地球旋转膨胀与冈瓦纳古陆裂解

地球自转速度变慢说明地球在旋转的同时其体积在膨胀。这与红移现象等说明的宇宙膨胀是一致的。地球放射性物质的放射性能导致软流圈及塑性地核外核的形成。地球自转的惯性与地球塑性层的共同作用导致了地球的层间滑动。地球外圈应相对于内圈转动较慢。转动较快的内层层圈的运动方向为自西向东,或左旋剪切。即,软流圈之下的下地幔应相对于岩石圈自西向东转动较快;塑性地核外核之下的内核应相对于外核自西向东转动较快。在地球层圈之间的剪切力和地球放射性能所引起的热能的共同作用下,在软流圈产生物质的对流,形成地幔物质对流。推测地核的外核也可能会产生塑性物质的对流。地轴倾角ε的变化以及潮汐转矩和岁差转矩是地球动力学的重要因素。地球的旋转膨胀是板块运动的地球动力学基础,也是冈瓦纳古陆裂解的运动学基础。     

地球的层圈结构与垂向运动

地球是物质的,物质是运动的。人类一直不懈地探索地球物质的运动规律。当今,随着科学技术的发展,人类已能"上天、入地、下海、登极",能从多角度、多视野来认识、研究地球及其物质运动特征。（1）地球圈层结构的形成：一般认为,地球形成初期,是成分相当均匀的星际物质。在其46亿年的漫长演化过程中,在热力膨胀和引力收缩的统一作用支配下,地内物质开始对流,密度大、熔点低的铁。镍呈熔融状态渗透过硅酸盐物质流向地心形成地核,铁镁硅酸盐物质上浮形成地幔。地幔的表层,由于散热及挥发份物质的逃逸很快冷却,并逐渐演化为固体地壳…     

基于岩石圈厚度和地幔横向黏度变化的地幔对流模型重估云南地区剪切波各向异性源的深度

在已有模型的基础上,考虑岩石圈厚度和软流层横向黏度的变化,本文建立了更接近地球实际情形的地幔对流模型,然后重新推测了导致云南地区剪切波各向异性的软流层源的深度。结果表明:岩石圈厚度和软流层横向黏度变化对云南地区的软流层各向异性源的深度及软流层的变形程度和机制具有重要影响;软流层各向异性对云南西南部区域、东部区域北纬26°N以南和四川盆地及其西缘的剪切波分裂具有明显的贡献,它们分别位于90~180、170~330和200~320 km深度;在云南西南部区域和东部区域北纬26°N以南,导致剪切波分裂的软流层可能处于大剪切变形状态,主要受地幔流动方向/流动平面模式控制,而四川盆地及其西缘的则处于小剪切变形状态,主要受应变模式的控制。     

滇西地区深部构造特征及其对成岩-成矿的控制作用

滇西地区地处扬子板块与印度板块之间特殊地带,是西南三江复合造山带的重要组成部分。地球物理资料揭示该区深构造特征复杂:地壳呈相对稳定的三层结构,其内部存在不规则低速透镜体;莫霍面自北而南呈近东西向阶梯式逐渐抬升,形态上隆坳相间;壳-幔界面存在明显的壳-幔过渡带,软流层地幔具有多层次隆起现象。深浅部构造呈现明显的立交桥式多层架结构。深部构造与区域成岩成矿关系密切:空间上,岩体与成矿的集中区分布体现出受由幔坡带所推断的深大断构造所控制,并与壳内低速体和壳-幔混合带存在垂向上的对应关系。岩浆岩岩石组合、岩石学和地球化学特征反映岩浆形成于壳-幔混合带物质的部分熔融,而地幔流体上涌是激发壳-幔混合带发生部分熔融的重要因素。研究认为,滇西地区燕山晚期-喜马拉雅期所处的特殊构造部位及经历的区域构造动力体制时空转换是形成深部特殊地质结构的动力学条件,并是激发强烈壳-幔相互作用的重要前提。在壳幔相互作用过程中,大量地幔流体携带成矿物质经由深大断裂上升至壳-幔混合带,激发其部分熔融,形成原始岩浆;随岩浆上升和分异演化,在构造有利部位成岩成矿,由此形成区域成岩成矿的一体化特点。而软流层幔的多期次脉动式上涌则是导致成矿多期性的内在因素。     

