玉林夏季高温天气气候特征与环流形势分析

利用近50年（1961～2010年）广西玉林站的气温、风、相对湿度、日照等地面观测资料及历史天气图、NCEP／NCAR再分析资料,统计分析了玉林夏季高温天气的气候特征并探讨出现高温天气的大气环流形势。结果表明：（1）玉林高温天气主要出现在6-9月,3d以上的持续高温主要出现在7～8月,且高温日数的年际差异很大。玉林高温...     

伊春气温因子的时空变化特征

选取伊春市1971-2010年的气温观测资料,进行气温因子的时空变化特征分析.结果表明,伊春近40a的年平均气温呈明显的上升趋势,平均上升0.39 ℃/10 a.1971-1987年处于偏冷期,1988-2010年为增暖期,气温增幅明显.伊春近40a的高温天气日数呈上升趋势,低温天气日数呈显著下降趋势.年平均气温逐年代上升,幅度较大,71-80年代气温非常寒冷,近代变暖显著.     

乌兰浩特市高温灾害天气评估方法研究

利用乌兰浩特市1951-2009年5-8月逐日最高气温资料,统计分析了乌兰浩特市高温天气的分布特征,并根据各月高温日数、持续时间、危害高温日数和强危害高温日数等指标,设置了月高温状况的异常指数,从气象角度建立了乌兰浩特市逐月高温评估方法,经过分析排序,揭示了乌兰浩特市“5a一遇”至“60a一遇”的年际高温灾害性天气分布情况,同时利用该方法对新出现的2010年6月高温天气进行了评估,结果显示:2010年6月的高温过程属于“20a一遇”的高温事件,这表明该方法对城市单站逐月高温状况影响评估具有应用价值.     

2021年6-9月广西异常高温成因分析

2021年6-9月广西经历了1951年以来最高的月平均气温,大范围高温天气频发.利用1961-2021年广西国家地面气象观测站日平均气温和日最高气温观测资料、1991-2021年ERA5再分析资料和西太平洋副热带高压指数资料,对此次广西异常高温的特征和成因进行了研究分析.结果 表明,气候变暖是导致此次高温事件的重要气候背景,西太平洋副热带高压异常偏强位置偏西偏北、中纬度西风带扰动影响偏北以及热带气旋影响偏弱是造成广西气温异常偏高的主要原因.     

昆山50a最高气温变化特征

利用1961-2010年昆山逐日最高气温资料,采用趋势分析、滑动平均、小波变换等方法,分析了昆山市50a平均最高气温的变化特征,以及高温天气的气候特征.结果表明:昆山年平均最高气温整体呈振荡上升趋势,1980s后期开始上升趋势显著.50a的年平均最高气温存在着24 a、15 a、10 a左右的年代际变化周期以及4 a的年际变化周期.高温总日数从1990s起明显增多,21世纪以来高温总日数进一步增加.高温初日呈现逐渐偏早的趋势,终日呈现“晚—早—晚”的趋势,高温时间逐渐延长.高温过程发生在6月下旬至9月上旬,各级高温过程数都以7月最多,8月次之,21世纪前10年高温过程数最多.     

昆山50a最高气温变化特征

利用1961—2010年昆山逐日最高气温资料,采用趋势分析、滑动平均、小波变换等方法,分析了昆山市50a平均最高气温的变化特征,以及高温天气的气候特征。结果表明:昆山年平均最高气温整体呈振荡上升趋势,1980s后期开始上升趋势显著。50a的年平均最高气温存在着24 a、15 a、10 a左右的年代际变化周期以及4 a的年际变化周期。高温总日数从1990s起明显增多,21世纪以来高温总日数进一步增加。高温初日呈现逐渐偏早的趋势,终日呈现"晚—早—晚"的趋势,高温时间逐渐延长。高温过程发生在6月下旬至9月上旬,各级高温过程数都以7月最多,8月次之,21世纪前10年高温过程数最多。     

近56a柳州高温天气的气候特征及类型分析

基于1961-2016年的逐日极端最高气温资料和2010-2016年的Micaps实况观测资料,采用线性倾向估计和小波分析等方法,对柳州近56a的高温天气气候特征进行统计分析,并对2010-2016年的所有高温天气样本进行天气形势分型统计,得出如下结论:(1)柳州每年均有高温天气出现,高温天气最早开始于4月上旬末,最晚结束于10月中旬,平均年高温日数为40.4d,近56a柳州的年高温日数总体呈线性增加趋势,每10年约增加3d左右;(2)柳州高温天气的月际分布呈单峰型,4月份开始有高温天气出现,7月和8月是一年中高温天气最多的两个月份,11月至翌年3月柳州没有出现过高温天气;(3)近56a柳州的年高温日数以25年为周期的低频振荡最为显著,并在1970年代以后存在一个10~12a为周期的次低频振荡,而在2000年代以前存在一个4~5a短周期的高频振荡;(4)柳州的高温天气形势主要有副高环流型、台风外围型、副高环流+台风外围型、500百帕反气旋型、500百帕槽后脊前型、地面暖低压型等7种类型。     

