltered spessartine-rich idioblastic (0–4–10 mm)garnets, whereas Type IV tectonic eclogites have larger xenoblasticto hypidiomorphic spessartine-poor garnets which were corrodedand chloritized along the rim during retrograde metamorphism;(3) clinopyroxenes are chloromelanite in in situ eclogitic schistsbut omphacite in Type IV tectonic eclogites; (4) barroisiticamphiboles occur both as inclusions in garnets and as matrixminerals in Type IV tectonic eclogites but not in in situ eclogiticschists; (5) albite is present in in situ eclogitic schistsbut not in Type IV tectonic eclogites; and (6) the estimatedP-T condition of in situ eclogitic schists is 290 ?C < T<350 ?C, P = 8–9 kb, whereas that of Ward Creek Type IVtectonic eclogites is 500?C< r<540?C, P< 10–11–5kb. Medium-grained eclogites occur as individual blocks in WardCreek; they are different from Type IV tectonic eclogites butare very similar to in situ eclogitic schists. They have unalteredidioblastic garnet with high almandine and spessartine content(Alm₄₇Sp₂3Gr₂₀Py10), and they have chloromel-anitic clinopyroxeneand quartz but no barroisite. Paragonite is also stable in theseeclogites. The blocks formed at 380 ?C< r<400?C, and 9–5kb<P< 14 kb. They are presumably in situ eclogites formedat the highest-temperature part of the Ward Creek metabasiteunit and may be younger than Type IV tectonic eclogites. Such low-temperature occurrences of eclogitic assemblages aredue to the compositional effect on reactions between blueschistand eclogite that are insensitive to pressure and shift towardslower temperatures as bulk-rock MnO content and X_Fe/(Fe+Mg)increase. The Mn/(Mn + Fe) ratio of bulk rock is an importantfactor in controlling the P-T positions of these reactions attemperatures below 450 ?C, whereas the Fe/(Fe + Mg) ratio ofbulk-rock becomes important at temperatures higher than 450?C.     

Alkali Amphiboles from the Blueschists of Cazadero, California

Alkali amphiboles from Type III and Type IV metamorphic zonesin blueschist facies rocks of Cazadero, California, and fromcomparable New Caledonian rocks have been characterized by X-raycrystallographic, optical, and chemical methods. The compositionof any particular alkali amphibole is strongly controlled bythe bulk composition of the host rock. Within the blueschistfacies, metamorphic zones are not characterized by changes inamphibole composition. All the alkali amphiboles studied hereinbelong to the C2/m space group and complete miscibility betweenglaucophane and riebeckite has been demonstrated for the conditionsprevailing during metamorphism in the Cazadero and New Caledonianblueschists. Linear relationships are found between unit-celldimensions and variations in composition between glaucophaneand riebeckite. The alkali amphiboles of glaucophane compositionsbelong to the high pressure-low temperature series, glaucophaneII-riebeckite. Limited miscibility of actinolite in glaucophanemay be characteristic of blueschist facies metamorphism.     

Petrology and Mineralogy of Eclogite and Garnet Amphibolite from Puerto Cabello, Venezuela

Occurrences of eclogite, eclogite-amphibolite, and garnet amphibolitefrom Puerto Cabello, Venezuela are described. Chemical analysesof thirteen rocks, eight garnets, six clinopyroxenes, and nineamphiboles are presented. Field evidence shows that the eclogitesand associated mafic rocks occur as sheets or lenses conformablewith pelitic and calcareous rocks and have been metamorphosedin situ. The associated country rocks have attained a metamorphicmineral assemblage typical of the epidote-amphibolite facies.The chemical composition of the eclogite and associated rocksis variable but is essentially that of tholeiitic basalt. Clino-pyroxenesfrom the eclogites are omphacites containing 34–51 moleper cent jadeite and the remainder largely diopside; coexistinggarnets contain approximately 50 mole per cent almandine, 24mole per cent pyrope, 25 mole per cent grossular+andradite,and 1 mole per cent spessartine. Determinations for the temperatureof metamorphism of these rocks give approximately 525±50°C. Determinations of total pressure of metamorphism, basedon the jadeite content of omphacite, on glaucophane II, kyanite,and calcite stability fields, and on stratigraphic reconstructionsgive a range of values between 5 and 10 kb with a most probablevalue near 7 kb. These data suggest a moderate geothermal gradientduring metamorphism of approximately 20 °C/km. An evaluationof the role of volatiles during metamorphism indicates thatthe original basalts were converted to eclogites in an environmentclosed to water and carbon dioxide. The field relationshipsat Puerto Cabello demonstrate the general instability of eclogite;the great majority of mafic rocks are amphibolites, garnet amphibolites,and eclogite-amphibolites. Eclogites, sensu stricto, are preservedonly in random ‘dry’ pockets within the stratigraphicsection containing the metabasalts. The transformation of basaltto eclogite to amphibolite is considered to have been a continuousparagenetic sequence during a single pseriod of metamorphism.     