地球中的流体和穿越层圈构造

地球中的流体是当前科学研究的重点。从地球科学的角度来说,流体应包括气体、液体（水和石油）、熔体和地球中受应力作用而移动的物体。在半经为6378 km的固体地球中可分为7个层圈。目前对地球内部流体的了解很少,为探索流体在各层圈中的成分,物理化学性质和分布,以现阶段对地球层圈和流体研究程度来看,其重点应放在地球中穿越层圈的构造部分和地壳。地球中穿越层圈的构造主要有三个:板块构造的俯冲带是由上到下的穿越层圈构造,向下俯冲的大洋岩石圈可以抵达地幔过渡带;大洋中脊的扩张引起的由下而上的穿越层圈构造,使岩石圈和地幔的熔流体从下向上运移;地幔柱引起的由下而上的穿越层圈构造,使地幔的熔流体从下向上迁移。通过对三个穿越层圈构造和地壳中流体的研究,可以得出地壳、岩石圈、上地幔、过渡带、下地幔和核幔边界层流体的种类和成分、流动和演化。这是至今为至能鉴定到地球中深部流体的方法。这四个方面的研究是当前地球中流体科学研究的重点,并对开展深部找矿有实际意义。      

峨眉山大火成岩省中攀枝花A型花岗岩的锆石U-Pb年龄、元素及Sr-Nd-Hf同位素地球化学

了解A型花岗质岩浆的形成过程是探讨大陆内部地壳演化和生长的基本前提.特别是其同位素组成可以反映形成过程中壳幔物质的贡献并用于确定其构造背景.研究证实,地球演化历史中重要的初生地壳形成阶段均与大型的地幔上涌事件密切相关[1].大陆地壳之下的软流圈地幔上涌带来的巨大热量可以导致大陆岩石圈地幔和镁铁质下地壳的广泛部分熔融,从而形成双峰式的镁铁质和长英质侵人体[2].     

中国东部中生代岩石圈演化与太平洋板块俯冲消减关系的讨论

国内外不少学者认为中国东部中生代岩石圈演化与太平洋板块向欧亚大陆俯冲、消减有关,近年来作者从岩石圈-软流层深部地质过程审视中国东部岩石圈演化问题发现,中国东部中生代早期(三叠纪至侏罗纪)岩石圈演化与太平洋板块向欧亚大陆俯冲消减没有直接的关系,它们可能是一种源自中国东部周边东亚洋盆系的一些洋盆向中国东部大陆俯冲消减碰撞造山以及由它们引发的中国东部大陆内的软流层上涌的深部地质作用联合作用的结果。软流层上涌作用自始至终控制着中国东部大陆岩石圈与软流层之间以及壳幔之间的层圈拆离,底侵作用以及岩石圈变形缩短、伸展和岩浆活动。     

大陆、海洋分布的对称性及成因探讨

通过观察地球表面偶然发现,大陆、海洋的分布有明显的对称特征,地球一侧如为大陆,与其对应的地球的另一侧一定为海洋。依大陆、海洋分布的对称特征为基本论据,从大陆、海洋形成所需物质、物质运移、物质运移能量三大要素入手,分析讨论了大陆、海洋的形成过程,指出大陆、海洋的形成是靠地球内能的作用,形成大陆的物质来自地球另一侧与其对称分布的海洋,软流层是物质运移通道。     

