横流环境湍射流涡动力学特性数值模拟

采用三维湍流模型及其混合有限分析解法进行横流中湍射流这一复杂三维流动的研究。在利用实验数据对模型及其计算方法验证的基础上,对多种喷口形式和流速比工况下的流速场和涡量场进行了数值计算,模拟得到了其旋涡结构发展演化特性。在射流初始阶段,横流在射流背流面形成绕流分离旋涡,其结构与射流喷口形式和流速比有关。射流主轴沿流向布置的窄缝射流产生的旋涡最为特殊和复杂,在喷口侧面存在4个分离点,从而形成4个旋涡。在射流远区,流动主要由反向旋转涡对所控制,并诱导出二次涡对。分析得出了射流喷口形式及流速比对反向旋转涡对涡核位置和旋转强度的影响。     

复杂地形下高密度激电法2.5维有限单元法数值模拟

目前三维有限元模拟计算量大,计算效率低,对计算机要求较高,2.5维模拟是三维问题的简化,较好地克服了上述问题。在高密度激电法模拟中,模拟的点数一般较大,要求程序计算效率高,因此对高密度激电法2.5维模拟研究是必要的。首先给出了2.5维稳定电流场的边值问题及对应的变分问题;为了能更好模拟复杂地形对极化率异常的影响,采用三角形网格,有利于模拟复杂地形又有利于将其应用于反演计算。推导了基于连续电性介质的2.5维稳定电流场的有限元法,利用等效电阻率法,编制了2.5维高密度激电法有限元模拟程序,计算了水平地形及起伏地形下的极化率异常模型,并验证了方法的可行性,分析得出了山谷地形比山脊地形对极化率观测的影响大的结果。     

基于三维可视化技术的隐伏矿体预测

在现代成矿预测理论研究基础上,利用已有的商业三维地质建模软件,建立了一套基于三维可视化技术的隐伏矿体三维立体定量预测方法和流程,结合云南个旧锡矿实例探讨大比例尺隐伏矿体三维定量预测的数据预处理、三维地质建模过程和三维定量预测方法。使用三维可视化技术结合找矿信息量法确定了研究区找矿有利靶区,计算了含矿远景单元的找矿概率,估算了工程验证区金属资源矿体量。应用实例表明了应用三维可视化技术进行隐伏矿体三维定量、定位和定概率的有效性。     

基于GOCAD软件的沙子江铀矿床三维定量预测

文章采用GOCAD软件构建了沙子江铀矿床的三维地质模型,包括岩体模型、构造模型以及矿体模型等,利用其强大的空间分析模块进行地质体、构造、不同岩性接触界面、地球物理场等三维空间属性的统计分析及成矿信息提取,并通过序贯高斯模拟的插值方法建立了沙子江铀矿床矿体品位的三维属性模型,进而揭示铀矿化的空间分布规律。通过对成矿地质条件、控矿要素以及地球物理异常特征识别标志等铀成矿有利信息的提取,建立了沙子江铀矿床的定量预测模型。基于三维信息量法成矿预测方法,计算各预测要素的成矿有利区间,圈定7片找矿有利靶区,为将来的钻探工程部署及深部铀矿找矿突破提供依据。     

土壤中可挥发污染物抽气清除法的数值模拟

抽气清除法(SVE)是最常用的清除土壤非饱和区中可挥发污染物的方法之一。介绍和分析了该法的基本原理和工艺过程,建立了描述该法中气体渗流场、污染物相间交换以及污染物随气流场运移3个主要过程的物理模型。分别采用Galerkin法和Laplace变换Galerkin法推导了模拟气体渗流场和污染物随气流运移过程的有限元数值模型,编制了三维有限元程序,给出了1个典型的三维计算实例。     

小湾水电站坝址区三维初始地应力场反演回归分析

基于小湾水电站坝址区工程地质地形条件,研究分析了影响工程考察域初始地应力场的基本因素及其空间分布,建立了坝址区三维有限元计算模型和初始地应力场参数空间分布模型;利用大型通用有限元软件MSC.Marc和地应力实测资料,借助最小二乘法原理,以回归精度为目标函数,优化了构造挤压荷载的模拟和作用组合,实现了初始应力场空间分布模型的参数估计。计算结果表明,改进后的方法较传统方法回归精度有了较大提高,能较为合理地模拟小湾坝址区三维初始地应力场。     

深基坑降水中不同的地质模型有限元应用研究

分析水-土耦合场相互作用时,将岩土视作弹塑性材料。在非线性本构关系下,考虑渗透作用,得出岩土体有限元方程,建立了基坑降水的三维水-土耦合的数学模型。对基坑降水中不同的地质模型潜水、承压水及有越流补给和实际工程条件井管、过滤管、止水帷幕分别进行了计算处理,并以武汉国际证券大厦降水工程为实例,对其降水过程进行了三维有限元计算。应用三维数值模拟方法,能很好地模拟基坑防渗帷幕、非均质和各向异性、承压-无压等一些解析法难以处理的实际工程条件和地质模型。     

