对白云鄂博矿床U-Pb同位素年代学工作的几点思考

本文主要根据笔者的研究成果,结合近年来文献报道的资料,对白云鄂博矿床U-Pb同位素年代学工作中存在的一些问题,主要是U-Pb同位素定年矿物和定年方法的选择等问题进行讨论,并对U-Pb同位素定年技术在白云鄂博矿床地质研究中的应用潜力进行探讨。笔者的研究成果表明,白云鄂博矿床中适用于U-Pb同位素年龄测定的不同矿物和不同的U-Pb同位素定年技术方法各有不同的特点及局限性。在实际工作中,根据具体的年代学工作要求及从具体样品中分选得到的U-Pb同位素定年矿物的种类及其数量多少、粒度大小、年龄范围、U-Pb含量、测年精度要求等因素,灵活地选择测年矿物及测年方法,加强对定年矿物的成因矿物学研究,结合具体的地质背景对U-Pb同位素定年结果进行合理的地质解释,对于获得比较理想的成果是非常重要的。     

金属矿床的同位素直接定年方法

矿床的直接定年就是直接对成矿流体或矿石矿物进行同位素定年 ,这样确定的年龄就直接代表了成矿年龄。目前主要有石英和闪锌矿中流体包裹体的Rb Sr同位素定年、黄铁矿和石英中包裹体的Ar Ar同位素定年、金属硫化物的Rb Sr同位素定年、金属硫化物和氧化物的Sm Nd同位素定年、金属硫化物的Re Os同位素定年 ,以及单个矿石矿物的Pb逐步淋滤法定年     

硫化物Rb-Sr同位素定年研究进展

针对金属矿床成矿年代确定混乱的问题,国内外许多矿床学家和同位素地球化学家对金属矿物常规同位素定年方法进行了有益的探索研究,尤其是对于矿石矿物以闪锌矿、方铅矿和黄铁矿为主的铅锌矿床,硫化物矿物Rb-Sr同位素定年方法显示出了其独特的优势。结合近几年开展的工作,总结国内外硫化物Rb-Sr同位素定年研究取得的成果、闪锌矿中Rb、Sr的赋存状态与定年机理以及定年适应性问题。采用闪锌矿Rb-Sr同位素组成数据拟合成等时线源自热液流体与闪锌矿之间Rb和Sr的不同分异作用,但并不是所有的闪锌矿均适合该定年技术。要成功获得年龄,需结合野外地质特征采集代表性的矿石样品,并在镜下鉴定基础上挑选合适的单矿物;在分析测试过程中,需尽可能去除次生包裹体和粘土矿物。     

Re-Os同位素体系在矿床地球化学中的应用

简述了Re-Os同位素地球化学体系的原理与方法,在此基础上重点介绍了国内外目前在矿床地球化学研究中,应用Re-Os同位素体系进行成矿作用年代学及矿质来源等方面研究的一些最新成果.认为Re-Os同位素体系是对矿床进行定年和示踪研究的有力工具,为成矿作用机制等的深入研究提供了新的思路.尽管Re-Os同位素定年研究中存在矿物适应性等问题,但本世纪初期Re-Os同位素体系的研究将会深刻地推动矿床地球化学的进步和发展.     

矿床同位素定年方法的应用现状评析

高质量的年代学数据是矿床研究和对比的基础.针对近二十几年来在具体矿床同位素定年研究中,不同学者对同一矿床采用不同的定年方法常常得出相差十分悬殊的结论,甚至出现与地质事实截然相悖年龄数据的现象,文章对最常用的锆石U-Pb法、自生伊利石K-Ar法、金属硫化物Re-0s和Sm-Nd法、石英流体包裹体40Ar/39Ar法和Rb-Sr等时线法以及释光测年进行了评析.强调一套合理的矿床同位素年龄数据的获得,必须加强对地质背景的研究;明确测年矿物与矿化的成因联系,选择合适的定年方法.综合地质背景及可靠准确的年代学数据,对地质事件与成矿事件的联系做出合理的解释.     