软流层部分熔融岩浆竖向迁移模型分析

针对地幔蠕动过程中，软流层部分熔融岩浆上升这一地质背景，从力学的基本原理出发，将软流层岩石抽象为一类充满液体的多孔介质，并假定其以均匀速度上升，对岩石中部分熔融岩浆的迁移机理进行了分析，得到了一组简化的公式，并进行了计算。结果表明在此简化模型下，可以得到一个临界速度值的表达式。当岩石上升的速度低于该临界数值时，部分熔融岩浆将在一定的界面上形成；若大于这个临界数值，部分熔融岩浆的形成将滞后到一段竖向区域内完成。同时简单的计算结果也说明部分熔融岩浆的迁移运动是实现热量及成矿物质元素向上迁移的重要原因。其结果和某些岩浆过程的地质分析是一致的，这对进一步研究地幔蠕动及其成矿动力学具有重要的意义。     

秦岭显生宙地幔组成及其演化

通过对秦岭造山带及扬子克拉通北缘显生宙时期 3个含地幔捕虏体的煌斑岩、钾镁煌斑岩、碱性玄武岩以及 11个不含捕虏体的辉石岩、辉长岩、玄武岩出露点的岩石地球化学对比研究 ,揭示出研究区地幔演化经历了自古生代的OIB亏损地幔到中生代的高度富集地幔再到中生代末期 -新生代的OIB MORB的亏损地幔的两次明显变更。制约这种变更的主要因素是熔融岩浆时源区发生的层圈相互作用类型。鉴于大陆岩石圈软流层体系的特征 ,有必要划分出岩石圈 /软流层相互作用带(过渡带 ) ,它是大陆岩浆作用的重要源区。     

冲击波物理在地球和行星科学研究中的应用

概要介绍了冲击波物理应用于地球和行量科学研究中所取得的一些最新成果。主要涉及地球深部物质的组成，性质和状态，行星的组成模型，以及太阳系中的碰撞成坑和吸积相互作用等领域。着重论述了冲击波物理在这些领域的研究中所发挥的作用。     

Magmatism and metallogeny of the Early Earth as a reflection of its geologic evolution

The paper is focused on the evolution of the Earth starting with the planetary accretion and differentiation of the primordial material (similar in composition to CI chondrites) into the core and mantle and the formation of the Moon as a result of the impact of the Earth with a smaller cosmic body. The features of the Hadean eon (ca. 4500–4000 Ma) are described in detail. Frequent meteorite-asteroid bombardments which the Earth experienced in the Hadean could have caused the generation of mafic/ultramafic primary magmas. These magmas also differentiated to produce some granitic magmas, from which zircons crystallized. The repeated meteorite bombardments destroyed the protocrust, which submerged into the mantle to remelt, leaving refractory zircons, indicators of the Early Earth’s geologic conditions, behind.The mantle convection that started in the Archean could possibly be responsible for the Earth’s subsequent endogenous evolution. Long-living deep-seated mantle plumes could have promoted the generation of basalt-komatiitic crust, which, thickening, could have submerged into the mantle as a result of sagduction, where it remelted. Partial melting of the thick crust, leaving eclogite as a residue, could have yielded tonalite-trondhjemite-granodiorite (TTG) melts. TTG rocks are believed to compose the Earth’s protocrust. Banded iron bodies, the only mineral deposits of that time, were produced in the oceans that covered the Earth.This environment, recognized as LID tectonics combined with plume tectonics, probably existed on the Earth prior to the transitional period, which was marked by a series of new geologic processes and led to a modern-style tectonics, involving plate tectonics and plume tectonics mechanisms, by 2 Ga. The transitional period was likely to be initiated at about 3.4 Ga, with the segregation of outer and inner cores, which terminated by 3.1 Ga. Other rocks series (calc-alkaline volcanic and intrusive) rather than TTGs were produced at that time. Beginning from 3.4-3.3 Ga, mineral deposits became more diverse; noble and siderophile metal occurrences were predominant among ore deposits. Carbonatites, hosting rare-metal mineralization, could have formed only by 2.0 Ga. From 3.1 to 2.7 Ga, there was a period of “small-plate” tectonics and first subduction and spreading processes, which resulted in the first supercontinent by 2.7 Ga. Its amalgamation indicates the start of superplume-supercontinent cycles.Between 2.7 and 2.0 Ga, the D″ layer formed at the core-mantle interface. It became a kind of thermal regulator for the ascending already tholeiitic mantle plume magmas. All deep-seated layers of the Earth and large low-velocity shear provinces, called mantle hot fields, partially melted enriched EM-I and EM-II mantles, and the depleted recent asthenosphere mantle, which is parental for midocean-ridge basalts, were finally generated by 2 Ga. Therefore, an interaction of all Earth’s layers began from that time.     

