致密砂岩气藏裂隙-孔隙型弹性岩石物理模板研究:以川西坳陷A区为例

相对于常规砂岩,致密砂岩在岩石物理性质、力学性质等方面具有明显差异,并呈现出很强的非均质性.岩石物理模型能将储层参数与地震特性信息联系起来,因此可以作为致密砂岩储层参数与地震特性信息转换的桥梁.常规的岩石物理模型通常只考虑单一因素(例如非均匀性,单一孔隙,单一尺度等),建立的岩石物理模板并不适用于致密砂岩.本文针对高饱和气、微裂隙发育、非均质性强的致密砂岩储层,利用Voigt-Reuss-Hill模型计算混合矿物的弹性模量,采用微分等效介质(DEM)模型描述含裂隙、孔隙岩石的骨架弹性模量,基于Biot-Rayleigh波动方程构建了岩石物理弹性模板,给出了致密砂岩储层弹性参数与物性的关系.基于测井数据和实验数据对岩石物理弹性模板进行校正,并将校正后的岩石物理弹性模板结合叠前地震资料应用于川西地区储层孔隙度与裂隙含量预测.结果显示,反演裂隙含量、孔隙度与储层试气报告、测井孔隙度基本吻合,表明该模板能够较合理地应用于致密砂岩储层孔隙度及裂隙含量解释中.     

碳酸盐岩储层各向异性岩石物理建模与孔隙结构分析（英文）

针对非均质性较强的碳酸盐岩储层,综合各向异性自相容近似理论与差分等效介质理论建立了一种各向异性岩石物理弹性参数计算模型。通过对碳酸盐岩孔隙结构实验结果分析,提出了碳酸盐岩弹性参数计算的孔隙结构模型。综合使用各向异性等效介质理论与碳酸盐岩孔隙结构模型,给出了碳酸盐岩非均质储层弹性参数计算的实现方法。通过对比灰岩样品测试数据与理论模型计算结果,表明本文提出的等效弹性理论模型能够描述碳酸岩盐储层速度与孔隙度变化关系,可作为碳酸盐岩储层地震数据解释的基本依据。     

基于流体替换技术的地震AVO属性气藏识别(英文)

传统上,油藏地球物理工程师是基于测井数据进行流体替换,计算油藏饱和不同流体时的弹性参数,并通过地震正演模拟分析油藏饱和不同流体时的地震响应,从而进行油气藏识别研究。该研究方案为油藏研究提供了重要的弹性参数和地震响应信息,但这些信息仅限于井眼位置。对于实际油藏条件,地下储层参数都是随位置变化而变化的,如孔隙度、泥质含量和油藏厚度等,因此基于传统流体替换方案得到的流体变化地震响应信息对于油气藏识别具有很大的局限性。研究通过设定联系油藏弹性参数与孔隙度、矿物组分等参数的岩石物理模型,并基于三层地质模型,进行地震正演模拟与AVO属性计算。得到油藏孔隙度、泥质含量和储层厚度变化时地震AVO属性,并建立了饱和水储层和含气储层对应AVO属性(包括梯度与截距)之间的定量关系。建立的AVO属性之间的线性关系可以实现基于地震AVO属性直接进行流体替换。最后,应用建立的流体替换前后AVO属性之间线性方程,对模拟地震数据直接进行流体替换,并通过流体替换前后AVO属性交汇图分析实现了气藏识别。     