中亚盆地钾盐矿床盐类矿物Rb-Sr同位素体系研究及其意义

中亚盆地钾盐矿床的形成时代目前被限定为晚侏罗世至早白垩世,较为宽泛.盐类矿物沉积之后若未被改造,可测定其形成时代;若被改造则可利用同位素测年研究其沉积后作用.为了得到中亚盆地钾盐矿床的形成时代和/或了解盐类矿物受到的后期改造过程,利用Rb-Sr同位素定年对矿床中的盐类矿物进行了测定.结果表明,无法形成可靠的Rb-Sr等...     

热液矿床中含钙矿物的Sm-Nd同位素定年

Sm、Nd的离子半径相似、化学性质很相近,母体衰变形成的子体易在矿物晶格中保存下来,故矿物或岩石中的Sm—Nd同位素体系易保持封闭,具有较强的抗风化、抗蚀变能力,是一种有效的定年工具。但长期以来,Sm—Nd同位素体系主要用于前寒武纪地质年代学研究,研究对象主要限于陨石、月球岩石、古老的基性、超基性岩和前寒武纪老地层等。近年的研究表明,热液矿床中一些含钙矿物,其REE含量较高,Sm／Nd分馏明显,是很有潜力的Sm—Nd同位素定年对象,能对矿床的成矿时间进行精确制约。本文对萤石、白钨矿、方解石、电气石等常见热液含钙矿物的Sm—Nd同位素研究现状进行归纳总结,并对该方法在中国热液矿床中进一步的应用前景进行了展望,以期促进Sm—Nd同位素成矿年代学在我国的推广和应用。     

氧同位素找矿方法及应用

本文介绍了氧同位素找矿方法的基本原理,采样要求和一些应用实例.对于热液矿床来说,成矿热液中H_2O和CO_2是最活泼的组分.它们对矿化围岩的影响十分显著,范围也很大,从而很容易改变其同位素比值,形成清晰均匀的同位素晕.通常,在热(矿)源体的周围,δ~(18)(和δ~(13)C)值常形成一个明显的低"谷".利用这种"谷"的标志来指导找矿,特别是找寻盲矿(岩)体具有重大意义.     

U-Pb同位素定年技术及其地质应用潜力

在作者的研究成果基础上,结合近年来文献报道的资料,对U-Pb同位素定年技术的原理、测年矿物、几种测定方法的优点和局限性、针对具体样品选择测年矿物和定年方法的基本原则等问题进行讨论,并对U-Pb同位素定年技术的地质应用潜力进行探讨.结果表明,用于U-Pb同位素年龄测定的不同矿物和不同方法各有不同的特点及局限性.在实际工作...     

陈家庄铀矿同位素地质年代学特征

陈家庄铀矿床铀单矿物U-Pb及黑云母K-Ar、全岩Rb-Sr同位素定年结果,成矿时期为423—382Ma,主成矿年龄406Ma,矿床形成至今仍保持半封闭系统,未遭受明显后期改造。本区早古生代时期发生的区域动力热流变质作用的年龄为457Ma,热液活动的上限为378Ma,冷却年龄为373—350Ma,伟晶状花岗岩原岩丰龄452Ma。并提出了本区主要地质事件时序及演化模式。     

