广西桂林地区中、上泥盆统风暴岩沉积特征及其地质意义

桂林地区中、上泥盆统以海相碳酸盐岩为主,地层中夹有多套风暴沉积.风暴沉积特征包括底面侵蚀构造、放射状组构、丘状交错层理、递变层理、平行层理、块状层理等.风暴沉积主要包括A、B、C、D、E 5种沉积单元:A.块状层理段,由具块状层理的竹叶状砾屑灰岩构成,代表风暴涡流沉积;B.递变层理段,由砾屑灰岩和砂屑灰岩构成,代表风暴浊流沉积;C.丘状交错层理段,由具丘状交错层理的砂屑灰岩构成,代表风暴浪作用沉积;D.平行层理段,由具平行层理的砂屑灰岩组成,代表风暴浊流沉积(相当于鲍马序列的B段);E.均质层理段,由具均质层理的泥晶灰岩构成,为风暴后期的快速悬浮沉积.由上述沉积单元组合成不同的风暴沉积序列.桂林地区风暴沉积的发现表明,广西在泥盆纪时位于低纬度区域,该沉积对于认识该区中、晚泥盆世的古地理、古气候和古海洋具有重要意义.     

鄂尔多斯盆地徐庄组碳酸盐岩风暴沉积发育特征及其地质意义

鄂尔多斯盆地寒武系徐庄组发育碳酸盐岩风暴沉积现象。风暴沉积主要包括侵蚀底面、风暴砾屑层、丘状和洼状层理等沉积构造。沉积构造在不同的条件下会形成不同的沉积序列,理想的沉积序列包括5个沉积单元,从下到上依次为：A侵蚀底面及砾屑段,代表风暴高峰期和衰减期的沉积作用,底面有突变的底界及特殊的沉积构造;B粒序段,为风暴减弱时沉积物从下向上变细的层段;C平行纹层段;D丘状纹层段,为风暴衰减期流体性质逐渐由密度流变为牵引流时形成的产物;E水平层理泥岩和泥晶灰岩段,为风暴停息期晴天条件下的产物。经野外考察发现研究区共可识别出5种不同类型的沉积序列组合,每种序列组合有不同的沉积特点,代表的沉积环境也不同。研究区寒武系徐庄组碳酸盐岩风暴沉积的发现和研究,对于古板块演化与古纬度恢复、鄂尔多斯盆地古地理研究具有重要的意义。     

鄂东南地区早三叠世风暴沉积序列及其环境意义

鄂东南地区下三叠统以海相碳酸盐岩为主,发育典型的风暴成因的竹叶状砾屑灰岩.风暴沉积构遣包括风暴侵蚀构造、风暴撕裂构造、风暴浪构造、风暴涡流构造及风暴期后快速沉积构造和放射状构造等.风暴沉积主要包括7种岩相类型:A为具块状层理的竹叶状砾屑灰岩;B为具递变层理的砾屑灰岩;C为具丘状、洼状交错层理和平行层理的砂屑灰岩;D为具平行层理的砂屑灰岩;E为具波痕交错层理的砂屑灰岩;F为具水平层理的粉屑灰岩;G为具块状或水平层理的泥状灰岩.它们组成4种典型的风暴沉积序列:风暴潮序列(序列1)、潮下带风暴流序列(序列2)、内陆棚风暴流序列(序列3)和外陆棚风暴浊流序列(序列4).鄂东南地区广泛发育的风暴沉积,说明三叠纪时期该地区处于低纬度带的潮坪-陆棚浅水沉积环境.     

四川广元清风峡剖面上泥盆统风暴沉积特征及其古环境意义*

泥盆纪吉维特期—弗拉期(G-F)之交的环境突变拉开了晚泥盆世生物大灭绝的序幕。然而,不同学者对于该时期环境变化的认识仍存在争议。为了解泥盆纪G-F之交的环境变化特征,通过对四川广元清风峡剖面泥盆系观雾山组中6套风暴岩的详细沉积学研究,识别出了典型的风暴沉积标志,如底面侵蚀构造、粗粒滞留沉积、粒序层理、丘状交错层理等。根据风暴沉积构造的组合特征,建立了3种近源风暴沉积序列: 序列Ⅰ,底部为具侵蚀构造的砾屑灰岩,顶部为块状泥晶灰岩;序列Ⅱ,底部为具侵蚀构造的砾屑灰岩,顶部为具粒序层理的砂屑灰岩;序列Ⅲ,底部为具侵蚀构造的砾屑灰岩,中部为具粒序层理的介壳灰岩,上部为具丘状交错层理的颗粒泥晶灰岩,顶部为具波状层理和水平层理的泥晶灰岩。牙形石生物组合分析显示,风暴岩形成于晚泥盆世弗拉期初期。基于现代风暴成因分析,认为弗拉期初期全球低纬度地区广泛分布的风暴岩与气候变暖和快速海侵密切相关。研究区风暴岩的发现对认识上扬子地区晚泥盆世沉积环境、古地理、古气候均具有重要意义。     