接触交代夕卡岩型矿床中石榴子石和辉石成分特点及其与矿化的关系

本文对中国十四个接触交代钙夕卡岩矿床和钙-镁夕卡岩矿床中的三百多个样品的石榴子石和辉石成分进行了电子探针分析。不同矿床类型的石榴子石和辉石成分代表着钙夕卡岩矿床的十个矿种(Fe、Fe-Cu、Pb-Zn、W、Sn、Sn-Mo-Bi-W、、W-Bi-Cu-Mo、Cu-Zn、Cu-Sn、W-Zn-Cu)和钙-镁夕卡岩矿床的三个矿种(Fe-Cu、Mo、Pb-Zn)。石榴子石和辉石成分变化范围大,大多数石榴子石是含锰铝榴石+铁铝榴石+镁铝榴石小于15％(摩尔百分数)的钙铝榴石-钙铁榴石固溶体;大多数辉石是含小于5％的锰钙辉石的透辉石-钙铁辉石固溶体。有些Pb-Zn钙-镁夕卡岩矿床中的辉石显示出Mn含量有所增加。只有Sn和W钙夕卡岩矿床及Pb-Zn钙-镁夕卡岩矿床含(Sps+Alm+Pyr)总量大于15％的石榴子石。石榴子石和辉石成分与夕卡岩矿床金属矿化类型之间有某些联系。     

Modeling the thermodynamic parameters of six endmember garnets at ambient and high pressures from vibrational data

Raman and infrared spectroscopic data at ambient and high pressures were used to compute the lattice contribution to the heat capacities and entropies of six endmember garnets: pyrope, almandine, spessartine, grossular, andradite and uvarovite. Electronic, configurational and magnetic contributions are obtained from comparing available calorimetric data to the computed lattice contributions. For garnets with entropy in excess of the computed lattice contribution, the overwhelming majority is found in the subambient temperature regime. At room temperature, the non-lattice entropy is approximately 11.5 J/mol-K for pyrope, 49 J/mol-K for almandine, and 19 J/mol-K for andradite. The non-lattice entropy for pyrope and some for almandine cannot be accounted for by magnetic or electronic contributions and is likely to be configurational in nature. Estimates of low temperature non-lattice entropies for both spessartine and uvarovite are made in absence of calorimetric measurements and are based on low temperature calorimetry of other minerals containing the Mn²⁺ and Cr³⁺ cations as well as on solid solution garnets containing these cations. The estimate for uvarovite non-lattice entropy is approximately 18 J/mol-K, while for spessartine, approximately 45 J/mol-K. Neither of these cations is expected to provide electronic contributions to the entropy. For both iron-bearing garnets, a small electronic or magnetic entropy contribution continues above ambient temperatures. High pressure data on pyrope, grossular and andradite permit calculation of the thermodynamic parameters at high pressures, which are important for computation of processes in the Earth’s mantle. Thermal expansion coefficients of these materials were found to be 1.6, 1.5, 1.6×10⁻⁵ K⁻¹ at 298 K, respectively, using a Maxwell relation. These closely match the literature values at ambient conditions.     