广西高温灾害致灾因子时空分布特征分析

利用1978—2020年广西91个国家气象观测站和有温度观测的1598个区域气象观测站资料,分析了高温日数、高温过程次数、极端最高气温、高温过程平均和最长持续时间、高温过程平均最高气温等高温致灾因子的时空分布特征。结果表明,广西全区年均高温日数19 d,高温过程次数为4次,平均持续时间为6 d,年高温日数、过程发生次数平均每10 a以2.6 d、0.8次的速率显著增多。极端最高气温较高值主要集中分布在桂西、桂北的平原地区,部分地区在40℃以上,中部、沿海地区及海拔较高的山区较低;年高温过程次数桂北和桂中山区、桂东南及沿海地区比其他地区少;高温过程平均最高气温桂西比桂东高,河谷地区比平原高,平原比沿海高。在全球气候变暖的背景下,广西高温灾害天气过程具有范围广、持续时间长、极端性强等特点,主要是由于副热带高压、热带气旋、西南热低压等天气系统影响造成的,大气环流异常则是造成高温极端性强的主要原因。     

龙川县近50年气温变化的特征分析

根据龙川县气象站1961—2010年气温资料,利用线性回归方程、Mann-Kendall突变检验等方法分析龙川县近50年气温变化特征,结果表明:龙川县气温变化呈上升趋势,气候倾向率为0.020 6℃/年;四季度气温都有不同程度的上升趋势,下半年气温上升趋势大于上半年;极端高温天气日数呈现上升趋势,极端低温天气日数呈现下降趋势,极端低温日数下降趋势明显大于极端高温日数上升趋势。     

鲁中地区极端高温变化特征分析

基于1966—2015年鲁中地区8个气象站日最高气温、日最低气温和相对湿度气象观测资料,利用年最高气温、高温日数、极端高温日数、暖夜日数、炎热日数和高温热浪日数等指数,研究其极端高温天气变化特征。结果表明:鲁中地区近50 a年最高气温随时间变化呈增加趋势,1990年后增加趋势明显,有6 a左右的主要变化周期,主要空间变化规律一致;极端高温天气呈增强趋势,尤其在1990年以后,年炎热日数和轻度高温热浪日数最多出现在1994年,年高温日数最多出现在1997年,年极端高温、暖夜日数和重度高温热浪日数均出现在2005年;中部地区发生极端高温天气频率高,南部山区发生频率低。     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Retrieval of outgoing longwave radiation from COMS narrowband infrared imagery

Hourly outgoing longwave radiation(OLR) from the geostationary satellite Communication Oceanography Meteorological Satellite(COMS) has been retrieved since June 2010. The COMS OLR retrieval algorithms are based on regression analyses of radiative transfer simulations for spectral functions of COMS infrared channels. This study documents the accuracies of OLRs for future climate applications by making an intercomparison of four OLRs from one single-channel algorithm(OLR12.0using the 12.0 μm channel) and three multiple-channel algorithms(OLR10.8+12.0using the 10.8 and 12.0 μm channels; OLR6.7+10.8using the 6.7 and 10.8 μm channels; and OLR All using the 6.7, 10.8, and 12.0 μm channels). The COMS OLRs from these algorithms were validated with direct measurements of OLR from a broadband radiometer of the Clouds and Earth's Radiant Energy System(CERES) over the full COMS field of view [roughly(50°S–50°N, 70°–170°E)] during April 2011.Validation results show that the root-mean-square errors of COMS OLRs are 5–7 W m-2, which indicates good agreement with CERES OLR over the vast domain. OLR6.7+10.8and OLR All have much smaller errors(～ 6 W m-2) than OLR12.0and OLR10.8+12.0(～ 8 W m-2). Moreover, the small errors of OLR6.7+10.8and OLR All are systematic and can be readily reduced through additional mean bias correction and/or radiance calibration. These results indicate a noteworthy role of the6.7 μm water vapor absorption channel in improving the accuracy of the OLRs. The dependence of the accuracy of COMS OLRs on various surface, atmospheric, and observational conditions is also discussed.