Assessment of community preference rankings of potential environmental effects of climate change using the method of paired comparisons

The preference rankings of a rural population in central British Columbia, Canada of potential environmental effects of climate change were assessed using the psychometric method of paired comparison. The survey results were used to develop an interval scale for eight hypothetical, but potential, environmental effects including major and minor impacts to water and fish, forest ecosystems, wildlife, and scenic and recreation. Interval scales were developed for the total sample as well as sub-samples made up of females, males, town residents, non-town residents, respondents with high school or less education, and respondents with at least some post-secondary education. Major impacts on water and fish were considered to be the most serious effects followed by major impacts on forest ecosystems and major impacts on wildlife. Major effects on scenic and recreation were ranked below minor effects on water and fish. Responses from the sub-samples were similar with some minor deviations. For example, females ranked major impacts on wildlife higher than males, and males ranked major impact on scenic and recreation higher than females. However, the overall rankings of females and males were highly correlated. This study showed climate change effects on environmental goods and services in terms of human preferences. A human preferences perspective (combined with biophysical assessments) is required for determining local adaptation priorities and for guiding impacts and adaptation research. The methodology and approach has potential for broader application.     

Methodological aspects of computation of average long-term ionic runoff of mountain rivers (by the example of Azerbaijan)

The obtained data on the average long-term ionic runoff of mountain rivers of Azerbaijan served as the basis for the study of its distribution and for the improvement of computation technique depending on the average annual water runoff and on the average height and area of the catchment.     

Problems of exploration level of hydrometeorological regime of the Northern Caucasus territory

The main problems of the study of the meteorological regime, climate, hydrology, snow avalanches, mudflows, and glaciers are considered. It is demonstrated that the level of their exploration on the plain territory is sufficient on the whole, however, the mountain territories are poorly studied. The opening of new stations including the automatic ones and the organization of snow-route observations are required. It is necessary to carry out the preparation and publishing of new handbooks on the climate and surface water resources and to create the catalogs of glaciers, snow avalanches, and mudflows on the basis of the modern topographic maps and satellite images.     

河北廊坊城市化进程对降水特征的影响

利用1970-2012年廊坊市逐日降水观测资料和城市化发展资料,研究了城市化进程对廊坊地区降水特征的影响。结果表明：随着城市化的发展廊坊地区年降水量和汛期降水量分布格局发生明显改变,降水向城市化发展迅速的地区集中;城市化对降水的影响随降水强度增大而逐渐显著,且城市化发展愈迅速影响愈大;城市化使城区的降水量趋于集中,郊区的降水量趋于均化,这种趋势在未来一段时间内将持续。     

Addressing the necessity of the registration of the effects of causal mechanics in the example of a simple barotropic model of the atmosphere

Summary Considering the effects of causal mechanics on geophysical problems enables us to explain a number of phenomena, which cannot be explained from conventional positions. This paper shows that the introduction of the force of causality in a simple barotropic hydrodynamic model of weather forecasts results in the outcomes, which, on the one hand, can not be described from the positions of classical hydro-thermodynamics, whilst on the other hand, exist in nature.     

臭氧对作物影响的模型研究概述

近年来，在大量试验研究的基础上，有关臭氧(O3)对作物影响的研究重点为如何建立有效的模型，以评估和预测O3对作物产量和农业造成的损失。文中介绍了有关臭氧对作物影响模型的研究概况，将模型分为3类：统计模型、光化学模型和机理模型；在分析各类模型局限性的基础上，指出O3对作物影响的模型研究将向模块化、普遍化方向发展，形成综合、全面的模型，并讨论了我国相关研究的发展方向。     

光伏电站对局地气候的影响研究进展

清洁能源的快速发展有效降低了人类对传统化石能源的依赖,并为缓解全球气候变暖做出显著贡献。随着各地光伏装机规模的不断扩大,光伏电站这一人工设施对气候环境的影响日益引起人们的关注。针对这一问题,国内外学者自2000年陆续开展了相关研究。综合国内外现有研究成果,对研究方法、影响机理及光伏电站对气候的影响等方面进行总结。大量研究表明：光伏电站布设会在荒漠地区产生“光伏热岛效应”,从而引起局部区域气温上升,在城市地区布设能够在降低能源消耗的同时减少“城市热岛效应” 。此外,光伏组件还会对反照率、地表辐射平衡等产生影响,进而对局地甚至全球气候产生作用,其影响范围和程度尚无准确结论,还需要进一步深入探索。     

