激光蒸汽云及其光源的探讨

激光显微光谱分析法目前在地质、冶金、国防等科学和技术领域里得到了广泛应用,它已成为物质微区化学成份分析的一种重要手段。要使激光显微光谱分析法能迅速的发展,必须解决当前分析上存在的标样的制备、取样的代表性、分析的再现性及检测限等问题。除了在仪器装置和测试方法上进行大量的工作外,对激光蒸汽云及其辅助激发     

激光显微光谱分析及其对微区矿物的研究

前言近几年来,激光显微光谱分析发展得很快,在各个科学领域得到了广泛的应用,主要解决微区和微量的分析任务。激光显微光谱分析方法在地质中的引进,对疑难微细矿物的分析鉴定提供了重要手段,对普查稀有分散元素的赋存情况、对矿产的评价和综合利用以及地质研究等方面开辟了新的途径。分析实践证明,激光显微光谱分析对岩矿鉴定与地质研究都是一种很有用的手段。近年来,我们结合地质工作的需要,开展了激光显微光谱分析的试验研究工作。本文是     

激光显微光谱定量分析方法讲习班在昆明举行

微束专业委员会激光学组于4月25日至5月14日在昆明举办激光显微光谱定量分析方法讲习班,专题交流和讲授了国内现在应用的激光显微光谱六种定量和近似定量分析方法,介绍了激光显微光谱分析的现状及国外定量分析方法、激光原理和激光激发原理、激光显微光谱分析仪器等,此外还座谈讨论了影响激光显微光谱分析的因素和发展方向,提出会后开展激光光谱定量分析的主要课题和主攻方向。     

激光显微光谱分析在地质研究工作中的应用

激光显微光谱分析是近十几年来发展起来的新型微区分析技术。它是利用激光能量高度集中、单色性、方向性好的特点,把激光光束聚焦到样品上,使其蒸发激发,用摄谱或光电记录等方法,可对试样中几十微米至几百微米的微区,进行Li—U等近70个元素的分析。操作简便、分析速度快,既不需预先处理试样,也不破坏样品原形。因此,激光显微光谱分析在地质、冶金、医学、考古、科学研究等部门获得了广泛的应用。在地质研究方面,激光显微光谱分析有着重要的用途。它既可以测定挑出来的一颗矿物     

激光显微光谱分析近似定量测定铌钽铁矿中铌、钽、铁、锰

一、概念 随着激光显微光谱分析的广泛应用,国内外许多人致力于分析方法的研究,已报道的有相对比值法、显线法、校正系数法,内标法等。几年来我们主要应用相对比值法分析了上千个岩矿样     

叶绿素d作红宝石激光Q开关在激光显微光谱分析中的应用

一、概述用红宝石激光对透明样品进行激光显微光谱分析时,常因样品透明度大,导致大部分激光能量透过样品,不能使样品蒸发,亦即不能引起激发发光。为了开展对透明矿物的激光显微分析工作,必须缩短激光脉冲时间,提高激光输出功率。我所曾用隐化菁染料胶片作Q开关,但是此种胶片失效期快,制备较复杂且有毒,效果不理想。1969年 KuLeumi、 Yoshino等人在实验中研究了叶绿素d作红宝石激光Q开     

真空爆裂提取含矿流体法测定热液中成矿元素的含量

定量地测量成矿流体中成矿元素的含量对于解决矿床成因和探讨成矿流体的演化有着十分重要的意义。目前国际上普遍采用单个包裹体激光显微探针拉曼光谱法、包裹体显微光谱分析法和包裹体群的化学成份分析。前两种方法可以对包裹体(或单个包裹体)中的气体、液体和固体进行定量分析,在国外发展比较迅速,我国还几乎是空白,个别学者作过尝试,但由于分析标准和仪器水平等     

激光显微光谱分析近似定量测定铌钽铁矿中铌、钽、铁、锰

一、概念 随着激光显微光谱分析的广泛应用,国内外许多人致力于分析方法的研究,已报道的有相对比值法,显线法、校正系数法,内标法等。几年来我们主要应用相对比值法分析了上千个岩矿样品,结合实践也对上述几种分析方法作了比较。前几种方法,使用同类标样,通过测量     