西天山阿吾拉勒一带石炭系阿克沙克组风暴岩及其意义

西天山阿吾拉勒阔尔库一带早石炭世阿克沙克组以海相碳酸盐岩夹碎屑岩为主,发育典型风暴成因的竹叶状砾屑灰岩。风暴沉积构造主要有风暴侵蚀构造、风暴撕裂构造、风暴浪构造、风暴涡流构造及风暴期后快速沉积构造等。已识别出的风暴沉积类型有具块状层理的竹叶状砾屑灰岩,具递变层理的砾屑灰岩和砾屑砂岩,具丘状、洼状交错层理和平行层理的砂屑灰岩及生物碎屑砾屑粉砂质灰岩,具平行层理的砂屑灰岩、长石岩屑砂岩,具波痕交错层理的砂屑灰岩和砾屑粉砂质灰岩,具水平层理的粉屑灰岩和具块状或水平层理的生物碎屑砾屑粉砂质灰岩。新发现的风暴沉积,说明早石炭世该地区处于低纬度带陆棚浅水沉积环境,因而对于分析西天山石炭纪的古地理、古气候、古构造及板块的运动规律具有重要意义。     

川西汉旺地区雷口坡组四段风暴岩特征及地质意义

通过野外实测剖面和镜下薄片观察,川西汉旺地区雷口坡组四段发育典型的风暴岩,具有底冲刷—充填构造、风暴砾屑层、菊花构造和丘状交错层理等典型风暴沉积标志。根据该风暴岩岩性、沉积位置、沉积标志组合特征,共识别出三种风暴沉积序列类型:1)序列Ⅰ由侵蚀底面及砾屑段、粒序段组成,代表靠近风暴浪基面附近的台前缓斜坡下部环境; 2)序列Ⅱ由侵蚀底面及砾屑段、粒序段、平行纹层段、丘状纹层段组成,代表靠近正常浪基面附近的台前缓斜坡上部环境; 3)序列Ⅲ由粒序段、平行纹层段组成,代表台地边缘环境。风暴层序自下而上的沉积演化为:台前缓斜坡下部—台前缓斜坡上部—台地边缘,整体为一个向上变浅的沉积序列。     

塔里木盆地西北缘震旦纪风暴岩成因探讨

本文首次论证了塔里木盆地西北缘震旦纪风暴岩的存在。就风暴岩的结构特征、沉积序列、成因模式作了探讨。震旦纪风暴岩具有底面侵蚀-充填构造、无规则排列的砾屑灰岩层、粒序层及丘状层理,以及水平纹理和纹状交错层。风暴岩可分为二种类型:钙屑风暴岩为强的风暴产生的风暴浪和风暴流而形成,由-套砾屑灰岩及泥灰岩、泥岩组成;砂屑风暴岩是由强度相对较弱的风暴离岸回流将风暴高峰悬浮起的砂屑物带到浪基面以下的地方沉积而成,由砂岩、粉砂岩及粉砂质泥岩组成。     

豫北地区寒武系风暴岩沉积特征及其地质意义

河南省北部辉县市、卫辉市、淇县一带寒武系馒头组、张夏组、崮山组、炒米店组以海相碳酸盐岩-泥质岩沉积为主,地层中夹多套风暴沉积.风暴沉积构造包括底面侵蚀形成的沟渠构造、风暴撕裂形成的条带状构造、风暴涡流形成的环状构造、竹叶状砾屑灰岩中风暴成因的放射状组构,以及风暴浪成因的丘状交错层理构造等.馒头组、崮山组、炒米店组的风暴...     

川中大安寨段风暴沉积特征及分布模式

风暴沉积在川中大安寨段比较发育,对大安寨段风暴沉积的沉积构造特征进行研究,发现大安寨段风暴沉积虽然缺乏丘状交错层理,但顶底面构造和层理构造比较发育。综合分析顶底面构造和层理构造特征,总结了大安寨段风暴沉积的理想沉积相序结构,即一个完整的风暴层序从下向上发育:渠模或侵蚀面、砾屑层、粒序层理、波状层理、漂浮介屑段、粉砂屑层和截切或波痕。由于各微相的水动力条件的差异导致风暴沉积层序在各微相中保存的程度不同,在能量较高的滩前、滩核、滩后主要以粒序层为主,滨浅湖主要以粉砂屑层理为主,半深湖发育漂浮状介屑层、波状层理、粉砂屑层理。风暴沉积的研究加深了对大安寨段半深湖灰岩成因的认识,滩前和半深湖相的风暴成因的灰岩的孔隙度相对较好,具有较好的烃源与保存条件,是致密油勘探的有利相带。     