库车坳陷三叠系碎屑重矿物成分及其物源属性

库车坳陷三叠系发育良好,出露齐全,主要由陆相碎屑岩组成。本文运用电子探针微区成分分析方法,对库车坳陷北部三叠系砂岩中石榴石、电气石、铬尖晶石进行了矿物化学成分分析。结果显示,碎屑石榴石主要富含铁铝榴石,其次为镁铝榴石、锰铝榴石,钙铝榴石含量较低,他们主要来自于低级-高级变质岩和花岗岩;电气石主要来自于变质沉积岩和花岗岩;铬尖晶石则主要源自岛弧玄武岩、洋岛玄武岩和与俯冲相关的橄榄岩。综合石榴石与电气石研究结果表明,上三叠统碎屑物质更多的来自于高级变质岩和花岗岩,而下三叠统碎屑物质主要源自低级变质岩和花岗岩。通过对比西天山榴辉岩、片麻岩中石榴石成分,本文所研究的高镁石榴石以低钙铝榴石含量与榴辉岩中石榴石相区别,而与片麻岩中石榴石成分相似。西天山榴辉岩在三叠纪时期可能尚未剥露至地表,但片麻岩已有相当范围的出露。上三叠统的碎屑铬尖晶石可能主要来自于中天山及南天山的岛弧岩浆岩及蛇绿岩,部分源自洋岛玄武岩,为南天山为多岛海造山提供了沉积学证据。     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">P-T</Emphasis> conditions of the Jandagh metapelitic schists,Northeastern Isfahan Province,Iran

The metapelitic schists of Jandagh or simply Jandagh metapelites can be divided into four groups based on mineral assemblages: (1) quartz-muscovite schists, (2) quartz-muscovite-biotite schists, (3) garnet-muscovite-chlorite schists, and (4) garnet-muscovite-staurolite schists. The Jandagh garnet-muscovite-chlorite schists show the first appearance of garnets. These garnets contain 58–76% almandine, 1–18% spessartine, and 8–20% grossular. Microprobe analysing across the garnets demonstrates an increase in Mg# from core to rim. This is a feature of the prograde metamorphism of metapelites. Well-preserved garnet growth zoning is a sign that metapelites were rapidly cooled and later metamorphic phases had no effect here. The appearance of staurolite in garnet-muscovite-chlorite schists signifies a beginning of the amphibolite facies. The absence of zoning in staurolite suggests that its formation and growth during prograde metamorphism occurred at a widely spaced isograde. Thermobarometric investigations show that the Jandagh metapelites were formed within a temperature range of 400–670°C and pressures of 2.0–6.5 kbar. These results are in agreement with the mineral paragenetic evidence and show the development of greenschist and amphibolite facies in the area studied.     

High-pressure granulite-facies metagabbros in the Ubendian Belt of SW Tanzania: preliminary petrography and P–T estimates

The Ubende terrane is one of the eight structural blocks constituting the Palaeoproterozoic Ubendian Belt of southwest Tanzania. The Ubende terrane is made up of high-pressure granulite-facies rocks, which occur in association with amphibolites and hornblende gneisses. Preliminary mineralogical studies of the granulite-facies metagabbros indicate that they were derived from rocks, which originally consisted of clinopyroxene and intergranular plagioclase. The mineralogy of these metagabbros consists principally of sodian augite and garnets (50% almandine, 30% pyrope and 20% grossular). Plagioclase, hornblende, quartz, rutile and haematite occur as accessory components. The sodian augite is slightly zoned with Mg content increasing towards the margin and Fe, Al and Na concentrations decrease towards its rim. Thermobarometric calculations indicate that the metagabbros were formed at metamorphic conditions of about 840–900 °C and pressures of 12.2–13.7 kbar. Presence of supersiliceous clinopyroxene (quartz lamellae in clinopyroxene) and decompositional textures suggest that these granulite-facies metagabbros might be retrogressed eclogites.     