超深层碳酸盐岩储层地震岩石物理特征和模型表征

揭示超深层碳酸盐岩储层的地震岩石物理响应机理可以为深储层测井数据解释、地球物理预测提供物理基础,对于深层油气勘探开发、向地球深部进军都有重要意义.深层致密碳酸盐岩储层面临着高温高压、成岩作用显著、异常压力普遍等新的物理环境,其岩石骨架、储集非均质、以及流体属性都将发生系统的变化.通过对塔里木盆地超深层(>7000 m)样品的弹性性质测量,系统的研究了深层碳酸盐岩储层的压力效应和水饱和流体效应,厘清了控制深层碳酸盐岩储层地震弹性性质的二元主控因素：裂隙发育和流体类型.且这二者呈现明显的耦合关系,裂隙越发育,越有利于识别不同流体的弹性特征.深层碳酸盐岩样品整体显示弱VTI(垂直横向各向同性)各向异性特征(<4%),也反映了在微观尺度上,水平裂隙相较于垂直裂隙对地震各向异性的影响更大.孔隙压力和气油比(GOR)对深层条件下油气流体的弹性响应也有较大影响：油气流体的弹性模量随着气油比的增加呈现明显下降,但随着孔隙压力的增加呈现升高趋势.在深储层地震岩石物理响应机理的基础上,建立了表征深层碳酸盐岩储层二元主控因素的地震岩石物理模型,该模型可以有效的刻画裂隙密度、流体类型对深层碳酸盐岩...     

非均质天然气藏的岩石物理模型及含气饱和度反演

非均质气藏中,天然气一般呈"斑块状"分布于含水岩石内部,这种非均匀分布特征会导致地震波显著的频散与衰减现象.为发展适用于碳酸盐岩储层中流体检测的岩石物理模型,本文基于Biot-Rayleigh波动方程,实现了对非饱和岩石的多尺度理论建模,预测了不同尺度下波响应与岩性、流体间的定量联系.将此项建模技术应用于阿姆河右岸的灰岩气藏,给出了多尺度的岩石物理学图板.通过与实验数据、测井精细解释结果及地震数据的对比分析,本文论证了图板的正确性与可适用性.结合叠后波阻抗反演与叠前弹性参数反演,基于地震资料进行了储层含气饱和度与孔隙度的反演,反演结果与各井实际的产气情况吻合.     

基于岩石物理模型的碳酸盐岩物性参数替换方法

碳酸盐岩的物性参数在油气勘探和开发的过程中起着重要的作用,且碳酸盐岩为具有多重孔隙类型的岩石,复杂的孔隙类型使得孔隙度与弹性参数之间的关系非常离散。本文基于岩石物理模型,提出一种碳酸盐岩物性参数替换的方法,首先对碳酸盐岩储层进行岩石物理建模,对模型中的等效孔隙纵横比进行反演,在进行替换时,保持其他参数不变,只改变孔隙度、方解石含量、含水饱和度和孔隙形状的体积分数中的一项。再结合AVO理论,进行正演模拟,正演模拟揭示孔隙度与孔隙形状的变化对地震响应的影响更为强烈,远远大于方解石含量、含水饱和度变化的影响,方解石含量和含水饱和度的变化对于地震响应的影响较微弱。实际资料应用表明,文章提出的碳酸盐岩物性参数的替换方法可以有效地分析物性参数及孔隙形状变化的影响,表征岩石的物理性质并判断岩石的孔隙类型。     

多孔可变临界孔隙度模型及储层孔隙结构表征

碳酸盐岩、致密砂岩和页岩等储层具有孔隙类型多样、孔隙结构复杂和非均质性强等特征,属于典型的多重孔隙储层,孔隙结构表征是多重孔隙储层预测和流体识别的关键.现有的孔隙结构表征方法大多利用孔隙纵横比或者构建一种新参数来描述孔隙结构.岩石临界孔隙度模型是一种常用的岩石物理模型,具有一定的物理意义和地质含义.本文推导了岩石临界孔隙度与岩石孔隙结构(孔隙纵横比)之间的关系,进而利用极化(形状)因子建立临界孔隙度与弹性参数之间的关系,构建了能够包含多种孔隙类型的多孔可变临界孔隙度模型.利用多孔可变临界孔隙度模型由储层的弹性参数反演不同孔隙类型的体积含量.实验室测量数据和实际测井数据表明,多孔可变临界孔隙度模型能够适用于多重孔隙储层岩石物理建模和孔隙结构表征.     