鄂东黄石地区下三叠统大冶组风暴沉积

鄂东黄石地区下三叠统大冶组灰岩中发育了典型的风暴沉积，风暴岩由砾屑灰岩、颗粒灰岩和泥灰岩组成，其中风暴沉积构造包括丘状交错层理、递变层理、砾屑的撕裂构造及水平层理等，不同层位具有不同的风暴沉积构造类型和组合特征。根据风暴沉积的岩石特征、构造类型、规模、组合特点，并结合沉积背景分析，风暴沉积序列可进一步分为深水远源型、过渡型和浅水近源型。大冶组一段风暴沉积具有深水远源特点，沉积环境为水体较深的外陆棚； 大冶组二段风暴沉积具有过渡型特点，沉积环境为向上变浅的内陆棚； 大冶组三、四段风暴沉积具有浅水近源特点，沉积环境为浅水陆棚至滨岸。大冶组沉积序列具有向上变浅的特点，沉积环境由深水陆棚逐渐向滨岸转变。风暴沉积的识别对重建鄂东黄石地区早三叠世古地理具有重要意义。     

从榴辉岩与围岩的关系论苏鲁榴辉岩的形成与折返

位于华北和扬子两板块碰撞带中的苏鲁榴辉岩形成的温压条件不但是超高压，而且是高温。榴辉岩的PTt轨迹表明其为陆-陆磁撞俯冲带的产物。榴辉岩的区域性围岩花岗质片麻岩为新元古代同碰撞期花岗岩，榴辉岩及其他直接围岩皆呈包体存在于其中，并见新元古代花岗岩呈脉状侵入榴辉岩包体中。区域性围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石中发现有柯石英、绿辉石等包裹体，表明新元古代花岗岩的组成物质也经受过超高压变质作用，且榴辉岩与围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石U-Pb体系同位素年龄基本相同。但新元古代花岗岩所记录的变质作用和变形作用期次（或阶段）却少于榴辉岩。椐上述可得如下推断：超高压榴辉岩与新元古代花岗岩岩浆是同时在碰撞带底部（俯冲板块前部）形成的；榴辉岩的第一折返阶段是由新元古代花岗岩岩浆携带上升的，其第二折返阶段是和新元古代花岗岩一起由逆冲及区域性隆起而上升，遭受剥蚀。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值问题探讨

通过对广珠东线高速公路横沥大桥的试桩及土体的工程地质条件分析,总结出影响摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值的一般问题以及解决问题的方法和措施。     

混凝剂处理钻井废泥浆液的研究

通过烧杯搅拌实验对混凝剂处理钻井废泥浆液进行研究,从混凝剂适应p H值范围、混凝效果、沉降速度三方面研究比较,找出一种较为理想的混凝剂,并分析了影响混凝剂性能的主要因素,确定了混凝剂的最佳投放剂量。      

黄河源区水环境变化及黄河出现冬季断流的原因

自1954年有水文观测资料以来，黄河曾在青海省玛多县黄河沿水文站发生过3次断流。本文在分析黄河源区水环境特征及其影响因素的基础上指出，鄂陵湖、扎陵湖的环湖融区调节能力低，当遇到连续干旱、冬季其调节水量不足以维系黄河径流时便会发生断流，这是断流的主因。湖水位降低、开采沙金、过度放牧等自然和人为因素也会对黄河发生断流产生影响。鄂陵湖口附近黄河上修建的水电站开始蓄水，提高了两湖及环湖融区的调节能力，今后黄河冬季出现断流的可能性将大为降低。     

On the Validity of the Boussinesq Approximation for the Elder Problem

The Elder problem is an example of a density driven flow, motivated by experiments of a thermally driven convection in porous media. It is a mathematical benchmark problem used for code verification of density driven flow simulators and comparison of issues related to its numerical treatment. Its bifurcation diagram with respect to the Rayleigh number is investigated on a hierarchy of uniformly refined grids. Eleven stationary solutions are shown to exist for the Elder problem. Similar solutions can be found using the Boussinesq approximation. Despite this similarity the corresponding bifurcation diagrams are shown to be topologically not equivalent. This gives rise to serious doubts on the validity of Boussinesq approximation for this model problem. Grid convergence is investigated for the numerically obtained solutions.     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

Mine-water chemistry: the good, the bad and the ugly

 Contaminative mine drainage waters have become one of the major hydrogeological and geochemical problems arising from mankind's intrusion into the geosphere. Mine drainage waters in Scandinavia and the United Kingdom are of three main types: (1) saline formation waters; (2) acidic, heavy-metal-containing, sulphate waters derived from pyrite oxidation, and (3) alkaline, hydrogen-sulphide-containing, heavy-metal-poor waters resulting from buffering reactions and/or sulphate reduction. Mine waters are not merely to be perceived as problems, they can be regarded as industrial or drinking water sources and have been used for sewage treatment, tanning and industrial metals extraction. Mine-water problems may be addressed by isolating the contaminant source, by suppressing the reactions releasing contaminants, or by active or passive water treatment. Innovative treatment techniques such as galvanic suppression, application of bactericides, neutralising or reducing agents (pulverised fly ash-based grouts, cattle manure, whey, brewers' yeast) require further research. Received: 13 August 1996 · Accepted: 3 January 1997