Chondritic Mg isotope composition of the Earth

The processes of planetary accretion and differentiation have potentially been recorded as variations in the stable isotope ratios of the major elements between planetary objects. However, the magnitude of observed isotopic variations for several elements (Mg, Fe, Si) is at the limit of what current analytical precision and accuracy are able to resolve. Here, we present a comprehensive data set of Mg isotope ratios measured in ocean island and mid-ocean ridge basalts, peridotites and chondrites. The precision and accuracy were verified by isotopic standard addition for two samples, one carbonaceous chondrite (Murchison) and one continental flood basalt (BCR-1). In contrast with some previous studies, our data from terrestrial and chondritic materials have invariant Mg isotope ratios within the uncertainty of the method (0.1‰ for the ²⁶Mg/²⁴Mg ratio, 2SD). Although isotopic variations of less than about 0.1‰ could still be present, the data demonstrate that, at this level of uncertainty, the bulk silicate Earth and chondritic Mg reservoir have a homogeneous δ²⁶Mg = −0.23‰ (²⁶Mg/²⁴Mg ratio of the sample relative to the DSM3 standard set to zero by definition). This implies that neither planetary accretion processes nor partial mantle melting and subsequent shallow-level differentiation have fractionated Mg isotope ratios. These observations imply in particular that the formation of the Earth cannot stem from preferential sorting of chondrite constituents that would have been fractionated in their Mg isotope composition. It also implies that unlike oxygen isotopes, there was no zonation in Mg isotopes in the inner solar system.     

Oxygen isotope study of the Suzhou granite

Oxygen isotope studies of the Suzhou granite have been made based on drill-hole samples. In the inner part, the δ¹⁸O values are less variable either in the whole-rock, quartz or in feldspar. Oxygen isotopic compositions are in equilibrium between coexisting quartz and feldspar. Data points from the inner part are plotted in a small area in the δ¹⁸O_Q-δ¹⁸O_f diagram, indicating that this part has not been affected by meteoric hydrothermal fluids. But the whole-rock δ¹⁸O values of the marginal part vary greatly. Oxygen isotopic compositions are in extreme disequilibrium between quartz and feldspar. Data points from the marginal part are displayed with a nearly vertical slope in the δ¹⁸O_Q-δ¹⁸O_f diagram, implying that rocks of this part are affected by the meteoric hydrothermal fluids. Extreme water-rock interactions lead to mineralizations of rare-elements (Nb, Ta, as well as Zr, Hf, Th) in the marginal part. Source materials of the Suzhou granite are also discussed in this paper.     

俯冲带的锂同位素特征

近年来,由于分析手段的不断改进,锂同位素的精确测试才得以实现。锂以其分馏大、中度不相容、易随流体迁移、地表环境与地幔锂同位素特征差异明显等优势,被认为是极具潜力的示踪元素。目前,锂同位素在壳幔物质循环、风化作用、岩浆作用、流体(热液)活动等方面研究中已得到广泛的应用,其中又以俯冲带锂同位素的研究程度最高。本文主要从锂同位素分馏机理、俯冲带锂的行为特征、岛弧岩浆的锂同位素研究以及深俯冲作用过程中锂的行为等方面总结了当前国内外锂同位素的研究进展。     

Oxygen isotope salt effects at high pressure and high temperature and the calibration of oxygen isotope geothermometers

The influence of NaCl, CaCl₂, and dissolved minerals on the oxygen isotope fractionation in mineral-water systems at high pressure and high temperature was studied experimentally. The salt effects of NaCl (up to 37 molal) and 5-molal CaCl₂ on the oxygen isotope fractionation between quartz and water and between calcite and water were measured at 5 and 15 kbar at temperatures from 300 to 750°C. CaCl₂ has a larger influence than NaCl on the isotopic fractionation between quartz and water. Although NaCl systematically changes the isotopic fractionation between quartz and water, it has no influence on the isotopic fractionation between calcite and water. This difference in the apparent oxygen isotope salt effects of NaCl must relate to the use of different minerals as reference phases. The term oxygen isotope salt effect is expanded here to encompass the effects of dissolved minerals on the fractionations between minerals and aqueous fluids. The oxygen isotope salt effects of dissolved quartz, calcite, and phlogopite at 15 kbar and 750°C were measured in the three-phase systems quartz-calcite-water and phlogopite-calcite-water. Under these conditions, the oxygen isotope salt effects of the three dissolved minerals range from ∼0.7 to 2.1‰. In both three-phase hydrothermal systems, the equilibrium fractionation factors between the pairs of minerals are the same as those obtained by anhydrous direct exchange between each pair of minerals, proving that the use of carbonate as exchange medium provides correct isotopic fractionations for a mineral pair.When the oxygen isotope salt effects of two minerals are different, the use of water as an indirect exchange medium will give erroneous fractionations between the two minerals. The isotope salt effect of a dissolved mineral is also the main reason for the observation that the experimentally calibrated oxygen isotope fractionations between a mineral and water are systematically 1.5 to 2‰ more positive than the results of theoretical calculations. Dissolved minerals greatly affect the isotopic fractionation in mineral-water systems at high pressure and high temperature. If the presence of a solute changes the solubility of a mineral, the real oxygen isotope salt effect of the solute at high pressure and high temperature cannot be correctly derived by using the mineral as reference phase.     