Petrology of some Glaucophane Schists and Related Rocks from Taiwan

Detailed laboratory study has been made on pre-Tertiary coarse-grainedglaucophane schist, garnet-epidote amphibolite, and epidoteamphibolite in the eastern slope of the Central Mountain Range,Taiwan. These petrotectonic assemblages are considered to beexotic tectonic blocks emplaced within the feebly metamorphosedin situ graphite and quartzose schists of the Yuli belt. Thinlenses of Mn-rich metamorphosed tuff are intercalated withinthe metabasaltic rocks. Such high MnO (2 wt. per cent) and lowMgO (3–4 wt. per cent) tuffaceous rocks are similar inbulk composition to some volcanic clays collected in deep oceanbasins. They consist of the characteristic assemblage Mn-bearinggarnet (5–7 wt. per cent MnO and 30 volume per cent inthe rock)+muscovite+epidote+hornblende+quartz+ albite+rutile?pyrite. Successive stages of conversion of garnet-epidote amphiboliteto blueschist assemblages were noticed. The most recrystallizedschists display abundant Mn-bearing garnet, zoned amphibole,phengite, zoned epidote, stilpnomelane, chlorite, quartz, minoralbite, magnetite, and sphene. The recrystallization processis nearly isochemical except the glaucophane schists appearto be more oxidized and contain more Na₂O than the relict amphibolites.Intimately associated amphibolites of basaltic composition,in contrast, contain the assemblage hornblende+paragonite+epidote+chlorite+quartz+albite+rutile. Microprobe analyses of the coexisting minerals in glaucophaneschists, garnet-epidote amphibolites and epidote amphibolitesyield the following results: (1) garnets, consisting of almandine,spessartine, and grossular components, are less Mn and Mg-richcompared to those in in situ metabasalts of the Franciscan;(2) rim epidotes of the glaucophane schists are more pistastic(X_Fe=0?27–0?30) than that of the garnet-epidote amphibolite(0?2–0?22) implying higher fO₂ values for the glaucophanization;(3) phengitic micas of the glaucophane schist have less Al₂O₃content (29 wt. per cent) than those of the garnet-epidote amphibolite(32 wt. per cent) whereas micas of epidote amphibolites areparagonites with K/(K+Na) ratio of 0?04; (4) the zoned amphibolesshow glaucophane occurring marginal to cores of calcic amphibole.Sodic amphiboles with Al₂O₃ of 6-? to 10?4 wt. per cent arecrossite-glaucophane whereas all calcic amphiboles analyzedare barroisite-pargasite (Al₂O₃ greater than 10 wt. per cent). The garnet-epidote-rutile bearing glaucophane schist of Taiwanprobably recrystallized at temperatures above 350 ?C (the epidotezone) whereas the lawsonite-sphene glaucophane schists of theFranciscan equilibrated below 350 ?C (the lawsonite zone). TheMn-rich basaltic tuffs and their associated flows appear tohave been metamorphosed at profound depths and at the relativelyhigh temperatures of the epidote amphibolite facies, succeededlater by glaucophane schist facies metamorphism at lower temperatures.     

Simulation of thermodynamic mixing properties of garnet solid solutions at high temperatures and pressures

We present results of high temperature, high pressure atomistic simulations aimed at determining the thermodynamic mixing properties of key binary garnet solid solutions. Computations cover the pressure range 0–15 GPa and the temperature range 0–2000 K. Through a combination of Monte-Carlo and lattice-dynamics calculations, we derive thermodynamic mixing properties for garnets with compositions along the pyrope–almandine and pyrope–grossular joins, and compare these with existing experimental data. Across the pressure–temperature range considered, simulations show virtually ideal mixing behaviour in garnet on the pyrope–almandine join, while large excess volumes and enthalpies of mixing are predicted for garnet along the pyrope–grossular join. Excess heat capacities and entropies are also examined. These simulations shed additional light on the link between the behaviour at the atomic level and macroscopic thermodynamic properties: we illustrate the importance of certain atomistic Ca–Mg contacts in the pyrope–grossular solid solutions. For simulation techniques of this type to become sufficiently accurate for direct use in geological applications such as geothermobarometry, there is an urgent need for improved experimental determinations of several key quantities, such as the enthalpies of mixing along both joins.     

