利用断层围陷波研究昆仑山口西8.1级地震破裂面

利用横跨地表破裂带的小点距的地震测线, 对2001年11月14日昆仑山口西8.1级地震进行了断层围陷波的观测实验. 经过数字滤波和频谱分析等技术, 由地震记录图中分离出了断层围陷波. 资料处理结果表明: ① 无论是人工地震震源还是天然地震震源, 只要位于断层带内或紧靠断层带, 均能激发断层围陷波; ② 断层围陷波的能量主要集中于断层带内, 其振幅随测点与断层带距离的增加而急剧衰减; ③ 断层围陷波的优势频率与断层的宽度及断层带内介质的速度有关, 断层带越宽, 或断层带内部介质速度越低, 则观测到的断层围陷波的优势频率越低; ④ 断层围陷波存在着频散现象; ⑤ 根据昆仑山口西地震测线断层围陷波的观测结果, 可推断该处破裂面宽度为300 m左右, 远远大于地表破裂带的宽度.      

断层围陷波观测和应用

断层围陷波的观测特点是利用密集的地震台阵,横跨断层布设测线。可以利用爆炸震源也可以利用余震进行观测,本文分别介绍了实际观测的例子。对大地震破裂带内部的观测,测线位置通常布设在地表破裂带明显、已开挖了地震探槽、断层陡坎出露等地震地质的典型地段。利用爆炸震源激发观测断层围陷波,震源位置应尽量选择在断层带上,震源炸药量大约500kg,测线位置与震源的距离大约5—15km。断层围陷波在新破裂带和老的断层中都能形成和传播,因此该方法可以用于大震破裂带研究,也可以用于城市活断层探测。     

断层带围陷波研究及其应用进展

断层带结构研究对于认识地震的孕育发生、地震破裂过程及其地震灾害具有重要的意义,因而多种方法被用来观测和研究断层带结构,其中断层带围陷波就是有效方法之一.断层带围陷波是由地震波入射到断层带内低速介质与高速围岩之间的界面时在界面内侧经多次反射相干叠加形成,具有大振幅、低频率和频散的特点.由于断层带围陷波在断层带的内部传播,它携带有断层带的介质物性和结构的重要信息,因此可以利用围陷波的波形特征研究断层带的精细结构.本文详细介绍了断层带围陷波的形成机制、传播和特性,全面阐述了断层带围陷波在观测研究、传播和特性理论研究和利用围陷波反演断层带结构的方法及应用三个方面的进展,并探讨了断层带围陷波研究方面存在的不足和问题.     

汶川地震区断层围陷波探测

对汶川地震区开展震后科考和断层围陷波探测,本文主要介绍平通镇断层围陷波探测及初步结果。平通镇处在汶川8．0级地震断层带正上方,地表破坏十分严重。该断层围陷波测线横跨断层,以地震探槽为大致中点,沿NW—SE方向两端延伸,测线长约400m。这次观测结果表明,在汶川8．0级地震的新破裂带中可以观测到断层围陷波,反映了断层带内外的介质在物理性质上有较大的差异。该测线记录的断层围陷波优势频率大约为3—4Hz。探槽附近的台站断层围陷波较强,初步推测,该地段地壳内断层的宽度大约有200m。     

昆仑山断层围陷波的分析和研究

对2001年昆仑山口西Ms81级地震产生的断层带,布设了沿断层和横跨断层的两条人工地震测线.通过对观测资料的定量分析和处理,求得了昆仑山断层带内部的细结构.分析工作包括从S波震相开始的振幅谱计算、速度频散计算、群速度测量,并用面波频散方法反演S波速度结构,用振幅谱比的方法估计断层带的Q值.野外试验结果表明,S波震相与围陷波组的时间差随炮点与台站之间距离增大而增加,在断层带外的测点上观测到与断层带相关的场地效应.最后得出昆仑山断层带宽度为250m、速度结构为断层内低速的分层结构和Q值为15（断层内）和30（围岩）.虽然昆仑山口西地震的震级比美国加州Landers地震的震级（Ms76）大,且地震产生的破裂带长度长得多,但是这两个地震断层带的宽度却相差不大.     

断层带震相及其应用研究现状与展望

利用断层带特有震相通过观测模拟可以得到断层带介质的性质。本文回顾了地震学领域中断层带震相研究的发展历程,对断层带首波、断层带围陷波的国内外研究现状进行了综述,并结合国际上有关断层带震相研究的最新进展,对基于地震波形研究断层性质的前景进行了展望。     

松软覆盖层对隐伏断层带围陷波的影响研究

利用二维非均匀介质地震波传播的伪谱和有限差分混合方法,通过数值计算,讨论了松软覆盖层对隐伏断层带围陷波特征的影响.在没有覆盖层的情况下,围陷波振幅和围岩上相比明显增加,持续时间变长.覆盖层造成围岩上地面运动振幅增大,围陷波的部分能量传播到覆盖层中,使得围陷波的能量变小.随着覆盖层厚度增加,围陷波的振幅越来越小,和围岩上...     