阿姆河右岸麦捷让地区碳酸盐岩储层流体检测研究

阿姆河右岸麦捷让地区碳酸盐岩气藏非均质性强,储层横向厚度变化大,前期研究多结合地震波场模拟进行储层预测,气藏流体检测工作较少,新钻井情况表明内部流体关系复杂,需要开展流体检测工作对气藏内部流体分布进行全面认识.本文从岩石物理模型入手,分析石灰岩纵横波速度、弹性参数与岩石基本性质之间的定量关系,寻找对流体敏感的弹性属性,认为纵横波速度比能较好地识别气水分布.通过测井弹性参数交会和流体替换,以实际资料验证岩石物理分析结果并选择气藏敏感参数,建立了适合本地区的气藏预测模版.利用叠前时间偏移得到的共反射点道集,开展三维叠前同时反演,利用反演结果进行了储层流体识别.预测结果与验证井吻合良好,且含气分布范围揭示了两个气藏存在.     

碳酸盐岩孔隙结构参数构建与储层参数反演(英文)

碳酸盐岩储层孔隙结构相对碎屑岩更复杂,常用的岩石物理模型不能较好的描述其孔隙结构的变化规律,且岩石孔隙结构的差异较大程度上会影响岩石的弹性性质。本文首先利用岩石薄片分析了碳酸盐岩的微观孔隙结构。然后基于Gassmann方程和Eshelby-Walsh椭球包体裂缝理论,在合理的假设前提下给出了一种新的岩石物理建模方法,并且从中提取了一个参数来表征孔隙结构的变化规律。最后,基于全波列测井数据,我们利用该方法计算了单井的孔隙度,并与用常规方法预测的结果进行了比较,同时进行了地震储层参数反演。研究结果表明,孔隙结构对岩石的弹性性质的影响较大,且新的建模方法预测的孔隙度误差仅为0.74%。因此,该方法可有效的减小孔隙结构对计算各岩石弹性参数的影响并提高孔隙度的预测精度。     

基于碳酸盐岩裂缝岩石物理模型的横波速度和各向异性参数预测

高角度缝隙充填的碳酸盐岩储层可以等效为具有水平对称轴的横向各向同性介质.本文提出了适用于裂缝型碳酸盐岩的岩石物理模型构建流程,重点介绍了在碳酸盐岩各向同性背景中,综合利用微小裂隙模型和线性滑动模型添加缝隙系统,并分析了当缝隙充填不同流体时,各向异性参数随纵横波速比的变化特征.同时本文讨论了裂缝密度和缝隙充填流体对地震反射系数的影响,推导了不同类型流体充填时储层反射系数与裂缝密度的近似关系式,阐述了各向异性流体替换理论,最终实现饱含流体碳酸盐岩裂缝储层的纵横波速度和各向异性参数的估测.选取某碳酸盐岩工区A井对该方法进行试算,结果表明基于碳酸盐岩裂缝岩石物理模型估算的纵横波速度值与测井值吻合较好,而且估测所得的各向异性参数值也能够较好地反映出裂缝储层位置.     

Quantitative geophysical pore‐type characterization and its geological implication in carbonate reservoirs

This paper discusses and addresses two questions in carbonate reservoir characterization: how to characterize pore‐type distribution quantitatively from well observations and seismic data based on geologic understanding of the reservoir and what geological implications stand behind the pore‐type distribution in carbonate reservoirs. To answer these questions, three geophysical pore types (reference pores, stiff pores and cracks) are defined to represent the average elastic effective properties of complex pore structures. The variability of elastic properties in carbonates can be quantified using a rock physics scheme associated with different volume fractions of geophysical pore types. We also explore the likely geological processes in carbonates based on the proposed rock physics template. The pore‐type inversion result from well log data fits well with the pore geometry revealed by a FMI log and core information. Furthermore, the S‐wave prediction based on the pore‐type inversion result also shows better agreement than the Greensberg‐Castagna relationship, suggesting the potential of this rock physics scheme to characterize the porosity heterogeneity in carbonate reservoirs. We also apply an inversion technique to quantitatively map the geophysical pore‐type distribution from a 2D seismic data set in a carbonate reservoir offshore Brazil. The spatial distributions of the geophysical pore type contain clues about the geological history that overprinted these rocks. Therefore, we analyse how the likely geological processes redistribute pore space of the reservoir rock from the initial depositional porosity and in turn how they impact the reservoir quality.     