基于成矿过程数值模拟的隐伏矿双向预测研究

在三维建模及定量预测的基础上,利用数值模拟开展成矿过程研究,通过数值模拟获取可用于隐伏矿预测的参数,据此建立一套完整的基于矿床学成矿过程研究和矿产勘查学综合信息找矿研究的隐伏矿双向预测评价方法和流程。结合甘肃以地南金矿探讨大比例尺隐伏矿体三维地质建模过程、三维定量预测、成矿过程数值模拟和双向预测评价的方法体系。采用三维定量预测理论和数值模拟双向预测的方法在示范区综合圈定7个预测靶区,在三维定量预测评价过程中分别采用证据权重和信息量的方法计算单元块体的找矿概率,在成矿过程数值模拟过程中分别利用块体的空隙压力值(pp值)和体积应变值(vsr值)圈定有利成矿部位。应用实例表明采用基于成矿过程数值模拟的隐伏矿双向预测方法开展深部隐伏矿的预测评价可有效降低矿产预测过程中的不确定性,实现对矿产资源的“定位-定量-定概率”预测评价。     

基于三维地应力测量的岩爆预测问题研究

岩爆预测中常用的动态指标切向应力σθ是与初始地应力场密切联系的。根据开阳磷矿实测三维地应力值和该矿多层岩体赋存的特点,分析了洞室围岩岩性、空间巷道、倾斜层理等因素对σθ的影响。开阳磷三维地应力测试成果表明,埋深浅的砂岩比埋深大的红页岩的垂直地应力值要大近3倍,提出了考虑测点岩性的地应力场区域应用观点和考虑巷道轴向空间性的三维地应力空间分解方法。按上述方法,通过数值模拟研究发现,考虑倾斜层理时发生岩爆的位置主要在右帮底部。这与马路坪矿现场观测的破坏结果较吻合。区域空间分解法的岩爆预测结果比线性拟合回归法更接近实际。     

基于空间数据挖掘的三维成矿预测定量指标体系建立方法研究——以宁芜盆地钟姑矿田为例

大数据思维是直接从数据入手的一种新的思维方式,其本质是减少甚至完全屏蔽人为因素干扰,让数据说话。以往三维成矿预测中指标体系的建立多采用经验分析法,以地质模型和先验知识指导控矿特征变量取值,其准确性易受到人为影响。本文基于大数据思维,使用数据驱动方法对三维成矿预测中的找矿指标体系进行探索性研究,在钟姑矿田选择4 个大中型典型矿床,直接采用三维空间分析方法对地层和岩体的控矿地质体进行特征分析,通过计算z 轴方向三维距离场、分析岩体顶面隆起凹陷程度形态因素,确定各控矿要素与矿体之间的相关关系,获取定量指标。本研究改变了以往主观经验指导找矿的思路,尝试采用空间数据挖掘方法进行客观数据分析提出找矿指标,提高了找矿指标体系建立的科学性,此方法得到的定量指标体系可直接参与三维找矿预测模型的计算。     

弯曲槽道边壁振动情况下湍流特性的大涡模拟

为了更好地理解透平机械流道内能量耗散的机理和湍流结构变化,利用大涡数值模拟方法,数值试验了时、空做正弦振动的壁面所围成的弯曲槽道内的湍流流动。研究了6种不同的振动参数下,槽道内压力分布、近壁涡量以及其它相关湍流统计量的分布特性。计算结果表明,受展向壁面振动的影响,近壁区速度梯度增加,粘性底层变薄,湍流强度增加,能量耗散加大。该研究还发现壁面展向振动而引起的能量耗散主要依赖于近壁区粘性底层的展向涡量大小。     

波浪作用下沙纹床面底层流动特性研究

涡动沙纹很大程度决定着床面阻力和波浪衰减,针对涡动沙纹作用下的绕流结构具有强二维特性,建立了立面二维曲线坐标下的数值模型.利用国外公开发表的试验数据进行验证,表明模型能模拟波浪作用下底层分离涡随时间、空间变化的动力特性,对底层流动的紊动特性、床面剪切应力的随时间、空间的变化以及涡动结构的尺度分别进行了讨论.     