利用基于围陷波波形相关的网格搜索法确定昆仑山断裂带结构参数

提出了确定断层带结构的一种方法,它利用基于断层带围陷波波形相关的网格搜索法,以定量地确定断层带参数.该方法通过建立一系列由断层带的相关参数构建的断层带结构模型,利用有限差分方法数值模拟每组参数对应的断层带模型所产生的围陷波,并与实际观测围陷波波形进行相关分析,计算由以断层参数为多维网格坐标的相关系数变化趋势,网格搜索其峰值,最终获得最佳的一组参数,并确定断层带的结构.本文对昆仑山断裂带人工激发的围陷波进行分析,利用该方法确定了断裂带宽度和Q值参数.     

二维非均匀介质地震波传播的伪谱和有限差分混合方法的应用研究

<正>由于围陷波产生于低速带内物质与高速围岩的界面上,在带内传播时间较长,因此它的振幅和频率特征对断层带形态和带内物质性质敏感,对断层带围陷波的观测与分析能够提供断层带精细结构的重要信息。基于伪谱法和有限差分混合数值模拟方法,开展了沉积层对隐伏断裂带围陷波影响的研究,探讨了沉     

海城震区发现的古地震事件

本文通过海城震区活断层填图工作,在北西西向极震区中部水泉发现一条古地震槽沟.海城7.3级地震地表破裂带受断层槽沟控制.经过人工开挖发现地震断层,其中发育有古地震充填楔.     

STUDY ON THE LATEST ACTIVITY OF WUYUNSHAN-HEFEI FAULT IN HEFEI BASIN,THE WESTERN BRANCH OF THE TANLU FAULT ZONE

Tanlu fault zone is the largest strike-slip fault system in eastern China. Since it was discovered by aeromagnetics in 1960s, it has been widely concerned by scholars at home and abroad, and a lot of research has been done on its formation and evolution. At the same time, the Tanlu fault zone is also the main seismic structural zone in China, with an obvious characteristic of segmentation of seismicity. Major earthquakes are mostly concentrated in the Bohai section and Weifang-Jiashan section. For example, the largest earthquake occurring in the Bohai section is M7.4 earthquake, and the largest earthquake occurring in the Weifang-Jiashan section is M8.5 earthquake. Therefore, the research on the active structure of the Tanlu fault zone is mainly concentrated in these two sections. With the deepening of research, some scholars carried out a lot of research on the middle section of Tanlu fault zone, which is distributed in Shandong and northern Jiangsu Province, including five nearly parallel fault systems, i.e. Changyi-Dadian Fault(F₁), Baifenzi-Fulaishan Fault(F₂), Yishui-Tangtou Fault(F₃), Tangwu-Gegou Fault(F₄) and Anqiu-Juxian Fault(F₅). They find that the faults F₃ and F₅ are still active since the late Quaternary. In recent years, we have got a further understanding of the geometric distribution, active age and active nature of Fault F₅, and found that it is still active in Holocene. At the same time, the latest research on the extension of F₅ into Anhui suggests that there is a late Pleistocene-Holocene fault existing near the Huaihe River in Anhui Province. The Tanlu fault zone extends into Anhui Province and the extension section is completely buried, especially in the Hefei Basin south of Dingyuan. At present, there is little research on the activity of this fault segment, and it is very difficult to study its geometric structure and active nature, and even whether the fault exists has not been clear. Precisely determining the distribution, active properties and the latest active time of the hidden faults under urban areas is of great significance not only for studying the rupture behavior and segmentation characteristics of the southern section of the Tanlu fault zone, but also for providing important basis for urban seismic fortification. By using the method of shallow seismic prospecting and the combined drilling geological section, this paper carries out a detailed exploration and research on the Wuyunshan-Hefei Fault, the west branch fault of Tanlu fault zone buried in Hefei Basin. Four shallow seismic prospecting lines and two rows of joint borehole profiles are laid across the fault in Hefei urban area from north to south. Using ¹⁴C, OSL and ESR dating methods, ages of 34 samples of borehole stratigraphic profiles are obtained. The results show that the youngest stratum dislocated by the Wuyunshan-Hefei Fault is the Mesopleistocene blue-gray clay layer, and its activity is characterized by reverse faulting, with a maximum vertical offset of 2.4m. The latest active age is late Mesopleistocene, and the depth of the shallowest upper breaking point is 17m. This study confirms that the west branch of Tanlu fault zone cuts through Hefei Basin and is still active since Quaternary. Its latest activity age in Hefei Basin is late of Middle Pleistocene, and the latest activity is characterized by thrusting. The research results enrich the understanding of the overall activity of Tanlu fault zone in the buried section of Hefei Basin and provide reliable basic data for earthquake monitoring, prediction and earthquake damage prevention in Anhui Province.     