用光导管测复合光强提高激光微区半定量分析准确度的初步尝试

(一)问题的提出由于激光显微光谱分析在微区瞄准分析方面的许多优点,近年来,已广泛的用于地质、冶金、生物、医学、电子工业及考古学等方面,在一定程度上起到了电子探针的作用。我所自1971年底试制组装了一台激光显微分析仪以来,主要用其鉴定细小疑难矿物和考查元素的赋存情况,进行定性与近似半定量分析。     

一种新型人工“流体包裹体”：融合二氧化硅毛细管技术

利用融合二氧化硅毛细管技术制作了纯H2O体系、纯CO2体系、H2O-NaCl体系和H2O-CO2体系的人工包裹体样品,并对样品进行了显微测温和激光拉曼光谱测试工作。实验结果显示毛细管样品中的流体成分具有代表性,而且常规的流体包裹体显微测温和显微激光拉曼光谱分析技术完全适于毛细管样品的测试。对样品的显微测温和拉曼光谱研究...     

Giant pulses—The main component of the radio emission of the crab pulsar

The paper presents an analysis of dual-polarization observations of the Crab pulsar obtained on the 64-m Kalyazin radio telescope at 600 MHz with a time resolution of 250 ns. A lower limit for the intensities of giant pulses is estimated by assuming that the pulsar radio emission in the main pulse and interpulse consists entirely of giant radio pulses; this yields estimates of 100 and 35 Jy for the peak flux densities of giant pulses arising in the main pulse and interpulse, respectively. This assumes that the normal radio emission of the pulse occurs in the precursor pulse. In this case, the longitudes of the giant radio pulses relative to the profile of the normal radio emission turn out to be the same for the Crab pulsar and the millisecond pulsar B1937+21, namely, the giant pulses arise at the trailing edge of the profile of the normal radio emission. Analysis of the distribution of the degree of circular polarization for the giant pulses suggests that they can consist of a random mixture of nanopulses with 100% circular polarization of either sign, with, on average, hundreds of such nanopulses within a single giant pulse.     

Giant pulses from the pulsar PSR B0950+08

Analysis of individual pulses of the pulsar B0950+08 at 112 MHz has shown that giant pulses with intensities exceeding the peak amplitude of the mean profile at these longitudes by two orders of magnitude are observed at the longitudes of all three components of the mean pulsar profile (the precursor and two-component main pulse). The maximum peak flux density of a recorded pulse is 15 240 Jy, and the energy of this pulse exceeds the mean pulse energy by a factor of 153. Strong but infrequent pulses at the longitude of the first component (precursor) can reach peak flux densities of 5750 Jy, exceeding the amplitude of the mean profile at this longitude by a factor of 490. It is shown that the emission at the precursor longitudes is virtually absent when giant pulses appear at the main-pulse longitudes, and vice versa: the presence of giant pulses at the precursor longitude results in the absence or considerable attenuation of the emission at other longitudes. The analysis shows that the cumulative probability function of the pulse peak flux densities has a piecewise power-law form. The power-law index for pulses with intensities exceeding 600 Jy appearing at the longitudes of the main pulse in the mean profile varies from n ₁ = ?1.25 ± 0.04 to n ₂ = ?1.84 ± 0.07. The obtained pulse energy distribution also has an inflection at E > 3000 Jy ms and a power-law form with the same index. The distribution of the pulse intensities at the precursor longitude was obtained, and forms a power law with index n = ?1.5 ± 0.1. The studied properties of the pulses at various longitudes of the mean profile are interpreted in the framework of induced scattering of the main-pulse emission by particles of ultrarelativistic, strongly magnetized plasma in the pulsar magnetosphere.     