中国东部中、新生代软流圈上涌与构造-岩浆-矿集区

以深部地球物理资料为基础,结合大地构造环境、岩浆岩同位素示踪及矿产资源分布规律,加以综合分析.通过热力学计算可知,中国东部近2亿年来的上地幔岩石圈/软流圈构造可以存留至今,且能区分出中、新生代.软流圈上涌与矿集区:(1)中生代金属矿:(a)克拉通区,软流圈沿柱身上涌,其柱头上方形成幔壳混熔花岗质岩及相应Au、Cu、Mo、Pb-Zn等矿集区,并于柱身与岩石圈块体陡接触带,形成中基性杂岩及相应富Fe矿集区;(b)褶皱带区,在软流圈上涌柱上方形成近幔源型花岗质岩,相应为Cu、Au、Pb-Zn、Mo、Ag矿集区;(c)南岭带,软流圈层在适当深度、热量充足、较大范围内"平卧",因热传导而致使地壳内物质部分重熔,形成壳源型花岗质岩及相应的W、Sn、稀有元素矿集区;(2)新生代油气田:(a)与太平洋板块俯冲有关的软流圈上涌,其上方出露玄武岩,形成较大型油田;(b)与裂陷盆地有关的软流圈上涌,其上方形成大型油田,也有中小型油田.软流圈上涌与大地构造:中生代J-K时期,通过构造力特征等的综合分析,阐明燕山运动的根源及其影响;新生代侧重剖析大陆裂谷相关特征.总之,软流圈上涌是岩石圈减薄,以及中、新生代构造-岩浆-矿集区形成的根源.     

新疆天山石炭—二叠纪大规模岩浆成矿事件与形成机制探讨

天山地质构造演化复杂,多阶段演化中岩浆活动与成矿作用规模并不均衡。而石炭-二叠纪却是天山成矿带大规模岩浆活动和金属成矿作用的"爆发"期。本研究紧紧围绕岩浆铜镍矿床、斑岩型铜(钼)矿床及火山岩型磁铁矿矿床,从含矿岩体的岩浆起源、岩浆演化及成矿特点,系统研究地球深部相应岩浆活动的地质过程。通过典型矿床的深入剖析,建立相应矿床类型的成矿模式,破解制约找矿突破的控制因素,系统阐述了板块构造与地幔柱体制叠加并存的地质特征与成矿表现。联系塔里木地幔柱的活动特点和成矿表现,将其与天山造山带三类主要矿床类型建立关联,对比岩石学、年代学及地球化学研究,发现天山成矿带成矿类型与塔里木地幔柱及板块构造存有密切关系,可能是两种构造体制叠加并存的结果。塔里木克拉通深部熔融的地幔物质,围绕刚性塔里木克拉通边缘不断上涌,并与表壳物质发生交换,随着板块俯冲的持续和减弱,深部上涌的地幔物质不断加强,先后形成因深部地幔物质多寡而金属聚集的不同矿床类型。该地幔柱形成时深部过程与成矿作用认识模型的建立,极大地推进了板块构造、地幔柱与岩浆成矿作用的研究,同时可为天山及邻区找矿突破提供借鉴和指导。     