金属元素同位素异常

与大多数地球岩石不同,许多陨石中都显示一些与特定的核合成过程密切相关的同位素特征。这些核合成过程很可能发生在太阳系外。这些同位素特征被称为同位素异常。同位素异常在过去几十年里一直是同位素宇宙化学的一个活跃的研究领域。但直到近十年行星尺度上的同位素异常才被发现并被证实。同位素异常,特别是行星尺度上异常的发现为太阳系早期演化模型提供了新的制约。金属元素的同位素异常成为示踪天体物质来源及其关系,以及反演太阳系形成时的星际环境的最直接的证据。本文综述了近年来在同位素异常领域里的重要研究进展及其对研究天体化学过程的重要意义。     

新田岭白钨矿床稳定同位索地质学研究

本文以新田岭钙矽卡岩型白钨矿床为例,通过硫、碳、氢、氧稳定同位素研究所获得的成矿信息,探讨了矽卡岩白钨矿床的成因和物质来源。矿区氢氧同位素组成表明成矿深溶液属以岩浆水为主的混合岩浆水,后期变为大气降水;碳主要来源于地层碳,混有岩浆碳;硫源为深源硫与地层硫的混合。稳定同位素结合地质年代学研究,表明该矿床系与燕山早期黑云母花岗岩有关的接触交代型矿床,钨主要来源于大陆地壳重熔化岗岩浆热液。     

Sulfur isotope biogeochemistry of the Proterozoic McArthur Basin

Previous geochemical and biomarker studies of the late Paleo-Mesoproterozoic propose a stratified world, with strongly reducing (possibly sulfidic) deep-ocean conditions overlain by an oxygenated surface-ocean and atmosphere. To investigate such a scenario, we look to the structure of the biogeochemical sulfur cycle. We present sulfur (³²S, ³³S, ³⁴S, and ³⁶S in sulfides) isotope data from the McArthur Basin (Barney Creek, Reward, Velkerri, and McMinn formations) that allows for a direct evaluation of the surface biosphere. We are interested in investigating the types of information that can be gained by including ³³S and ³⁶S. When the ³⁴S/³²S fractionations are small, the inclusion of ³³S and ³⁶S provides little additional information, but does provide ancillary evidence for relative isotopic homogeneity (with the internal consistency of ³³S/³²S and ³⁶S/³²S). When the ³⁴S/³²S fractionations are large, direct information about the fractionation mechanisms can be obtained, with the potential to distinguish the biological from abiological processes. For example, the reconstruction of the Roper Group suggests that seawater sulfate concentrations were high enough to buffer against spatial heterogeneities. Overall, our findings agree with previously proposed redox structure of the Proterozoic ocean, highlight contributions from the oxidative sulfur cycle, and outline a new tool for interpreting the state of the surface sulfur cycle.     