Crustal geodynamic activity: manifestations in cloud fields

We consider different kinds of linear cloud anomalies appearing in satellite images over active crustal faults. The spatiotemporal relationship between earthquakes and cloud anomalies was studied by statistical methods. It has been shown that these cloud anomalies in the atmosphere can be used for short-term prediction of the earthquake time and region. Also, we consider the earthquake-related evolution of the giant thunderstorm cloud near the epicenter before the earthquake.     

三维激光扫描装置设计与数据处理

三维激光扫描仪克服了传统的单点测量方式,可以方便地对实物进行复制建立立体模型。笔者简单介绍了三维激光扫描仪构造及其实现的原理,利用自行购买的激光雷达、相机和电控平台等部件搭建三维激光扫描平台,利用串口通讯实现对激光雷达、相机和电控平台等硬件控制,进一步完成三维激光扫描点云生成及图像获取,并对生成的点云进行了精度校正,最后基于特征点拼接多幅扫描图像并成功地实现了扫描点云和图像的匹配融合,其中点云精度和图像融合效果较好。     

Research Status and Progress of Balloon-borne Cloud and Precipitation Particles Probe

The accurate observation of the microphysical structure of cloud and precipitation plays an important role in understanding the formation of clouds and precipitation. In-situ measurement using measuring instruments carried by meteorological balloons is an effective way to obtain the microphysical properties of cloud and precipitation particles, which is a supplementary means for aircraft to observe cloud and precipitation particles. This observation method plays a more and more important role in in-situ measurement. According to the difference of the working principle of the existing balloon-borne cloud and precipitation particles probes, the detectors can be divided into particle impact-sampling sensors, particle imaging sensors, light-scattering sensors, light intensity attenuation sensors and charge measurement sensors. The working principles, key technologies and main advantages and disadvantages of typical instruments were summarized, and their applications to detailed cloud structure acquisition, cloud remote sensing method establishment, cloud and precipitation physical process research and parameterization, and scientific observation of thunderstorm clouds were briefly introduced. Finally, the development trend of balloon-borne cloud precipitation particle detectors was prospected, which will provide reference for related technical research and equipment development.     

Evolution of Comets

Astronomy Reports - Comets that were ejected by giant planets to the Oort cloud during the formation and evolution of planetary systems may get back to the orbits in the vicinity of the Sun with a...     

Giant pulses of PSR B0531+21 at 112 MHz

Three series of 111.88 MHz observations of giant pulses of PSR B0531+21 have been carried out in 2005 and 2007. The scattering of pulses observed in various series varies by a factor of 1.7: 10.6±0.5 ms in November 2005, 18±1 ms in January 2007, and 16±0.8 ms in June 2007. The cumulative probability distribution for the peak intensities of the giant pulses for each of these series shows that the distribution is stable and is a power law with a single slope (n = 2.3). This testifies to stability of the mechanism generating the giant pulses. The distribution functions for the 2005 and 2007 data can be superposed after correcting the intensities with a coefficient equal to the ratio of the effective pulse widths. Consequently, in the range of 23MHz-9GHz the energy in the pulses is conserved; i.e., the increase in the pulse intensity is proportional to the decrease in the scattering. Refractive scintillations at low frequencies in measurements with large time separation lead to variations in the number of giant pulses exceeding a given amplitude, proportional to the ratio of the mean flux densities of the pulsar in the corresponding observational series. The maximum energy of the recorded giant pulses is 2.5 × 10⁷ Jy µs. A comparison with the statistical properties of the giant pulses observed at other frequencies shows that the frequency dependence of the maximum energy of the giant pulses in the range of 23 MHz-9GHz is a power-law with index 2.2±0.2. The degree of linear polarization of the giant pulses at 112 MHz does not exceed 12%.     