Integration of rock physics and seismic inversion for rock typing and flow unit analysis: A case study

Rock typing and flow unit detection are more challenging in clastic reservoirs with a uniform pore system. An integrated workflow based on well logs, inverted seismic data and rock physics models is proposed and developed to address such challenges. The proposed workflow supplies a plausible reservoir model for further investigation and adds extra information. Then, this workflow has been implemented in order to define different rock types and flow units in an oilfield in the Persian Gulf, where some of these difficulties have been observed. Here, rock physics models have the leading role in our proposed workflow by providing a diagnostic framework in which we successfully differentiate three rock types with variant characteristics on the given wells. Furthermore, permeability and porosity are calculated using the available rock physics models to define several flow units. Then, we extend our investigation to the entire reservoir by means of simultaneous inversion and rock physics models. The outcomes of the study suggest that in sediments with homogeneous pore size distribution, other reservoir properties such as shale content and cementation (which have distinct effects on the elastic domain) can be used to identify rock types and flow units. These reservoir properties have more physical insights for modelling purposes and can be distinguished on seismic cube using proper rock physics models. The results illustrate that the studied reservoir mainly consists of rock type B, which is unconsolidated sands and has the characteristics of a reservoir for subsequent fluid flow unit analysis. In this regard, rock type B has been divided into six fluid units in which the first detected flow unit is considered as the cleanest unit and has the highest reservoir process speed about 4800 to 5000 mD. Here, reservoir quality decreases from flow unit 1 to flow unit 6.     

岩石物理模版在储层定量解释中的应用

岩石物理模板采用测井解释的各类岩性矿物骨架点值,选取适合该地区的岩石物理模型,模拟在不同储层组合、不同孔隙及不同饱和度情况下,储层岩石物理参数变化引起的储层测井参数及地球物理响应特征的变化,定量地建立起储层参数同地球物理弹性参数间的解释关系模版.本文根据新场JS42气藏储层参数分析结果,尝试性地将岩石物理解释模板应用于储层定量解释中,对储层高产气区、含水区域进行定量解释,并预测了该气藏的气水界面,该预测结果与实钻井测试情况吻合,证实了该方法的科学性.     

基于常规测井数据的纵波本征衰减估计

地震波本征衰减反映了地层及其所含流体的一些特性,对油气勘探开发有重要意义.已有的理论研究与实验发现,地震频带内的衰减主要与中观尺度(波长与颗粒尺度之间)的斑状部分饱和、完全饱和岩石弹性非均匀性情况下波诱导的局部流体流有关.这种衰减与岩石骨架、孔隙度及充填流体的性质密切相关.本文着重讨论均匀流体分布、斑状或非均匀流体分布两种情况下部分饱和岩石的纵波模量差异.以经典岩石物理理论和衰减机制认识为基础,通过分析低频松弛状态、高频非松弛状态岩石的弹性模量,讨论储层参数(如孔隙度、泥质含量以及含水饱和度等)与纵波衰减之间的确定性关系.上述方法与模型在陆相砂泥岩地层与海相碳酸盐岩地层中的适用性通过常规测井资料得到了初步验证.     

