黄龙与黄石钙华微生物沉积作用比较研究

本文通过调查黄龙风景区水体的环境地质特征与微生物群落结构及多样性,并与黄石公园对比分析,探讨了两种特殊地理环境下的微生物群落结构和多样性及其对钙华沉积的影响。结果表明:黄龙沟泉水属于地下冷泉,且景区内覆盖着大量植被,水体中有大量藻类和细菌;黄石公园猛犸象温泉区泉水属于地下热泉,植被覆盖率很低,泉水中微生物多为嗜热菌,藻类较少。黄龙与黄石钙华主要由方解石组成并且微生物参与了钙华的形成过程。微生物对钙华沉积的作用,主要分为模板作用、产物诱导作用和代谢调控作用,对比探讨了特殊地质环境下的微生物对钙华沉积的贡献,指出微生物沉积作用在钙华沉积过程中的重要性,可为黄龙钙华“黑化”防治提供理论依据。      

基于微岩相分析的藻类在钙华沉积中的作用研究——以四川黄龙为例

在地表环境下,钙华沉积常常是物理化学和生物沉积过程共同作用的结果。藻类因其在钙华沉积环境中具有较大的生物量及其自身拥有多样的代谢方式,对钙华沉积过程和形态具有重要影响。本研究以四川黄龙钙华为例,通过对典型沉积点的水化学、藻类群落组成和现代钙华微岩相结构进行综合分析,来揭示藻类在钙华沉积中的作用。研究发现,黄龙钙华沉积环境中分布的藻类主要包括蓝藻、绿藻和硅藻等。这些藻类代谢活动会在一定程度上改变沉积水体水化学环境,但在快速流动的水体中,其影响有限。不同藻类群落常常形成几百微米至1~2 mm厚的微生物席或生物膜层,作为碳酸钙沉积发生的重要场所,即钙华沉积活动层。在该活动层内,藻体及其分泌的胞外聚合物（EPS）能够为碳酸钙晶体生长提供大量成核位点和生长模板,从而极大地促进钙华沉积。同时,EPS可以控制或影响碳酸钙结晶形态及钙华微岩相结构。准确认识和量化藻类在钙华沉积中的作用还需要继续开展更多微观尺度方面的研究,以便更好地理解钙华沉积机制,并为准确解译古老钙华岩相结构和地球化学特征奠定基础,同时为预测钙华景观演化和保育提供更多科学依据。      

四川黄龙钙华藻类及其生物岩溶作用

从探索黄龙钙华的生物成因角度出发,对黄龙钙华藻类进行了采集、鉴定和分析,并对钙华藻类的生物岩溶作用做了初步探讨。研究得出黄龙钙华藻类分属于4门19属86种,优势种属为Tolypothrix属、Gloeocapsa属和Cymbella属。黄龙景区不同环境区域的优势藻类有所不同,藻类参与的碳酸盐沉积在不同岩溶景观中所起作用也有所差异。其中蓝藻参与的碳酸盐沉积主要表现于黄龙钙华坝景观的形成过程中,由硅藻参与碳酸盐沉积主要表现于斜坡滩华景观的形成过程中。藻类既能在钙华形成过程中发挥作用,藻类的生长也能侵蚀破坏钙华景观,在长期缺乏岩溶水补给的条件下,藻类对钙华景观的破坏性尤为突出。      

英国约克郡( Yo rkshire Dale)国家公园钙华苔藓植物群落研究

报道英国约克郡国家公园5个钙华沉积地点苔藓植物群落调查结果。该区域钙华苔藓群落共13个,由12科15属18种组成。区系地理成分由北温带和世界广布两种成分组成;生活型以垫状矮丛集型和交织型占优势。根据钙华沉积环境特征,划分Cron钙华苔藓群落、洞穴钙华苔藓群落、瀑华苔藓群落、峭壁钙华苔藓群落和泉华苔藓群落等5种类型。调查结果表明,研究区现代苔藓植物群落钙华沉积作用十分显著。      

