基于倒双谱的地震子波估计方法

根据倒双谱兼有倒谱和双谱优势的特点,利用地震记录的倒双谱估计地震子波。首先采用基于二维傅里叶变换的倒双谱计算方法,求取地震记录的倒双谱系数,再利用倒双谱系数分别得到地震子波的最大和最小相位分量,进而重构出地震子波。该方法避免了双谱法提取地震子波过程中的相位计算。合成数据实验和实际地震资料处理结果表明倒双谱法能较准确的估计地震子波,效果优于双谱法。     

用最大熵方法估计同相谱和异相谱

本文提出了同相谱和异相谱的最大熵方法间接估计公式.该公式只使用一个预报误差过滤器,在实际谱估计中,它比Ulrych提出的需要3个独立的预报误差过滤器的公式更准确.按照该公式,本文对东海实测海流数据作了同相谱和异相谱估计.由计算结果,发现存在着一周期为7-8天、波长约为600千米、向北传播的低频波动.     

海水叶绿素α浓度遥感测量的实验研究

本文描述了1989年11月在青岛即墨岙山养殖基地所做的海水叶绿素σ浓度遥感测量的基础实验。该实验获得了高浓度叶绿素α含量的海水反射光谱。该反射光谱的特征波段为:波谷在485nm;波峰在450nm 和535nm;“节点”在572nm.根据该实验数据选取了叶绿素α浓度两种双波段估算模式.分析结果表明;两种模式的精度都在50%以上,且双波段反射率的差值法优于双波段反射率比值法.     

高阶谱在矢量声信号特征提取中的应用

在利用矢量水听器对潜艇模型辐射噪声测量和分析的基础上,为了对目标螺旋桨的线谱进行有效识别,使用可抑制加性高斯噪声的高阶谱(1 1/2维谱及互双谱的对角切片)对潜艇模型辐射噪声进行了研究。结果表明:高阶谱不仅可以抑制加性高斯噪声,提高线谱的分辨率,而且利用声压与振速联合进行信息处理的互双谱的对角切片可以明显增强基频分量。     

珠江河口混浊高产水域叶绿素a浓度的遥感估算模型

近年来为提高混浊高产水体叶绿素a浓度的估算精度,Gitelson等提出了一种基于红与近红外3个波段遥感反射率的概念模型.文章基于2004年的实测数据,检验该概念模型在珠江河口水域的适用性,估算该概念模型以及它的特殊形式--两波段模型对应的光谱位置,在此基础上构建利用卫星数据提取珠江河口水域叶绿素a浓度的遥感估算模型.结果表明,珠江河口混浊高产水域叶绿素a浓度与三波段模型和两波段模型均有很强的线性相关性,相关系数分别达到0.91与0.88.构建的三波段模型和两波段模型估算的叶绿素a浓度与实测叶绿素a浓度的均方根差(RMSE)分别为5.82mg·m-3和6.53mg·m-3,精度高于其他常用算法.根据MERIS的波段设置构建的三波段模型估算的叶绿素a浓度与实测叶绿素a浓度的RMSE为6.47mg·m-3,显示了良好的应用潜力.     

基于耀斑改正的多光谱水深反演方法研究

利用WorldView-2四波段卫星数据和电子海图数据,基于改进的耀斑改正算法和双波段比值算法,反演获得了3处典型海域的浅水水深。通过不同海域、不同耀斑条件下水深反演实验,探讨了RED,NIR波段在典型四波段水深反演中的作用和影响,发现在双波段比值法水深反演中,引入RED+NIR波段进行耀斑改正处理,可以增加珊瑚、海藻等绿色物质覆盖海底的反射率,有效地提高该类海域的水深反演精度。基于耀斑改正的多光谱水深反演方法,适用于中轻度耀斑条件下,水质较清澈的浅海水深反演,可在国内外典型四波段卫星数据水深反演中推广应用。     

胶州湾海湾扇贝肥满度的研究

本文以1984—1985年在胶州湾养殖的海湾扇贝为材料进行了肥满度的研究。肥满度以干贝指数I.A.与干内脏指数I.V.表示。研究结果表明:I.A.一年有春、秋两个高峰,指数值达5以上的时间主要在中秋—冬季,最高达6以上;一龄贝的I.A.比二龄者大约1/4。I.V.的变动态势与I.A.大致相似,但略迟于后者。I.V.超过5的高峰期为4月末—6月上旬及9—10月。肉柱得率以10月—翌年4月期间较高,达10％以上,其中11月达13％以上。内脏得率一般在20％以上,临界生殖时达30％以上。从I.A.判断,胶州湾海湾扇贝的最佳收获期为养殖当年的11—12月。从I.V.判断,春季生殖期为5月中旬—7月中旬,盛期为6月,秋季者为9—10月,盛期为9月。     

