轮南地区压力场演化及其成藏意义

选择轮南主体区剖面七条和临近凹陷剖面两条，利用压力数值模拟手段，对轮南地区的压力场演化进行了恢复和模拟。结合实测压力资料和钻井资料，发现部分地区石炭系和上奥陶统中存在弱超压、寒武系在凹陷内存在超压。通过分析，石炭系超压在轮南主体区主要是水热增压作用和泥岩转换作用造成的，在凹陷内则可能主要由于欠压实引起。上奥陶统内部的超压和石炭系在形成时间、特征和发育机理上相似，不过轮南地区上奥陶统覆盖区域较少。寒武系超压和三个成藏期相对应，在凹陷内形成明显的三期超压现象，以喜山期超压幅度最大。整体上看，石炭系和上奥陶统弱超压，对成藏动力方面贡献不大，但是超压的形成增强了该层的封闭性，对喜山期天然气成藏有重要影响。寒武系超压为油气初次运移提供了动力，但是超压幅度有限，推测其在油气二次运移过程中贡献不大。     

BZ13-1油田井壁稳定性研究及应用

位于渤海中部海域的BZ13-1油田在前期钻井中存在溢流、井漏、阻卡等较多复杂问题,制约了钻井速度。井壁稳定的力学分析方法主要利用钻井资料、测井资料、录井资料等,分析地层压力、地应力、地层强度参数的分布规律,结合岩体强度准则计算坍塌压力与破裂压力,得出钻井安全密度窗口。通过对BZ13-1油田井壁稳定性进行分析,得出了高压层、易漏失层、易坍塌层位置,并据此对开发井进行井身结构设计,分析结果在开发井钻井中取得了良好的应用效果,有效减少了钻井复杂问题。     

沧东凹陷沙河街组地震地层分析

利用地震资料及地质、钻井资料,对沧东凹陷沙河街组地震反射剖面进行了地震界面及地震层序划分,对其反射特征进行了较详细的描述。在进行地震相及沉积相划分和分析的基础上,对各层序的沉积特征进行了分析,这为该地区沉积盆地的油气生储盖特征提供了基础资料[1]。     

南海北部小型海陆过渡相断陷地震相分析及沉积充填演化史研究——以琼东南盆地崖南凹陷崖城组为例

南海北部琼东南盆地众多凹陷存在有海陆过渡相沉积,选取浅水区井孔资料相对较多的小型断陷即崖南凹陷作为研究对象,在等时地层格架内,对该凹陷海陆过渡期崖城组地震相进行深入解剖;并综合利用经典沉积模式以及凹陷周缘浅水地区井孔资料来建立地震相与沉积相之间的关系,赋予地震相以地质意义,进而预测了凹陷无钻井资料地区各种沉积相的展布,...     

越南海岸九龙盆地和南昆山盆地现今的应力和孔隙压力场

某一地区的应力，或该地区现今的应力场，对斜井或水平井的最佳定位，以及认识油藏特征都是非常重要的。同时地层应力也有助于我们更好地认识地球动力学过程及其对盆地演化的影响。本文在勘探和开发井的基础上，利用很多第一手分析资料对越南海岸九龙盆地和南昆山盆地沉积层的地层应力、孔隙压力等进行了分析。九龙盆地最大水平应力在北部及中央高部位主要呈NNW—SSE及N—S向；南昆山盆地最大水平应力在北部主要呈NE—SW向，而在盆地中部呈N—S向。垂向应力在3500m深处的应力梯度值约为22．2MPa／km，正常压力地层中最小水平应力值约为垂向应力值的61％。孔隙压力变化对水平应力大小的影响，可用因流体生产而引起的枯竭层中的孔隙压力及裂缝测试数据来评价，研究中得到的平均孔隙压力-应力耦合率（△Sh/△Pp）值为0．66。南昆山盆地的最小水平应力值接近于超压区的垂向应力值，这一结果表明地层具有均质性或深部超压地层中可能呈走滑断层的应力状态。     

车镇凹陷北部陡坡带砂砾岩体识别与储层物性预测

车镇凹陷陡坡带沙三段砂砾岩扇体发育,但目前对砂砾岩体横向展布范围及砂砾岩体边界的划分尚不清楚,储层物性难以预测。首先,利用相干分析技术开展砂砾岩扇体沉积相的划分,明确了扇体的展布规律、分布范围、划清了砂砾岩扇体的边界。然后,利用声波、速度谱等资料探讨了沙三下亚段(Es3x)地层压力情况,认为Es3x存在欠压实超压带,车镇凹陷欠压实超压带的发现为寻找沙三段砂砾岩扇体储层物性良好发育区指明了方向。最后,利用地震高频能量衰减检测技术对储层物性进行了预测。通过地震高频能量衰减梯度法预测的储层物性良好发育区,位于研究区欠压实超压区带内,用地震能量高频波段的衰减特征不但可预测不同井位的储层物性,还可根据连井衰减梯度剖面的变化规律预测地震高频波段高衰减区的延伸范围。高频能量衰减梯度法预测的储层物性良好发育区带与实钻结果吻合度好。     