雪宝顶流域黄龙彩池新生钙华生物沉积特性

为探究钙华沉积的生物特性,以雪宝顶流域黄龙景区的五彩池和争艳彩池为研究对象,采集和分析研究点藻类的优势种类,利用傅里叶变换红外光谱仪和高效液相色谱确定优势藻胞外产物的主要组成和含量,并采用X射线荧光光谱仪、X射线衍射光谱仪、傅里叶变换红外光谱仪和扫描电子显微镜分析其新生钙华的元素组成、物相结构和微观形貌。结果表明:五彩池和争艳彩池的优势藻类分别是黄藻门（Xanthophyceae）和硅藻门（Bacillariophyta）,藻类的胞外产物主要为蛋白质、多糖和有机酸;新生钙华以方解石为主,表面含羧基、甲基、醛基等基团;与无藻类参与的钙华沉积物对比,新生钙华晶体无特定形状,并出现溶蚀及穿孔现象。藻类及其胞外产物参与钙华沉积过程,调控钙华晶体微观形貌。      

雪宝顶区块流域钙华形成的生物作用研究

钙华不仅具有重要的景观旅游价值,而且对确定区内碳酸盐沉积特征、环境演化规律及同期环境生物的作用与贡献有重要的研究意义.本文在对比国内外典型钙华特征的基础上,以黄龙和九寨沟为例,对雪宝顶区块流域内钙华的沉积特征、环境化学与生物作用进行阐述,指出了雪宝顶区块流域冷水型钙华的形成与演化是化学沉积-溶解作用、生物沉积与溶蚀作用...     

钙华洞穴的形成与保护

钙华洞穴是由钙华或钙华与碳酸盐岩共同形成的封闭或半封闭的空间。按成因,钙华洞穴可分为沉淀型(建造型)和岩溶型(改造型)两种类型。沉淀型钙华洞穴是钙化瀑布发育过程中的产物,是由于水量的分异和流态的变化造成不同位置上CaCO3 沉积量的差异而出现洞穴空间雏型并经进一步发展形成;岩溶型钙华洞穴则是钙华体在溶蚀过程中伴有不同程度的塌陷和再造所致。钙华洞穴小巧玲珑,景观精美奇特,具有较高的观赏性,但由于钙华洞穴的顶板较薄,使其具有较多的不稳定性。另外,洞内的次生碳酸钙形态极易被污染破坏。因此在开发利用时,应对钙华洞穴的稳定性进行科学评价,并加强洞穴生态环境的保护和监测工作。      

钙华生物沉积作用研究进展与展望

弄清钙华生物沉积作用有助于更好地理解钙华微岩相结构和地球化学特征的气候环境指示意义。总结和综述了与钙华沉积相关的生物群落、生物成因钙华微岩相结构、钙华生物沉积作用过程及其对钙华地球化学特征影响的研究进展,并展望了未来的研究重点。细菌、藻类和苔藓等广泛参与到钙华沉积中,形成了许多不同类型的孔隙结构、晶体结构和纹层结构。生物沉积过程主要包括:①生物生长扰动水流使得CO2逸出;②代谢作用(如光合作用)过程诱导碳酸钙沉积;③"表面控制"过程影响晶体成核及生长。生物沉积作用驱动了元素的迁移转化,对沉积水体和钙华地球化学特征具有重要影响。钙华在地球生物学研究中具有重要潜力,未来需要加强现代钙华沉积中的物理化学和生物过程相互作用机制及其各自贡献的量化研究,以便准确地解译钙华沉积记录。     

An Analysis of Travertine Landscape Degradation in Huanglong Ravine of Sichuan, A World's Heritage Site, and Its Causes and Protection Countermesures

近年来,随着游客人数的逐年增长,黄龙国家级风景名胜区钙华景观出现了明显的退化现象,主要表现为地表水量减少,钙华彩池干枯、钙华沉积速率变慢以及水生藻类加速生长3个方面.为了阐明上述退化现象是源于旅游等人为活动因素影响还是自然因素变化所致,我们首先对比分析了近年来景区上、下游泉水流量变化,结果发现,地表水量的减少是源于地表水向地下渗漏量的增加;考虑到近年来景区内外工程活动的增强以及钙华沉积速率的减缓,这种渗透性的增强很可能来自工程的爆破震动以及钙华沉积速率减缓所导致的钙华致密性下降.同时,在对黄龙溪流水化学测试分析后发现,旅游活动在很大程度上影响了黄龙风景区水质进而影响了水生藻类生长以及钙华沉积速率.因此,我们推测,黄龙钙华景观的退化,在一定程度上可能应归结为人类活动的影响.     