Origin of garnet phenocrysts in calc-alkaline rocks

A large number of garnet phenocrysts from Palaeozoic rhyodacites and granodiorite porphyrites from Central and Northeastern Victoria have been analyzed using the electron microprobe. These garnets, from an area of several thousand square miles, are very uniform in composition (dominantly almandine, with subordinate pyrope and minor grossular and spessartine). They show minor zoning with a very thin outer rim slightly richer in almandine and spessartine than the remainder of the phenocryst. They are surrounded by a complex intergrowth of cordierite and hypersthene forming a reaction rim. Resorbed quartz phenocrysts are typically associated with the garnet phenocrysts. The uniform composition, the conspicuous size and the subhedral-euhedral form of the garnet phenocrysts indicate that they crystallized directly from the acid calc-alkaline magma at an early stage of its crystallization. High pressure experimental work on a natural garnet-bearing rhyodacite glass demonstrates that almandine-rich garnet and quartz are near-liquidus phases at 18 and 27 kb , but garnet does not appear until well below the liquidus at 9 kb. A comparison of the composition of the experimentally crystallized garnets with the natural garnets suggests that these acid calc-alkaline magmas began to crystallize at pressures between 9 and 18 kb, i.e. at depths corresponding to the lower crust or upper mantle.     

Formation and mineral chemistry of a calcic skarn from Al-Madhiq, SW Saudi Arabia

A newly identified skarn occurrence is described from the Neoproterozoic rocks of the SW Arabian shield. It is exposed to the SE, E and NE of the Al-Madhiq town. The skarn attributes correspond to those typical of the calcic skarns that host W-deposits. It is characterized as an exoskarn of the proximal type, related to a granitoid contact close to an impure quartzite bed within the regional metamorphic rocks of mixed sedimentary and volcanic derivation. The skarn is localized along a shear zone parallel to the regional faults and other major shear zones. Samples from the studied area contain characteristic skarn minerals that include both the prograde (brownish red grossular, ferrosalite, aluminian titanite-grothite, albite-oligoclase, scapolite), and retrograde (epidote, quartz, hornblende, calcite) assemblages. The pyroxenes are ferrosalites, Mn-bearing, and more like those from “oxidized” skarns; although garnets indicate it to be a “reduced” type skarn. Epidote mimicks that from typical skarns, as it bears a pistacite content of 15.9–20.7%. Grossular composition reflects a largely reduced genetic environment; as it is in solid solution with 6.5–21.6% andradite, 0–0.15% uvarovite, 0–0.47% pyrope, 4.33–18.75% almandine, and 0.4–8.58% spessartine molecules. Titanite composition varies from aluminian titanite to grothite, that may be analogous to the newly described Al-rich titanite from the low-pressure calc-silicate rocks.     

The genetic significance of almandine-pyrope phenocrysts in the calc-alkaline Borrowdale Volcanic Group,Northern England

A suite of garnet-bearing andesites and dacites from the Ordovician of N. W. England is described and major- and trace-element analyses of the garnet phenocrysts are presented. The garnets are of almandine-pyrope composition, with minor amounts of spessartine and grossular, and often show marked reversed zoning; the crystal becoming progressively enriched in pyrope towards the margin. Garnets from the dacites are consistently richer in almandine and spessartine than are those from the andesites.From a consideration of the chemistry of the garnet phenocrysts and host rocks, especially La and Y abundances, it is shown that garnet could not have been removed from the magma in quantities sufficient to affect the liquid composition. Consequently the magma must have evolved by some process other than crystal fractionation. It is proposed that the magma was generated by the partial melting of oceanic crust along an ancient Benioff zone, stored at depth (possibly at the crust/mantle interface) long enough for garnet to nucleate, and then transferred rapidly to the surface. Isobaric crystallisation of the garnet phenocrysts at depth could explain the reversed zoning observed.     