Permian-Triassic of the Tethys: Carbon isotope studies

Profiles of carbon isotopes were studied in marine limestones of Late Permian and Early Triassic age of the Tethyan region from 20 sections in Yugoslavia, Greece, Turkey, Armenian SSR, Iran, Pakistan, India, Nepal, and China. The Upper Permian sections continue the high positive values of ¹³C previously found in Upper Permian basins in NW Europe and western USA. In the more complete sections of Tethys it can now be demonstrated that the values of ¹³C drop from the Murgabian to the Dzhulfian Stages of the Upper Permian, then sharply to values near zero during the last two biozones of the Dorashamian. These levels of ¹³C sample the Tethys Sea and the world ocean, and equal values from deep-water sediments at Salamis Greece indicate that they apply to the whole water column. We hypothesize that the high values of ¹³C are a consequence of Late Paleozoic storage of organic carbon, and that the declines represent an episodic cessation of this organic deposition, and partial oxidation of the organic reservoir, extending over a period of several million years. The carbon isotope profile may reflect parallel complexity in the pattern of mass extinction in Late Permian time.

---

Zusammenfassung Untersucht wurden Profiie von Kohlenstoff-Isotopen mariner Karbonate aus dem Oberperm und der Untertrias der Tethys-Region aus 20 Lokalitäten in Jugoslawien, Griechenland, der Türkei, der Sowjet-Republik Armenien, dem Iran, Pakistan, Indien, Nepal und China. Die oberpermischen Proben zeigen dieselben hohen positiven gd¹³C Werte, wie sie vorher auch aus den oberpermischen Becken NW-Europas und dem Westen der USA berichtet wurden. Anhand von vollständigeren Abschnitten der Tethys kann dargelegt werden, daß die ¹³C Werte von der Murgabium- bis zur Dzhulfium-Phase des Oberperms abnehmen und dann innerhalb der letzten zwei Biozonen des Dorashamiums abrupt gegen Null verlaufen. Diese ¹³C Niveaus sind repräsentativ für die Tethys und den Weltozean. Sie gelten außerdem für alle Wassertiefen, wie durch ähnliche Werte aus Tiefsee-Sedimenten von Salamis (Griechenland) bestätigt wird. Unsere Annahme ist, daß die hohen ¹³C Werte auf spätpaläozoische Speicherung organischen Kohlenstoffs zurückzuführen ist. Die Abnahme stellt episodische Sedimentationsschwankungen des organischen Materials dar, während der die organischen Substanzen über einen Zeitraum von mehreren Millionen Jahren zum Teil aufoxidiert wurden. Das Kohlenstoff-Isotop Profil entspricht parallelisiert in etwa dem Muster des Massen-Aussterbens während des Oberperms.

---

Résumé Des profils isotopiques du carbone ont été établis dans des calcaires marins d'âge tardi-permien à éo-triasique répartis dans 20 endroits du domaine téthysien: Yougoslavie, Grèce, Turquie, République Socialiste dArménie, Iran, Pakistan, Inde, Népal et Chine. Les profils établis dans le Permien supérieur montrent les mêmes valeurs positives de ¹³C observées antérieurement dans des bassins de même âge en Europe occidentale et dans l'ouest des USA. Dans les profils les plus complets de la Téthys, il est maintenant établi que les valeurs de ¹³C décroissent depuis le Murgabien jusqu'au Dzhulfien (Permien supérieur) pour devenir proches de zéro dans les deux dernières biozones du Dorasharmen. Ces valeurs de ¹³C sont caractéristiques de la Téthys et de l'Océan mondial; elles s'appliquent à toutes les profondeurs d'eau, comme en témoignent les valeurs fournies par des sédiments de mer profonde à Salamis (Grèce). Nous formulons l'hypothèse que les hautes valeurs de ¹³C sont la conséquence du stockage du carbone organique au Paléozoïque supérieur et que leur décroissance traduit un arrêt épisodique de cette sédimentation organique, accompagné d'une oxydation partielle de la matière organique s'étendant sur une période de plusieurs Ma. L'influence parallèle des phénomènes d'extinction massive à le fin du Permien se refléterait également dans les profils isotopiques du carbone.

---

, 20 /, , , , , , / . ¹³, - . , ¹³ Murgabium'a Dzhulfium'a . ¹³ . , , / /. , ¹³ . , . / , , , .