世界遗产——四川黄龙钙华景观退化现象、原因及保护对策分析

近年来, 随着游客人数的逐年增长, 黄龙国家级风景名胜区钙华景观出现了明显的退化现象, 主要表现为地表水量减少, 钙华彩池干枯、钙华沉积速率变慢以及水生藻类加速生长3个方面。为了阐明上述退化现象是源于旅游等人为活动因素影响还是自然因素变化所致, 我们首先对比分析了近年来景区上、下游泉水流量变化, 结果发现, 地表水量的减少是源于地表水向地下渗漏量的增加; 考虑到近年来景区内外工程活动的增强以及钙华沉积速率的减缓, 这种渗透性的增强很可能来自工程的爆破震动以及钙华沉积速率减缓所导致的钙华致密性下降。同时, 在对黄龙溪流水化学测试分析后发现, 旅游活动在很大程度上影响了黄龙风景区水质进而影响了水生藻类生长以及钙华沉积速率。因此, 我们推测, 黄龙钙华景观的退化, 在一定程度上可能应归结为人类活动的影响。     

石灰华扇(Tufa Fan)沉积物中的微型生物多样性

为了探索石灰华扇沉积物中微型生物多样性特征, 作者2006年7～9月对贵州中部马脚冲瀑布石灰华扇进行了野外生态学调查,釆集样品和标本50份。经室内初步分析和鉴定, 该瀑布石灰华扇中含有4大微型生物多样性类群共25个物种,它们是蓝细菌(Cyanobacteria)1个种,原生动物(Protozoan) 16个种,绿藻(Green algae) 1个种,硅藻(Diatoms)7个种。此外,石灰华扇中还发现了苔藓植物(Bryophytes)6个种。石灰华扇沉积物的形成,是微型生物多样性-石灰华扇沉积相互作用的地质生态学结果。     

四川九寨沟景区钙华起源初探

九寨沟风景区以绝美的景色闻名于世。钙华作为其独特景观的重要构成要素,有着重要的观赏价值和研究价值。为了弄清九寨沟钙华的起源,特别是CO2的来源,对九寨沟主要水体的水化学和碳氢氧同位素以及现代钙华的碳同位素进行了取样分析。结果发现:(1)九寨沟水体来源于大气降水的补给;(2)水体中碳酸氢根离子和钙离子浓度较低,主要来源于土壤CO2对碳酸盐岩的溶解;(3)根据碳的来源分类,九寨沟钙华应为大气成因类钙华(或表生钙华);(4)九寨沟珍珠滩钙华与碳酸氢根间较大的碳同位素分馏表明,此处生长的藻类对钙华的形成可能有重要作用。      

Water Self-Softening Processes at Waterfall Sites

Many rivers in tropical and subtropical karst regions are supersaturated with respect to CaCO3 and have high water hardness. After flowing through waterfall sites, river water is usually softened, accompanied by tufa formation, which is simply described as a result of water turbulence in fast-flowing water. In this paper, a series of laboratory experiments are designed to simulate the hydrological conditions at waterfall sites. The influences of air-water interface, water flow velocity, aeration and solid-water interface on water softening are compared and evaluated on a quantitative basis. The results show that the enhanced inorganic CO2 outgassing due to sudden hydrological changes occurring at waterfall sites is the principal cause of water softening at waterfall sites. Both air-water interface area and water flow velocity increase as a result of the "aeration effect", "low pressure effect" and "jet-flow effect" at waterfall sites, which greatly accelerates CO2 outgassing and therefore makes natural w     