Study on rupture zone of the M=8.1 Kunlun Mountain earthquake using fault-zone trapped waves

Introduction The study on deep crustal faults has been one of the most vigorous subjects in seismology. In the past, 3-D deep seismic sounding and 3-D seismic tomography were usually used for this pur-pose. But it is difficult to obtain the fine structures of the faults in deep crust by these methods. Recently, seismologists in the world pay more attention to the fault zone trapped waves. Since the fault-zone trapped waves arise from coherent multiple reflections at two boundaries of the fau…     

Study on rupture zone of the <Emphasis Type="Italic">M</Emphasis>=8.1 Kunlun Mountain earthquake using fault-zone trapped waves

The observation of the fault-zone trapped waves was conducted using a seismic line with dense receivers across surface rupture zone of the M=8.1 Kunlun Mountain earthquake. The fault zone trapped waves were separated from seismograms by numerical filtering and spectral analyzing. The results show that: a) Both explosion and earthquake sources can excite fault-zone trapped waves, as long as they locate in or near the fault zone; b) Most energy of the fault-zone trapped waves concentrates in the fault zone and the amplitudes strongly decay with the distance from observation point to the fault zone; c) Dominant frequencies of the fault-zone trapped waves are related to the width of the fault zone and the velocity of the media in it. The wider the fault zone or the lower the velocity is, the lower the dominant frequencies are; d) For fault zone trapped waves, there exist dispersions; e) Based on the fault zone trapped waves observed in Kunlun Mountain Pass region, the width of the rupture plane is deduced to be about 300 m and is greater than that on the surface.     

Study on rupture zone of the M =8.1 Kunlun Mountain earthquake using fault-zone trapped waves

The observation of the fault-zone trapped waves was conducted using a seismic line with dense receivers across surface rupture zone of the M=8.1 Kunlun Mountain earthquake. The fault zone trapped waves were separated from seismograms by numerical filtering and spectral analyzing. The results show that: a) Both explosion and earthquake sources can excite fault-zone trapped waves, as long as they locate in or near the fault zone; b) Most energy of the fault-zone trapped waves concentrates in the fault zone and the amplitudes strongly decay with the distance from observation point to the fault zone; c) Dominant frequencies of the fault-zone trapped waves are related to the width of the fault zone and the velocity of the media in it. The wider the fault zone or the lower the velocity is, the lower the dominant frequencies are; d) For fault zone trapped waves, there exist dispersions; e) Based on the fault zone trapped waves observed in Kunlun Mountain Pass region, the width of the rupture plane is deduced to be about 300 m and is greater than that on the surface. Foundation item: Joint Earthquake Science Foundation of China (201001). Contribution No. RCEG200305, Research Center of Exploration Geophysics, China Earthquake Administration.     

郯庐断裂带莒县胡家孟晏地震破裂带的发现

郯庐断裂带是中国东部最主要的一条活动断裂带。在该断裂带中部,沂沭断裂东地堑的潍坊—嘉山段中发育了1条长360km的全新世活动断裂带(F5),在该全新世断裂带的北段和中段分别发生了公元70年的安丘地震和公元1668年的郯城地震。2003年底我们考察沭河断裂带时,在莒县境内发现了1条长约7km的地震破裂带,作为活动断层应该归属于F5断裂带,但其是一条独立的地震破裂段还是归属于1668年郯城8.5级地震破裂带有待于进一步的研究。尽管如此,探槽揭示出的上覆未经破坏的地层的14C年代表明,该破裂带在(2140±190)aBP以来没有过活动,因此我们认为其作为1条独立破裂段的可能性较大     

NEW EVIDENCES FOR LATE QUATERNARY ACTIVITY IN THE SOUTHERN SEGMENT OF THE YISHU-TANGTOU FAULT,THE TAN-LU FAULT ZONE,AND ITS TECTONIC IMPLICATION