Compositional characteristics of garnets and pyroxenes in contact-metasomatic skarn deposits and their relationship with metallization

The compositions of more than 300 granets and pyroxenes from 14 contact-metasomatic calcic skarn deposits and calcic-magnesia skarn skarn deposits in China have been examined using electron microprobe technique. The compositions of garnets and pyroxenes from a wide variety of ore types represent ten major classes of calcic skarn deposits (Fe, Fe-Cu, Pb-Zn,W, Sn, Sn-Mo-Bi-W, W-Bi-Cu-Mo, Cu-Zn and W-Zn-Cu) and three major classes of calcic-magnesia skarn deposits (Fe-Cu, Mo, Pb-Zn). Garnets and pyroxenes show a wide range of variation in composition, but the majority of garnets are grossular-andradite solid solutions containing less than 15 mol% (spessartine + almandine + pyrope), whereas most pyroxenes are diopside-hedenbergite solid solutions containing less than 5 mol% johannesenile. Some pyroxenes from a Pb-Zn calcic-magnesia skarn deposit display an increase in Mn content. Only Sn-W calcic skarn deposits and Pb-Zn calcic-magnesia skarn deposits contain garnets with more than 15 mol% (spessartine + almandine + pyrope). Some relationships have been established between the compositions of garnets and pyroxenes and the metallization types of economically important metals in skarn deposits.     

Mineral Assemblages of Amphibolites Associated with Alpine-Type Ultramafics in the Dinaride Ophiolite Zone (Yugoslavia)

Amphibolites are frequently and characteristically associatedwith alpine-type ultramafics within ophiolite zones of differentgeological ages. Ultramafics of the Dinaridic ophiolite zoneare predominantly lherzolite, and are associated with differentvarieties of gabbro, dolerite, diabase, spilite, and amphibolite.Amphibolites commonly form narrow, interrupted zones aroundlarger ultramafic massifs, and, in some areas, they exceed theultramafics in size. All these rocks are members of the Jurassic(?)volcanic-sedimentary complex (‘Diabas-Hornstein Formation’)consisting predominantly of graywacke type sandstone and shale. The amphibolites characteristically have crystalloblastic texturesand are commonly banded and foliated, which distinguishes themfrom associated gabbros and dolerites. Different kinds and varietiesof metamorphic rocks can be found within the Dinaridic amphibolitecomplexes: amphibolite schists containing plagioclase, pyroxeniteschists containing diopside and plagioclase, monomineralic amphiboleschists, and eclogites. Samples of each of these rock typeswere collected from several localities and monomineralic fractionsof amphiboles, plagioclases, garnets, and clinopyroxenes wereseparated and examined in detail. Amphiboles range from kaersutite, pargasite, and edenite throughtransitional varieties enriched in tschermakite and ‘common’hornblende molecules. Plagioclase varies from anorthite to sodicoligoclase. Associated garnets are enriched either in pyropeor in almandine. Clinopyroxene is hedenbergitic diopside withabout 10–20 per cent of jadeite molecule and hypersthenecontains about 40 per cent FeSiO₃. Variations in mineral composition of the amphibolites demonstratestheir metamorphic origin. Although there is a continuous changein chemical composition, three mineral assemblages can be distinguished.Data from experimental petrology indicate that the amphibolitesassociated with alpine-type ultramafics can be stable underupper mantle PT conditions.     

Petrology of very-high-pressure eclogitic rocks from the Brossasco-Isasca Complex, Dora-Maira Massif, Italian Western Alps