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S167498711200148X

The Earth was born from a giant impact at 4.56 Ga. It is generally thought that the Earth subsequently cooled, and hence shrunk, over geologic time. However, if the Earth's convection was double-layered, there must have been a peak of expansion during uni-directional cooling. We computed the expansion-contraction effect using first principles mineral physics data. The result shows a radius about 120 km larger than that of the present Earth immediately after the consolidation of the magma-ocean on the surface, and subsequent shrinkage of about 110 km in radius within about 10 m.y., followed by gradual expansion of 11 km in radius due to radiogenic heating in the lower mantle in spite of cooling in the upper mantle in the Archean. This was due to double-layered convection in the Archean with final collapse of overturn with contraction of about 8 km in radius, presumably by the end of the Archean. Since then, the Earth has gradually cooled down to reduce its radius by around 12 km. Geologic evidence supports the late Archean mantle overturn ca. 2.6 Ga, such as the global distribution of super-liquidus flood basalts on nearly all cratonic fragments (>35 examples). If our inference is correct, the surface environment of the Earth must have undergone extensive volcanism and emergence of local landmasses, because of the thin ocean cover (3–5 km thickness). Global unconformity appeared in cratonic fragments with stromatolite back to 2.9 Ga with a peak at 2.6 Ga. The global magmatism brought extensive crustal melting to yield explosive felsic volcanism to transport volcanic ash into the stratosphere during the catastrophic mantle overturn. This event seems to be recorded by sulfur mass-independent fractionation (SMIF) at 2.6 Ga. During the mantle overturn, a number of mantle plumes penetrated into the upper mantle and caused local upward doming of by ca. 2–3 km which raised local landmasses above sea-level. The consequent increase of atmospheric oxygen enabled life evolution from prokaryotes to eukaryotes by 2.1 Ga, or even earlier in the Earth history.     

Linear volcanic chains in oceans: Possible formation mechanisms

Possible formation mechanisms of linear volcanic chains in oceans are considered with particular emphasis placed on tectonic processes in the lithosphere. Nonparallel patterns of volcanic chains, as well as irregular variations in volcanism ages, may be due to the formation of sigmoid fractures that appear in certain stress fields. The tectonic stress may control the dimensions of volcanic chains, their lengths, and the volcanism intensity. At the same time, certain assumptions are necessary. For example, to explain shallow magmatism, it must be assumed that the temperature of the asthenosphere is close to the melting point of mantle material, although the asthenosphere may be highly variable in the degree of enrichment. Hence, even insignificant variations in the temperature, volatile contents, or bulk composition may provoke large-volume melting. It is shown that the rotation of the Earth causes additional displacements of plates relative to the underlying mantle. While a fertile fragment exists in the mantle, such an inhomogeneity remains stationary relative to the moving plate and the melting of this inhomogeneity may result in the growth of volcanic uplift. The global stress field determined by plate boundaries and an intraplate factor controls the distribution of the stress fields, which are responsible for the formation of volcanic chains. It is concluded that the available data on the age progressions and character of linear volcanic chains within oceanic plates provide no grounds for any single hypothesis explaining the formation of these chains. The most universal hypothesis seems to be the explanation based on shallow tectonic processes. The localization and formation mechanism of volcanic chains are determined by the stress field in the lithosphere, thermal compression and expansion, the specific features of the plate structure, melt dynamics, and the occurrence of fertile material in the mantle rather than by temperature. The volume of volcanic eruptions depends on the degree of fertility of the mantle material; the presence of volatiles; the plate thickness; and, to a lesser extent, the temperature. At the same time, the formation of such large volcanic uplifts as Hawaii and Iceland may be explained in terms of the classic plume hypothesis. Thus, it is suggested that the formation of linear volcanic chains is a polygenetic process resulting from the combination of different geodynamic factors. Further detailed investigation will give rise to new geodynamic models.     