The Tan-Lu Fault Zone(TLFZ), a well-known lithosphere fault zone in eastern China, is a boundary tectonic belt of the secondary block within the North China plate, and its seismic risk has always been a focus problem. Previous studies were primarily conducted on the eastern graben faults of the Yishu segment where there are historical earthquake records, but the faults in western graben have seldom been involved. So, there has been no agreement about the activity of the western graben fault from the previous studies. This paper focuses on the activity of the two buried faults in the western graben along the southern segment of Yishu through combination of shallow seismic reflection profile and composite drilling section exploration. Shallow seismic reflection profile reveals that the Tangwu-Gegou Fault(F₄)only affects the top surface of Suqian Formation, therefore, the fault may be an early Quaternary fault. The Yishui-Tangtou Fault(F₃)has displaced the upper Pleistocene series in the shallow seismic reflection profile, suggesting that the fault may be a late Pleistocene active fault. Drilling was implemented in Caiji Town and Lingcheng Town along the Yishui-Tangtou Fault(F₃)respectively, and the result shows that the latest activity time of Yishui-Tangtou Fault(F₃)is between(91.2±4.4)ka and(97.0±4.8)ka, therefore, the fault belongs to late Pleistocene active fault. Combined with the latest research on the activity of other faults along TLFZ, both faults in eastern and western graben were active during the late Pleistocene in the southern segment of the Yishu fault zone, however, only the fault in eastern graben was active in the Holocene. This phenomenon is the tectonic response to the subduction of the Pacific and Philippine Sea Plate and collision between India and Asian Plate. The two late Quaternary active faults in the Yishu segment of TLFZ are deep faults and present different forms on the surface and in near surface according to studies of deep seismic reflection profile, seismic wave function and seismic relocation. Considering the tectonic structure of the southern segment of Yishu fault zone, the relationship between deep and shallow structures, and the impact of 1668 Tancheng earthquake(M=8(1/2)), the seismogenic ability of moderate-strong earthquake along the Yishui-Tangtou Fault(F₃)can't be ignored.     

北京东北旺-小汤山断裂存在的证据

对位于北京市西北侧的东北旺-小汤山断裂是否存在、走向与活动性的认识长期以来一直存在较大差异。通过新近开展的北京城市活断层探测工作中的物探数据与钻孔联合剖面分析,认为东北旺-小汤山断裂是存在的,为一条隐伏断裂,长约40km,走向NNE,倾向SE。以南口-孙河断裂为界,该断裂东北段称之为小汤山断裂,西南段称之为东北旺断裂。小汤山断裂的最新活动时代为早更新世或中更新世早期,中更新世中期以来不活动。东北旺断裂的最新活动时代为中更新世末期,晚更新世以来不活动     

THE STUDY OF QUATERNARY ACTIVITY OF BAOTOU FAULT IN HETAO ACITVE FAULT SUBSIDENCE ZONE

Existing achievements about Baotou Fault demonstrate it as a buried eastern boundary of the Baiyanhua Basin in Hetao active fault subsidence zone,striking NE.More data is needed to assess its activity.Located in the relay ramp between Wulashan Fault and Daqingshan Fault,Baotou Fault's activity is of great importance to discuss the linkage mode and the response to the earthquake of the adjacent fault.Also it is necessary to the knowledge of the characteristic of the seismic tectonic in local area.Recently it is prevalent to combine shallow seismic profile and composite drilling section to study the activity of the buried fault.Shallow seismic profile indicates that Baotou Fault is a normal fault,inclining to NW.The displacement of the Tg at 75m underground is 25m.Composite drilling section indicates that it is a growth fault,the up-break point of which is 45.6m underground and ends in brownish red clay strata of early Pleistocene.In comparison,the upper Late Pleistocene strata are out of the influences of the tectonic subsidence zone.Baotou Fault's activity is limited to the early Pleistocene.     

Seismic observations in the DPRI 1800 m borehole drilled into the Nojima Fault zone, south-west Japan

Abstract Seismometers were installed at three depths in the Disaster Prevention Research Institute, Kyoto University (DPRI) 1800 m borehole drilled into the Nojima Fault zone, southwest Japan. The waveforms recorded by these seismometers are rather simple compared with those recorded at the DPRI 800 m borehole or on the ground surface. These data should be well suited for detecting fault zone-trapped waves and estimating the fault zone structure and its temporal variation related to the healing process of the ruptured fault. Typical waveforms trapped in the fault zone were observed by a surface seismographic array across the Nojima Fault just after the 1995 Hyogo-ken Nanbu earthquake (Kobe earthquake). Among the wave data recorded in the DPRI 1800 m borehole, however, clear evidences of fault zone-trapped waves have not yet been found, and further studies are continuing. The present study outlines the observation system in the DPRI 1800 m borehole, which will make it easier to access and analyze the borehole data.