黄海、东海水体总吸收系数光谱特性及其统计反演模式研究

利用现场实测的表观光学量和固有光学量数据,得到了我国黄海、东海近岸二类水体多个波段的总吸收系数的统计反演模式。此反演模式采用412/555、490/555两个波段遥感反射比比值的二项式,得到波长412、440、488、510、532、555nm处的总吸收系数,其反演值和实测值的平均相对误差不大于25.8%,相关系数R2达到了0.75到0.85。水体总吸收系数几种统计模型的误差敏感性分析表明,反演模式对±5%的遥感反射比输入误差导致结果增加误差最大为24.0%,因此反演模式是可用的。同时给出了412、488、510、532、555nm各波段的总吸收系数同波段440nm的总吸收系数之间的关系。结果表明,在400—600nm波段范围内,每一个波段的总吸收系数与440nm波段的总吸收系数的相关性均较高,相关系数R2都超过了0.99。通过对拟合直线的斜率与波长进行回归,得到斜率和波长的关系,其相关系数R2为0.99,这样利用本文中建立的各波段总吸收系数关系模型,可以从一个已知波段的总吸收系数反演出任何另外一个波段的总吸收系数,这就在水色反演与应用中大大减少了未知因子的个数。     

基于现场光谱数据的珠江口MERIS悬浮泥沙分段算法

利用珠江口海域4个航次共59个站位的实测遥感反射比和悬浮泥沙数据(悬浮泥沙浓度范围为4-140g·m-3),建立了利用MERIS遥感数据反演珠江口悬浮泥沙浓度的分段算法.算法以Rrs(620)/Rrs(560)=0.9为阈值,当Rrs(620)/Rrs(560)<0.9时,红绿波段比值可以较好地反演悬浮泥沙浓度.随着悬浮泥沙浓度的增加,Rrs(620)/Rrs(560)>0.9,红绿比值趋于饱和,对悬浮泥沙的变化响应不敏感,此时采用包含红波段和近红外波段的波段比值提取水体的悬浮泥沙浓度.利用该分段算法从MERIS遥感图像中提取珠江口水体的悬浮泥沙浓度分布,得到较好的结果.     

利用Landsat TM6反演地表温度所需地表辐射率参数的估计方法

地表温度是地球资源环境动态分析的重要指标.从热红外遥感数据中反演地表温度通常需要地表比辐射率为已知.因此,地表比辐射率的估计是地表温度遥感反演的关键.陆地卫星Landsat TM有一个热波段(TM6),可以用来反演地表温度.目前共有3种算法可以用来从TM6波段数据中反演地表温度大气校正法、单窗算法和单通道算法.这3种算法都需要TM6波段范围内的地表发射率来作为地表温度反演的参数.首先简介这3种反演算法,然后重点探讨TM6的地表发射率估计方法.TM6的星下空间分辨率为120 m.在这一尺度上,大多数情况下天然地表的构成可以看成是由水面、植被和裸土三种基本类型构成.城镇像元也可看成是由建筑表面和绿化植物构成.根据这几种地表类型的地表发射率相对较稳定的特性,提出了用TM数据的可见光波段来进行TM6像元的地表发射率的估计.TM3和TM4波段可以用来确定植被叶冠在像元尺度上的覆盖度.通过这一覆盖度,就可以构建混合像元的地表热辐射构成方程,以便进行地表发射率的简单估计,从而为TM6热波段数据在农业和资源环境监测中的广泛应用,提供技术支撑.最后,用这一方法来进行华北平原山东省陵县地区的地表发射率估计和地表温度反演.分析表明,这一方法能获得较合理的地表温度反演结果.     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Coastal Lagoon Bacterioplankton and Picophytoplankton: Fixation and Storage Effects

The effect of different fixation and storage protocols on the flow cytometric (FCM) simultaneous analysis of bacterioplankton and phytoplankton in coastal seawater samples (Mediterranean coastal lagoons) was investigated. FCM measurements (cell number, fluorescence and scatter characteristics) were obtained through DAPI staining. Three fixatives [glutaraldehyde (GA), formaldehyde (FA) and paraformaldehyde (PFA)] and two storage (3 months duration) methods (5 °C and −196 °C) were tested. Two dominant populations were detected in studied samples: bacteria and eukaryotic picophytoplankton. Adding fixatives (2% final concentration) appears necessary to obtain FCM exhaustive counts of all the bacteria and phytoplanktonic cells. This was related to the permeation effect of fixatives which allowed a better DAPI staining of the cells. Maximum fluorescence, i.e. optimal staining of the cells was obtained with FA or PFA, and significant lower fluorescences with GA. Fixed samples stored at 5 °C induced rapid cell loss. Only storage in liquid nitrogen of samples fixed with FA or PFA, allows mid-term (≥4 months) preservation of bacteria or picophytoplankton cell numbers, and limited evolution of DAPI-induced fluorescence and scatter characteristics.