An Estimation Method of Pore Structure and Mineral Moduli Based on Kuster-Toksöz (KT) Model and Biot’s Coefficient

Pore structure and mineral matrix elastic moduli are indispensable in rock physics models. We propose an estimation method of pore structure and mineral moduli based on Kuster-Toksöz model and Biot’s coefficient. In this technique, pore aspect ratios of five different scales from 100 to 10^?4 are considered, Biot’s coefficient is used to determine bounds of mineral moduli, and an estimation procedure combined with simulated annealing (SA) algorithm to handle real logs or laboratory measurements is developed. The proposed method is applied to parameter estimations on 28 sandstone samples, the properties of which have been measured in lab. The water saturated data are used for estimating pore structure and mineral moduli, and the oil saturated data are used for testing these estimated parameters through fluid substitution in Kuster-Toksöz model. We then compare fluid substitution results with lab measurements and find that relative errors of P-wave and S-wave velocities are all less than 5%, which indicates that the estimation results are accurate.     

When 4D seismic is not applicable: Alternative monitoring scenarios for the Arab-D reservoir in the Ghawar Field

Ghawar, the largest oilfield in the world, produces oil from the Upper Jurassic Arab‐D carbonate reservoir. The high rigidity of the limestone–dolomite reservoir rock matrix and the small contrast between the elastic properties of the pore fluids, i.e. oil and water, are responsible for the weak 4D seismic effect due to oil production. A feasibility study was recently completed to quantify the 4D seismic response of reservoir saturation changes as brine replaced oil. The study consisted of analysing reservoir rock physics, petro‐acoustic data and seismic modelling. A seismic model of flow simulation using fluid substitution concluded that time‐lapse surface seismic or conventional 4D seismic is unlikely to detect the floodfront within the repeatability of surface seismic measurements. Thus, an alternative approach to 4D seismic for reservoir fluid monitoring is proposed. Permanent seismic sensors could be installed in a borehole and on the surface for passive monitoring of microseismic activity from reservoir pore‐pressure perturbations. Reservoir production and injection operations create these pressure or stress perturbations. Reservoir heterogeneities affecting the fluid flow could be mapped by recording the distribution of epicentre locations of these microseisms or small earthquakes. The permanent borehole sensors could also record repeated offset vertical seismic profiling surveys using a surface source at a fixed location to ensure repeatability. The repeated vertical seismic profiling could image the change in reservoir properties with production.     

Application of alternative digital rock physics methods in a real case study: a challenge between clean and cemented samples

High‐resolution three‐dimensional images are used in digital rock physics to numerically compute rock physical properties such as permeability and elastic moduli. These images are not widely available, and their preparation is both expensive and time consuming. All of these issues highlight the importance of alternative digital rock physics methods that are based on two‐dimensional images and use different approaches to compute effective properties of three‐dimensional samples. In addition, the scale of study in both standard and alternative digital rock physics is very small, which applications of its results are questionable at wells or reservoir scale. The aim of this study is to use two‐dimensional images and alternative digital rock physics techniques for computing seismic wave velocity and permeability, which are compared with well and laboratory data. For this purpose, data from one well in a reservoir located in the southwestern part of Iran are used. First, two clean (carbonate) and two cemented (limy sandstone) samples were collected from well cores at different depths. Then, two‐dimensional images by scanning electron microscope and conventional microscope were captured. In the next step, two alternative digital rock physics methods, namely, empirical relations and conditional reconstruction, have been employed to compute P‐wave velocity and permeability of a three‐dimensional medium. Results showed that, in clean (mono‐mineral) samples, velocity values were reasonably close to well data. However, permeability values are underestimated compared with laboratory data because laboratory data were obtained at ambient pressure, whereas alternative digital rock physics results are more representative of reservoir pressure conditions. Nevertheless, permeability–porosity trends are valid for both samples. In the case of cemented samples, a two‐scale procedure, along with a method for two‐scale computation and grain‐cement segmentation, is presented and developed. Results showed that P‐wave velocity is overestimated probably due to random sampling in this method. However, velocity–porosity trends are in agreement with well data. Moreover, permeability results obtained for cemented samples were also similar to those obtained for the clean samples.