琵琶潭瀑布岩溶沉积物生物多样性研究

为了探索瀑布岩溶沉积物中生物多样特征, 2006年12月对贵阳市琵琶潭瀑布岩溶沉积环境进行了野外生态学调查,采集样品和标本25份。经室内初步分析和鉴定, 该瀑布岩溶沉积物中含有5大生物多样性类群共33个物种,它们是蓝细菌( Cya no bacteria) 2个种,原生动物( Pr oto zoan) 12个种,绿藻( Green algae ) 1个种,硅藻( Dia toms) 10个种和苔藓植物( Bry ophy tes) 8个种。生物多样性在琵琶潭岩溶沉积形成中的地质生态学贡献主要表现在: ( 1)生物表面为淡水碳酸钙晶体提供了附着基础; ( 2) 绿色植物光合作用转移了二氧化碳,有助于碳酸钙沉积;( 3)生物群落为瀑布岩溶沉积提供了骨架; ( 4) 生物群落在一定程度上控制和影响了岩溶沉积形态。      

Hydrological analysis of Skradinski Buk tufa waterfall (Krka River,Dinaric karst,Croatia)

The paper analyses complex hydrological behaviour of Skradinski Buk, the tufa waterfall, formed on the downstream part of the Krka River located in the coastal part of the Croatian Dinaric karst. This waterfall is the central point of the Krka National Park (KNP) proclaimed in 1985. Skradinski Buk is the seventh, final and the largest tufa barrier on the Krka River. Morphology of Skradinski Buk is composed of 17 unevenly distributed steps and dozens of small depressions. Natural waterfall morphology strongly influenced the complex waterfall hydrological regime. Additionally, hydrological regime is disturbed by the operation of the hydroelectric power plant (HEPP) Jaruga. This paper analyses characteristic (minimum, mean, maximum) annual water levels and discharges monitored at two hydrological stations (Skradinski Buk Gornji-SBG and Nacionalni Park-NP). SBG controls the inflow of water into the waterfall, while the NP is established in order to control the use of water from the HEPP Jaruga operation. It is concluded that the HEPP Jaruga does not comply with the agreement signed between the KNP and the HEPP Jaruga. The goal of the paper is to give detailed hydrological analysis of the Skradinski Buk, which should play the crucial role in the protection of this wonderful and very vulnerable phenomenon.     

柯坪硫磺沟奥陶系（纹层状）古钙华的特征及石油地质意义

天山南缘从柯坪阿恰经巴楚三叉口到巴楚五道班的100余公里的316国道北侧的奥陶系中发育了一条1~2 km宽的碳酸盐岩岩溶带。在该带的鹰山组中发育了一条900 m宽的风化壳沉积（古土壤）和约30多个大型古溶洞。其中以硫磺沟2号溶洞最为典型,该溶洞位于一个很窄的倾角大于70°的走滑断裂带内,古钙华一般产在溶洞和裂缝中,作为充填体出现。硫磺沟2号溶洞的古钙华多呈黄褐色-黑色,普遍含石油。古钙华纹层发育,根据结构、颜色及形态等可以分为六种,分别为层状纹层、波状纹层、包壳状纹层、束状纹层、丘状纹层或半球形丘状纹层和杂乱纹层,这些纹层的形态和结构特点反映了其成因与菌藻或微生物有关;构成纹层的方解石主要为针状、柱状、细晶状和粗晶状等。钙华方解石晶体之间缝隙和孔隙非常发育,是良好的储集空间和运移通道。物性研究表明,硫磺沟2号溶洞古钙华的孔隙度介于3.81%~13.91%之间,平均7.21%,从孔隙度值来看属于致密储层（10%）;但渗透率很大,介于（2.99~87.60）×10-3μm2之间,平均48.99×10-3μm2,从渗透率看是一种较好的储层。出现这种“反常”的情况与古钙华特殊的内部结构有密切关系,钙华以晶间缝为主,具有紧密堆积的结构,虽然孔隙度不大,但是晶间缝在三维上构成了网络系统,导致渗透性很好,被称之为“致密高渗”储层。通过对塔里木盆地北部柯坪奥陶系露头硫磺沟2号溶洞及现代九寨沟溶洞的研究,发现岩溶过程中的化学沉积形成的钙华具有重要的石油地质意义,主要表现在两个方面:一是钙华是很好的储集空间;二是钙华具有一定的生烃能力。文章旨在探讨塔里木盆地奥陶系露头钙华相、钙华岩石学及钙华地球化学证据,以支持钙华的形成过程和形成环境的解释、及对塔河油田奥陶系缝洞油气藏的储集空间和油气成藏意义。      