中国东部中生代软流圈上涌与构造 岩浆 矿集区

在深入研究华南地震层析成像的基础上,按照大地构造环境和软流圈上涌形状和热度,将中国东部(大陆)中生代上地幔中岩石圈 软流圈构造划分为3类:(1)陆台区(华北块和扬子块),软流圈沿古裂陷上涌,其柱头上方形成幔壳混熔花岗质岩及相应Au、Cu、Mo、Pb Zn等矿集区,并于软流圈与岩石圈厚区之陡接触带形成中基性杂岩及相应Fe矿集区;(2)褶皱带中心区(南岭及其延伸带),软流圈在适当深度、热量充足、较大范围内“平卧”,因热传导而致使地壳内物质部分重熔,形成壳源型花岗质岩及相应的W、Sn、稀有元素矿集区;(3)褶皱带边缘区(大兴安岭南部及华南南缘),在软流圈上涌柱上方形成幔源或幔壳混熔的花岗质岩,相应为Cu、Au、Pb Zn、Mo、Ag矿集区。总之,软流圈上涌是中生代构造、岩浆、矿集区形成之根源。     

地幔流体与成矿作用

地球内部流体的活动乃是形成各种矿床的必要条件，是导致矿物聚积和金属成矿作用的前提。随着地球科学的进展，作为地球内部流体的重要组成部分，地幔流体越来越多的重视。本文在解剖世界首例白云鄂博地幔流体交代稀土矿床的基础上，初步总结了地幔流体与成矿作用的基本问题。     

新疆北部晚古生代大规模岩浆作用与成矿耦合关系研究主要进展及成果

新疆北部晚古生代地质构造演化复杂,岩浆作用形式多样,造就了大规模的成矿作用。本研究紧紧围绕岩浆铜镍矿床、斑岩型铜(钼)矿床及火山岩型磁铁矿矿床,从含矿岩体的岩浆起源、岩浆演化及成矿特点,系统研究深部相应岩浆活动的地质过程。通过典型矿床的深入剖析,建立相应矿床类型的成矿模式,破解制约找矿突破的控制因素,系统阐述了板块构造与地幔柱体制叠加并存的地质特征与成矿表现。鉴于塔里木地幔柱的活动特点和成矿表现,将其与新疆北部三类主要矿床类型建立关联,对比岩石学、年代学及地球化学特点,发现其成矿类型与塔里木地幔柱及板块构造存有密切关系,可能是两种构造体制叠加并存的结果。塔里木克拉通深部熔融的地幔物质,围绕刚性塔里木克拉通边缘不断上涌,并与表壳物质发生交换,随着俯冲板块的持续和减弱,深部上涌的地幔物质不断加强,先后形成因深部地幔物质多寡而金属聚集的不同矿床类型。     

地球三级层流隆陷构造系统的关联机理

本文针对板块构造学说不能合理解释的一些重大科学问题,采用系统科学和系统哲学的分析方法,研究开放复杂地球系统及其子系统的时空、物质和能量规律。作者高度综合了超洋陆、洋陆和大陆盆山系统几何学、运动学、流变学和演化史的基本特征,初步阐明了地球内部三个软流层四维非均匀层流及其多级垂平转换形成超洋陆、洋陆和盆山的统一动力学机制,强调热动力引起岩浆活动、固态流变是地球构造活动的主因,揭示了地球各子系统不同热状态下的物质运动规律,提出了南半球现代特提斯、未来超大洋-超大陆格局、西太平洋存在中、新特提斯及其相关古陆、北美西部裂陷成洋、地球三级非均匀层流导致地球磁场动态叠加和磁极移动、地热能取代碳能带动新产业革命等十大科学猜想。上述研究成果为创立全新地学理论奠定了基础,并为人类改善地球生态环境提供了一个新的思路。