Petrographical and mineral chemical data are given for the eclogites which occur in the garnet-kyanite micaschists of the Penninic Dora-Maira Massif between Brossasco, Isasca and Martiniana (Italian Western Alps) and for a sodic whiteschist associated with the pyrope-coesite whiteschists of Martiniana. The Brossasco-Isasca (BI) eclogites are fine grained, foliated and often mica-rich rocks with a strong preferred orientation of omphacite crystals and white micas. Porphyroblasts of hornblende are common in some varieties, whilst zoisite and kyanite occur occasionally in pale green varieties associated with leucocratic layers with quartz, jadeite and garnet. These features differentiate the BI eclogites from the eclogites that occur in other continental units of the Western Alps, which all belong to type C. Garnet, sodic pyroxene and glaucophane are the major minerals in the sodic whiteschist. Sodic pyroxene in the eclogites is an omphacite often close to Jd₅₀Di₅₀, with very little acmite and virtually no Al^IV, and impure jadeite in the leucocratic layers and in the sodic whiteschist. Garnet is almandine with 20–30 mol. % for each of the pyrope and grossular components in the eclogites and a pyrope-rich variety in the sodic whiteschist. White mica is a variably substituted phengite, and paragonite apparently only occurs as a replacement product of kyanite. Amphibole is hornblende in the eclogites, but the most magnesian glaucophane yet described in the sodic whiteschist. Quartz pseudomorphs of coesite were found occasionally in a few pyroxenes and garnets. The P-T conditions during the VHP event are constrained in the eclogites by reactions which define a field ranging from 27–28 kbar to 35 kbar and from 680 to 750° C. These temperatures are consistent with the results of garnet-pyroxene and garnet-phengite geothermometry which suggest that the eclogites may have equilibrated at around 700° C. In the sodic whiteschist pressures ranging from 29 to 35 kbar can be deduced from the stability of the jadeite-pyrope garnet-glaucophane compatibility. As in the eclogites water activity must have been low. Such conditions are close to the P-T values estimated for the early Alpine recrystallization of the pyrope-coesite rock and, like petrographical and mineralogical features, set aside the BI eclogites from the other eclogites of the Western Alps, instead indicating a close similarity to some of the eclogite bodies occurring in the Adula nappe of the Central Alps. An important corollary is that glaucophane stability, at least in Na- and Mg-rich compositions and under very high pressures, may extend up to 700° C, in agreement with the HT stability limit suggested by experimental studies.     

Calculated phase equilibria for MORB compositions: a reappraisal of the metamorphic evolution of lawsonite eclogite

Pseudosections calculated with thermocalc predict that lawsonite‐bearing assemblages, including lawsonite eclogite, will be common for subducted oceanic crust that experiences cool, fluid‐saturated conditions. For glaucophane–lawsonite eclogite facies conditions (500–600 °C and 18–28 kbar), MORB compositions are predicted in the NCKMnFMASHO system to contain glaucophane, garnet, omphacite, lawsonite, phengite and quartz, with chlorite at lower temperature and talc at higher temperature. In these assemblages, the pyrope content in garnet is mostly controlled by variations in temperature, and grossular content is strongly controlled by pressure. The silica content in phengite increases linearly with pressure. As the P–T conditions for these given isopleths are only subtly affected by common variations in bulk‐rock compositions, the P–T pseudosections potentially present a robust geothermobarometric method for natural glaucophane‐bearing eclogites. Thermobarometric results recovered both by isopleth and conventional approaches indicate that most natural glaucophane–lawsonite eclogites (Type‐L) and glaucophane–epidote eclogites (Type‐E) record similar peak P–T conditions within the lawsonite stability field. Decompression from conditions appropriate for lawsonite stability should result in epidote‐bearing assemblages through dehydration reactions controlled by lawsonite + omphacite = glaucophane + epidote + H₂O. Lawsonite and omphacite breakdown will be accompanied by the release of a large amount of bound fluid, such that eclogite assemblages are variably recrystallized to glaucophane‐rich blueschist. Calculated pseudosections indicate that eclogite assemblages form most readily in Ca‐rich rocks and blueschist assemblages most readily in Ca‐poor rocks. This distinction in bulk‐rock composition can account for the co‐existence of low‐T eclogite and blueschist in high‐pressure terranes.     

苏北榴辉岩成因类型及其形成条件

苏北榴辉岩至少存在高压壳源型（Ｈ型）、超高压壳源型（Ｕ型）和幔源型（Ｍ型）三类。其中Ｈ型榴辉岩的石榴石为铁铝榴石,具正环带结构,单斜辉石属低硬玉绿辉石,主要形成于晋宁期低温高压变质条件下的下地壳;Ｕ型榴辉岩含微粒金刚石（？）、柯石英及其假象等,发育放射状胀裂结构和正、反环带结构,石榴石为钙铝榴石,单斜辉石属高硬玉绿辉石,主要形成于印支期高温超高压变质条件下的上地幔;Ｍ型榴辉岩的石榴石属镁铝榴石,形成于晋宁期高温超高压条件下的岩石圈与软流圈交界附近。