Prediction of magnetite segregation in dense medium cyclone using computational fluid dynamics technique

Multi-phase simulations of turbulent driven flow in a dense medium cyclone with magnetite medium have been conducted in Fluent, using the Algebraic Slip Mixture model to model the dispersed phases and the air-core, and both the Large Eddy Simulation turbulence model (LES) and Reynolds Stress Models (RSM) for turbulence closure. The predicted air-core shape and diameter were found to be close to the experimental results measured by gamma ray tomography. It is possible to use the LES turbulence model with ASM multi-phase model to predict the air/slurry interface accurately. Multi-phase simulations (air/water/medium) show appropriate medium segregation effects but over-predict the level of segregation compared to that measured by gamma ray tomography near the wall. This is believed to be because of unaccounted back-mixing of the dispersed phase due to turbulence in the basic Algebraic Slip Mixture model. The predictions of accurate axial segregation of magnetite medium are investigated using the LES turbulence model in conjunction with the multi-phase mixture model and viscosity corrections according to the feed particle loading factor. At higher feed densities the agreement between the Dunglison [Dunglison, M.E., 1999, A general model of the dense medium cylone, PhD thesis, JKMRC, University of Queensland] correlations and experimental measurements and the CFD is reasonably good, but the overflow density is lower than the model predictions. It is believed that the excessive underflow volumetric flow rates are responsible for under prediction of the overflow density. The effect of size distribution of the magnetite has been fully studied. As expected, the ultra-fine magnetite sizes (i.e. 2 and 7 microns) are distributed uniformly throughout the cyclone. As the size of magnetite increases, more segregation of magnetite occurs close to the wall.     

Large eddy simulation of hydrocyclone—prediction of air-core diameter and shape

Hydrocyclones are widely used in the mining and chemical industries. An attempt has been made in this study, to develop a CFD (computational fluid dynamics) model, which is capable of predicting the flow patterns inside the hydrocyclone, including accurate prediction of flow split as well as the size of the air-core. The flow velocities and air-core diameters are predicted by DRSM (differential Reynolds stress model) and LES (large eddy simulations) models were compared to experimental results. The predicted water splits and air-core diameter with LES and RSM turbulence models along with VOF (volume of fluid) model for the air phase, through the outlets for various inlet pressures were also analyzed. The LES turbulence model led to an improved turbulence field prediction and thereby to more accurate prediction of pressure and velocity fields. This improvement was distinctive for the axial profile of pressure, indicating that air-core development is principally a transport effect rather than a pressure effect.     

内孤立波环境下圆柱和方柱受力特征——II.数值模拟

柱体受内波作用力的数值模拟大多针对圆柱展开,方柱在内波环境下受力特性研究较少。借助三维数值波浪水槽,采用大涡模拟（LES）技术研究了内孤立波的产生、传播及其对不同形状柱体的受力特性。对比分析了内孤立波波幅对圆柱和方柱受力的影响规律。研究表明,在分层流环境下,随着内孤立波波幅的增大,圆柱和方柱所受的水平作用力均增大;相同波幅情况下,无论在上层或下层水体,方柱表面的压力分布更不均匀,迎流面与背流面的压差更大,从而导致方柱相较于圆柱会受到更大的水平作用力。     

三维PIV技术在吸入涡流态测量中的应用

为了研究进水口前吸入涡的流动特性以及不同结构的进水口对吸入涡的影响,对水平进水口前的吸入涡流动进行了三维PIV测量.测量时应用折射率校正法解决了不同介质中进行三维PIV试验时所产生的粒子成像不清晰的问题,并采用多次成像标定法来减小垂直方向上的速度测量误差.通过该试验,得到进水口前吸入涡的三维速度分布规律,并得出后壁面角度与吸入涡大小和强弱关系.试验表明,后壁面角度为30°的进水口比角度为0°进水口更能有效的阻止吸入涡发生,因此可以通过加大后壁面的夹角的方式来削弱进水口处的吸入涡.     

Predictive Modeling of the Evolution of Fault Structure: 3-D Modeling and Coupled Geomechanical/Flow Simulation

Reconstruction of geological structures has the potential to provide additional insight into the effect of the depositional history on the current-day geomechanical and hydro-geologic state. Accurate modeling of the reconstruction process is, however, complex, necessitating advanced procedures for the prediction of fault formation and evolution within fully coupled geomechanical, fluid flow and temperature fields. In this paper, a 3-D computational approach is presented that is able to forward model complex structural evolution with multiple intersecting faults that exhibit large relative movement within a coupled geomechanical/flow environment. The approach adopts the Lagrangian method, complemented by robust and efficient automated adaptive meshing techniques, an elasto-plastic constitutive model based on critical state concepts, and global energy dissipation regularized by inclusion of fracture energy in the equations governing state variable evolution. The proposed model is validated by comparison of 2-D plane strain and 3-D thin-slice predictions of a bench-scale experiment, and then applied to two conceptual coupled geomechanical/fluid flow field-scale benchmarks.     