Sedimentology of Quaternary calcareous tufas from Gafsa,southwestern Tunisia

Well-preserved tufa deposits exhibit a diversity of field fabrics along the major structural feature in Gafsa area and extent between Jebel El Mida in the southeast and Sidi Ahmed Zarrouk and Jebel Ben Younes in northwest. The deposition history of the tufa is defined by three major stages; the first occurred in a perched springline or slope system with dominance of the autochthonous facies (stromatolitic tufa facies, i.e. boundstone sheets of micrite and peloids, and phytoherm framestone facies) in the proximal zone and microdetrital tufa in distal sites. The second stage occurred in a mixture of perched springline and poorly drained paludal environments that characterized by the abundance of allochems and chalk and marl. The third deposition stage occurred in a mixture of paludal and braided fluviatile environments with allochthonous tufa facies (oncoidal cyanolith tufa facies, phytoclast tufa facies and lithoclast and intraclast tufa facies). Tufas are of particular interest since their occurrences are linked to tectonic activity and extensional fault systems. Gafsa strike-slip fault, in addition to its tectonic role in creating fluid paths to the surface through flowing springs, it acts as a major regional sill that controlled paleoflow directions, discharge locations, volume, rate and fluctuations of the water supply. Tufa cessation could be explained by increasing aridity during late Holocene and subsequent reduced rainfall, increased evaporation and water table falling, which reduce the amount of recharge and its subsequent dissolution in the recharge area.     

Three-dimensional modelling of a Holocene tufa system in the Lathkill Valley, north Derbyshire, using ground-penetrating radar

Unlithified and partly lithified carbonate sequences are ideally suited to the application of ground‐penetrating radar (GPR), augmented by percussion augering and shallow seismic techniques, all tied to present‐day topography using global positioning system (GPS) methods. This methodology provides the first clear information on the distribution and geometry of lithofacies within buried tufa complexes. The approach has been applied to a thick succession of Holocene tufas filling a gorge site along a 3·5‐km length of the River Lathkill, north Derbyshire. Earlier studies have demonstrated the presence of up to 16 m of tufas and sapropels associated with two transverse tufa dams (barrages). These strata have been accumulating throughout the Holocene, although tufa developments at present are of minor extent. Internal tufa morphologies are recorded by GPR as ‘bright’, laterally continuous reflections for lithified, concretionary and lithoclast‐rich horizons. The ‘brightest’ reflectors occur within well‐cemented barrages and delineate core areas and prograding buttress zones. In contrast, unlithified lime muds and sapropels produce low‐contrast reflections. Lithostratigraphic control and depth calibration of the GPR profiles was provided by percussion augering at selected sites. Six distinct lithofacies and four secondary barrages are identified in the study. Constructional and destructional events can be identified and correlated within the GPR profile network, and the internal growth morphologies of the barrages are apparent. GPR profiles also clearly define the evolution of the facies geometries. Three phases of tufa development can be recognized within the GPR data and greatly extend our understanding of Holocene tufa‐forming processes in valley sites: (a) Early Holocene barrage build‐ups but with limited paludal deposition; (b) Middle Holocene ponding and sapropel accumulation under ‘warm’ conditions; and (c) Late Holocene barrage termination and valley levelling, probably coincidental with anthropogenic activity. This type of multidisciplinary approach should be considered as an essential prerequisite to all biostratigraphic and geochemical studies of Holocene freshwater carbonate sites.