《巴黎协定》特设工作组适应信息通报谈判的最新进展和展望

适应信息通报作为《巴黎协定》下联结国家个体适应行动、全球适应目标以及全球集体适应努力的纽带,是目前《巴黎协定》特设工作组（APA）下唯一的适应议题,会对未来全球适应气候变化的政策和行动产生较大影响。本文总结了APA适应信息通报的谈判进程和最新进展,梳理了不同缔约方和谈判集团对适应信息通报目的、内容、报告渠道、指南和灵活性的立场和观点,展望了适应信息通报未来的谈判走势。中国与大多数发展中国家相比,开展适应行动及提供信息报告的能力较强,在适应信息通报谈判中立场相对灵活,但未来在有关适应的资金支持谈判等方面仍面临着压力,建议推动和深化适应气候变化领域南南合作以团结更多发展中国家,促进全球适应行动,回应发展中国家的关切。     

Simulation of the variations of the temperature of droplets in freezing precipitation

Carried out is the modeling of the process of temperature variations in a droplet and possible ice coating under synoptic conditions observed in the Perm krai on December 14, 2010 that are characterized with the freezing rain fall at the temperature inversion in the atmospheric boundary layer. The phase transition on the moving water-ice interface, the curvature of the phase transition boundary, and variations of heat exchange on the boundary between the ice coating and atmosphere are taken into account. Computed is the thickness of the ice crust formed on fine droplets under conditions that provide the initiation of freezing precipitation. The evolution of the rate of the front of water crystallization on the droplet surface is defined and explained.     

黄淮地区触发对流天气的干线特征

利用高空和地面观测、欧洲中期预报中心再分析资料（ERA5）以及卫星云图,统计2010—2019年4—9月我国黄淮地区触发对流天气的干线特征。结果表明:干线主要出现在山东德州附近和豫北周边地区,多呈准西北—东南向和准东北—西南向;长度集中在100~200 km,宽度在50~100 km;多出现在14:00（北京时,下同）或17:00;多发生在高空冷涡形势下,低层多有切变线（或辐合线）配合,地面多位于入海高压后部。地面气象要素统计显示:干线干侧温度较湿侧偏高1.9 ℃,湿侧露点温度较干侧偏高6.8 ℃,干线两侧温度梯度为-2.7 ℃·（100 km）-1,露点温度梯度为10.1 ℃·（100 km）-1,比湿梯度为5.9 g·kg-1·（100 km）-1。探空参数统计结果表明:干线湿侧大气可降水量略高于干侧,925 hPa,850 hPa和700 hPa湿侧比湿均大于干侧;对流有效位能湿侧平均值远大于干侧;干线两侧700 hPa,850 hPa与500 hPa温度差非常接近,即黄淮地区干线两侧对流有效位能的显著差异主要由干线两侧低层水汽条件差异造成,干线两侧条件不稳定度大致相当。     

Investigation of effects of spatially and temporally variable wind on currents, surges, and admixture spread in the Sea of Azov

The analysis of surges in the Sea of Azov is carried out on the basis of three-dimensional nonlinear model using the prognostic fields of near-water wind and atmospheric pressure. Carried out is the comparison of the results of numerical computations with the data of direct measurements of the sea level at a number of coastal stations. Studied is an effect of atmospheric impact intensity variations on the maximum values of sea level deviations and current velocities, as well as on the admixture transformation features. The analysis of results of numeric computations enabled to make a conclusion on the dependence of the pollution dissipation time on the wind speed and on the location of pollution areas.     

On the influence of the features of morphologic structure of the floodplain and riverbed on the hydraulics of streams in channels with floodplains

Carried out is the analysis of methods of computation of discharge capacity of channels with floodplains. It is revealed that the standard technique recommended by the regulatory documents is uneffective. One of the causes for large computation errors is taking no account of the effect of interaction of the channel and floodplain flows. An empirical technique is recommended for the calculation, based on field observation data and graphical depth-velocity relations in relative coordinates. The technique based on the equation of stream motion with lengthwise-variable water discharge. Unfortunately, it requires additional studies on establishing dependences of the inertial terms of this equation on determining parameters.     