Three-dimensional RITSS large displacement finite element method for penetration of foundations into soil

The Remeshing and Interpolation Technique with Small Strain (RITSS) approach has been developed to deal with 3-D geotechnical problems in this paper. Unstructured 20-node hexahedral element is found to work well for predicting collapse loads accurately for 3-D undrained geotechnical problems involving material incompressibility. Remeshing is automatically accomplished by ANSYS program. With remeshing and interpolation, small fluctuations appear in the load–deformation results. In order to minimize these fluctuations, different increment sizes and remeshing frequencies are explored. Meanwhile, various 3-D interpolation methods are compared, and the unique element division method is found to work best. The results of two numerical applications are presented for a 3-D strip footing penetrating deeply into uniform clay and a square foundation into normally consolidated clay. The computed bearing capacity responses are compared with other numerical or conventional results. The results show that the present method is accurate and efficient for 3-D large displacement foundation penetration problems.     

A phase-field method for the direct simulation of two-phase flows in pore-scale media using a non-equilibrium wetting boundary condition

Advances in pore-scale imaging (e.g., μ-CT scanning), increasing availability of computational resources, and recent developments in numerical algorithms have started rendering direct pore-scale numerical simulations of multi-phase flow on pore structures feasible. Quasi-static methods, where the viscous and the capillary limit are iterated sequentially, fall short in rigorously capturing crucial flow phenomena at the pore scale. Direct simulation techniques are needed that account for the full coupling between capillary and viscous flow phenomena. Consequently, there is a strong demand for robust and effective numerical methods that can deliver high-accuracy, high-resolution solutions of pore-scale flow in a computationally efficient manner. Direct simulations of pore-scale flow on imaged volumes can yield important insights about physical phenomena taking place during multi-phase, multi-component displacements. Such simulations can be utilized for optimizing various enhanced oil recovery (EOR) schemes and permit the computation of effective properties for Darcy-scale multi-phase flows.We implement a phase-field model for the direct pore-scale simulation of incompressible flow of two immiscible fluids. The model naturally lends itself to the transport of fluids with large density and viscosity ratios. In the phase-field approach, the fluid-phase interfaces are expressed in terms of thin transition regions, the so-called diffuse interfaces, for increased computational efficiency. The conservation law of mass for binary mixtures leads to the advective Cahn–Hilliard equation and the condition that the velocity field is divergence free. Momentum balance, on the other hand, leads to the Navier–Stokes equations for Newtonian fluids modified for two-phase flow and coupled to the advective Cahn–Hilliard equation. Unlike the volume of fluid (VoF) and level-set methods, which rely on regularization techniques to describe the phase interfaces, the phase-field method facilitates a thermodynamic treatment of the phase interfaces, rendering it more physically consistent for the direct simulations of two-phase pore-scale flow. A novel geometric wetting (wall) boundary condition is implemented as part of the phase-field method for the simulation of two-fluid flows with moving contact lines. The geometric boundary condition accurately replicates the prescribed equilibrium contact angle and is extended to account for dynamic (non-equilibrium) effects. The coupled advective Cahn–Hilliard and modified Navier–Stokes (phase-field) system is solved by using a robust and accurate semi-implicit finite volume method. An extension of the momentum balance equations is also implemented for Herschel–Bulkley (non-Newtonian) fluids. Non-equilibrium-induced two-phase flow problems and dynamic two-phase flows in simple two-dimensional (2-D) and three-dimensional (3-D) geometries are investigated to validate the model and its numerical implementation. Quantitative comparisons are made for cases with analytical solutions. Two-phase flow in an idealized 2-D pore-scale conduit is simulated to demonstrate the viability of the proposed direct numerical simulation approach.     

Morphology,sedimentology and palaeohydraulic significance of large gravel dunes,Altai Mountains,Siberia

Coarse-gravel bedforms which resulted from Pleistocene glacial outburst floods are identified as subaqueous dunes. Comparison of the morphology of these ‘fossil’ structures with modern dunes shows that the form of two-dimensional (2-D) transverse dunes and 3-D cuspate and lunate dunes developed in coarse gravels is comparable with sand-dune morphology within lesser-scale geophysical flows. The similarity of the steepest gravel dunes with equilibrium dunes in sand indicates that grain size is not a major factor in constraining primary duneform. Internal structure indicates that flow over 2-D dunes was relatively uniform but over 3-D bedforms flow was locally variable. Flow separation and complex streaming of flow occurred over the steepest 3-D dunes. Cross-beds are thin and few approach the angle of repose; consequently most dunes did not migrate primarily by avalanching but by stoss-entrained gravel transported over the crests rolling-down and depositing on the lee slopes. Lee-side sediments are often finer than the stoss-slope sediments, which indicates the lee formed when flood power was waning. Some dunes were slightly planed-down during falling stage because lee-side cross-beds tend to be steeper than the angle of the preserved lee slope. However, silt-rich caps indicate that any height reduction was contemporary with the final deposition of foresets. Post-flood modification has been negligible although the modern topography is subdued by loess deposits within the dune troughs.