Condensation of water vapour on moss-dominated biological soil crust,NW China

Characteristics of water vapour condensation, including the onset, duration, and amount of water vapour condensation on moss-dominated biological soil crust (BSC) and dune sand were studied under simulated conditions with varying air temperature and relative humidity. The simulations were performed in a plant growth chamber using an electronic balance recording the weight of condensation. There was a positive linear correlation between the water vapour condensation and relative humidity while the mean temperature was negatively linearly related to amounts of water vapour condensation for both soil surfaces. The amount of water vapour condensation on BSC and dune sand can be described by the difference between air temperature and dew point with an exponential function, indicating that when the difference of air temperature and dew point exceeds a value of 35.3^?C, there will be zero water vapour condensed on BSC. In contrast, when the difference of air temperature and dew point exceeds a value of 20.4^?C, the water vapour condensation will be zero for dune sand. In general, when the air is fully saturated with water and the dew point is equal to the current air temperature, the water vapour condensed on BSC attained its maximum value of 0.398 mm, whereas it was 0.058 mm for dune sand. In comparison, water vapour condensed on BSC was at a relatively high temperature and low relative humidity, while we did not detect water vapour condensation on the dune sand under the similar conditions. Physical and chemical analyses of the samples pointed to a greater porosity, high content of fine particles, and high salinity for BSC compared to the dune sand. These results highlight that soil physicochemical properties are the likely factors influencing the mechanism of water vapour condensation under specific meteorological conditions, as onset was earlier and the duration was longer for water vapour condensation on BSC in comparison with that of dune sand. This contributed to the greater amount of vapour absorbed on BSC compared to the dune sand under an identical meteorological condition. The feedback of water vapour condensation on BSC formation and its contribution to sustain the revegetation desert ecosystems was discussed.     

毫米波测云雷达的特点及其研究现状与展望

云在大气的能量分配、辐射传输,尤其是水循环系统中有不可忽视的作用。云探测对云物理、人工影响天气、气候变化和航空航天等领域有重要意义,是大气科学研究的热点之一。尽管目前已经发展了很多种遥感设备对云进行观测(如激光雷达、卫星、云幂仪等),但这些设备无法得到高时空分辨率的云水平和垂直结构,而毫米波雷达是云三维精细结构探测的重要工具。由于毫米波雷达具有更接近小粒子尺度的短波长,因此更适合用来探测弱云,同时毫米波雷达也存在衰减严重的缺点。介绍了毫米波雷达的特点以及其探测小粒子的优势;对比分析了其与新一代多普勒天气雷达、晴空风廓线雷达的差异,得出：毫米波雷达具有高时空分辨率,能够更精确地反映云的垂直和水平结构,比普通天气雷达更适合监测云的变化。概括了国内外毫米波测云雷达的发展现状以及在云物理研究方面的情况,并展望了国内毫米波雷达未来研究的方向。     

煤矿巷道三维激光扫描关键技术及工程实践

智能化、无人化开采是煤炭行业发展的必然趋势,精准地质信息探测是当前智慧煤矿建设中的重点研发方向之一,其中巷道信息的精准探测和巷道三维模型的快速获取是地质透明化的重要数据来源。对比分析传统巷道建模方法及其优缺点,提出利用三维激光扫描重建技术构建高精度透明工作面巷道模型的技术思路。在分析煤矿井下工况环境长距离三维激光扫描面临的技术难题的基础上,研究三维激光扫描原理和空间点坐标计算方法,并提出透明工作面巷道三维激光扫描重建技术流程,其关键技术包括:三维激光扫描系统动态标定和坐标转换方法;点云预处理技术中基于统计滤波法的大尺度噪声滤波方法和基于移动最小二乘的小尺度噪声滤波算法;点云关键点提取与特征描述技术中SIFT特征检测算法和FPFH特征描述算法;点云配准技术中基于FPFH特征描述算法的粗配准技术和基于迭代最近点算法的精配准技术。以准格尔煤田唐家会煤矿某工作面为研究对象,利用自主研发的移动式三维激光扫描系统从三维激光扫描施工流程、巷道点云数据采集、边界轮廓线提取、巷道与工作面联合建模等方面进行实践应用。结果表明,提出的基于三维激光扫描技术的工作面巷道三维重建思路在技术上是可行的,能为复杂巷道的快速三维扫描、重建提供一条可行的技术路径。