青藏高原低涡及其大尺度环流影响研究的回顾

青藏高原低涡对高原及其周边地区的强降水过程有重要的影响。本文系统的回顾了不同时期高原低涡活动特点及大尺度环流对其影响的研究,讨论了制约高原低涡研究的主要因素,认为深入开展关于大尺度环流影响高原低涡活动的研究是必要而可行的。     

区域初始分析误差对梅雨锋中尺度低压数值预报的影响

以梅雨锋中尺度低压个例为研究对象,根据目标观测的思想,采用NCEP和T106再分析资料分析了区域初始分析误差对梅雨锋中尺度低压数值预报误差的影响。结果表明:区域初始分析误差对数值预报误差有重要影响,改善某些特定区域初始场质量有可能改善随后数值预报的效果。但是,区域初始分析误差对数值预报误差的影响较为复杂,它与天气类型、不同个例和区域间误差相互作用等因素密切相关。对梅雨锋中尺度低压短期数值预报有较大影响的初始分析误差与梅雨锋锋区及其附近地区的要素场关系密切,相比较而言,风场似乎更加重要一些。如果对梅雨锋带中低层风切变区及相伴低空急流区有更好的描述,这将对梅雨锋中尺度低压系统数值预报效果的改善有着积极的作用。在此基础上,就相关的目标观测设计问题作了简要讨论。     

偶极子型热源的变化对西北干旱流型的作用

实施了5组计9个时间积分为30个模式日的数值试验，研究了偶极子型热源不同位置的强度变化对西北干旱流型的作用。结果指出，东、西两侧热源状况的变动，对西北干旱流型的形成、维持均存在重要影响。这意味着，应该同时考虑东、西两侧的预报因子讯员。     

An impact of natural levees on the formation of velocity fields of riverbed and floodplain flows

Studied is an impact of natural levees on the formation of velocity fields of the riverbed and floodplain flows. It is found that this impact results in the decreased influence of the interaction between the riverbed and floodplain flows on the process of the formation of their velocity and on their discharge capacity, especially in the riverbed part of the total flow.     

臭氧对农作物的影响研究

臭氧(O3)是大气微量成分之一。近地层O3含量的增加，将直接影响农作物的生长发育。本文简要介绍了国外有关O3对农作物影响的研究方法和试验研究结果，以及我国有关O3对农作物影响的研究动态。     

青藏高原冬季平均温度、湿度气候特征的REOF分析

通过对青藏高原123个测站, 1961~1998年冬季 (12月至翌年2月) 平均温度、相对湿度资料做气候特征分析, 得到32°~33°N附近地区可能是高原南北温湿变化的分水岭, 以北主要受干冷空气影响, 以南主要受暖湿空气影响。用方差极大正交旋转EOF (即REOF) 方法对以上资料进行分析, 可以将青藏高原温度、相对湿度进行分型、分区, 并对各区的温度、相对湿度特征进行分析。结果表明, 近40年来, 各区的温度总趋势是在波动中逐步升高的。增温时段主要出现在1978~1981年及1983年至今。1983年开始的增温, 是近40年来最强的一次, 增温幅度大且持续时间长, 但从90年代开始增温幅度及范围出现波动。从温度线性倾向来看, 东部高原增温幅度从南到北存在“大—小—大”的现象。高原大部分地区湿度变化总趋势是在波动中逐步增湿的, 但高原北界以变干为主。从80年代后期至今高原进入显著增湿阶段, 但从90年代中后期开始增湿幅度及范围出现波动。从湿度线性倾向来看东部高原增湿幅度从南到北存在逐步减小现象, 甚至祁连山地区出现变干现象。     

阴阳网格上质量守恒计算性能分析

质量守恒数值计算是球面准均匀阴阳网格构造全球大气环流模式的重要条件,也是提高阴阳网格应用质量的重要技术手段。本文针对通量形式平流方程,在球面坐标上采用多种理想数值试验对阴阳网格上的三种守恒计算方案和边界插值非守恒计算方案进行了比较检验。发现,质量守恒方案不仅对全球数值积分重要,还影响数值计算精度,满足局地守恒条件的全球强迫守恒方法可以获得较高的精度;网格内质量均匀分布的阴阳网格边界通量一致性守恒强迫计算方案,实现了在不增加计算误差条件下保证局地和全球守恒的目的,且具有很小的计算负担,可以作为阴阳网格上全球质量强迫守恒的有效计算方案;而网格质量的线性分布可以有效提高阴阳网格的数值积分计算精度,但在一定程度上会增加计算负担。     

The bases of data on hazardous hydrometeorological phenomena in Russia and results of statistical analysis

Main principles are considered of formation of special files on observed hazardous hydrometeorological phenomena (HHP) and adverse weather, along with experience of Roshydromet in standardization of registration and reports on their damaging effects. The first base is designed on the basis on hazardous phenomena registered by the hydrometeorological stations according to authorized criteria regardless the damaging effects on economy and population; these data are collected and stored in the State Data Foundation. These are special climatic data series on HHP from the stations; they are used in the studies of extreme and hazardous weather. The second base collects information on adverse and hazardous weather causing economic and social damage, irrespective of the HHP criteria reached or not. Distribution is presented of total case number of hazardous hydrometeorological phenomena causing social and economic damage during 1991–2008.