西湖凹陷钻前压力预测技术及应用

西湖凹陷普遍发育超压,钻井工程中发现,发育超压地层的钻井成本明显大于发育常压地层的井,亟需建立相关钻前压力预测技术,提高钻前压力预测精度,保障钻井安全和降低钻井成本。笔者首先对前期钻前压力预测误差大的原因进行了分析,发现压力计算参数精度低、压力计算模型不适应是导致压力预测精度低的原因,因此,在明确区域"生烃增压"成因背景下,建立了一套以高精度速度处理为基础,优选Bowers计算模型并通过经验系数校正的钻前压力预测技术。该技术在西湖凹陷取得了良好的应用效果。     

白云凹陷地球物理场及深部结构特征

珠江口盆地白云凹陷是南海最具代表性的第三系深水陆坡沉积区。以穿过白云凹陷中部的一条深反射地震剖面(14s)为研究基础，采用综合地球物理研究方法分析了该区地球物理场特征，根据重力异常平面等值线勾画了白云凹陷的形态，并提取该测线相对应的重磁剖面数据，利用重磁资料和地震剖面进行了综合反演。以深剖面地震资料建立了地质模型，利用所得的重力数据进行了研究深部结构的正演拟合，实测与计算值拟合较好，支持中生代俯冲洋壳存在的观点；同时结合地震资料对深部结构进行了分析，该区莫霍面由陆向海抬升，呈阶梯状变化，地壳厚度逐渐减薄，具有大陆边缘陆壳向洋壳过渡的特征。根据地质模型还进行了变密度综合反演拟合来分析基底岩性特征，该区基底主要为中酸性岩浆岩，部分为变质岩和基性火山岩，岩石密度由陆向洋逐渐减小，磁性体分布不均。     

东海西湖凹陷温压系统与油气成藏

针对西湖凹陷存在异常温压系统的现象,利用钻井测温资料、测井声波时差压力、流体包裹体、镜质体反射率和磷灰石裂变径迹等资料对西湖凹陷的温压系统特征、类型及其对油气成藏的影响进行了系统研究。结果表明,西湖凹陷不同构造单元具有各异的温压场特征;西湖凹陷不同构造单元的温压系统类型不尽相同,其中保俶斜坡带和三潭深凹为高压型温压系统,浙东背斜带为常压型温压系统;西湖凹陷不同温压系统具有各异的流体流动样式和油气运聚规律;浙东中央背斜带内的流体能量相对最低,是研究区内有利的油气运聚区域。     

琼东南盆地气烟囱构造特点及其与天然气水合物的关系

气烟囱是由于天然气(或流体)垂向运移在地震剖面上形成的异常反射,是气藏超压、构造低应力和泥页岩封隔层综合作用而形成。气烟囱在形成过程中携带大量富含甲烷气的流体向上运移到天然气水合物稳定带,其形成之后仍可作为后期活动的油气向上运移的特殊通道。在中中新世后,气烟囱是琼东南盆地气体向上运移的通道。地震识别出的似海底反射(BSR)分布区存在大量的气烟囱构造,通过速度、泥岩含量、流体势等属性参数及钻井资料,判断该烟囱构造为有机成因的泥底辟型烟囱构造。     

Present-day stress and pore pressure fields in the Cuu Long and Nam Con Son Basins, offshore Vietnam

Knowledge of the in situ, or contemporary stress field is vital for planning optimum orientations of deviated and horizontal wells, reservoir characterization and a better understanding of geodynamic processes and their effects on basin evolution.This study provides the first documented analysis of in situ stress and pore pressure fields in the sedimentary formations of the Cuu Long and Nam Con Son Basins, offshore Vietnam, based on data from petroleum exploration and production wells.In the Cuu Long Basin, the maximum horizontal stress is mainly oriented in NNW–SSE to N–S in the northern part and central high. In the Nam Con Son Basin, the maximum horizontal stress is mainly oriented in NE–SW in the northern part and to N–S in the central part of the basin.The magnitude of the vertical stress has a gradient of approximately 22.2 MPa/km at 3500 m depth. Minimum horizontal stress magnitude is approximately 61% of the vertical stress magnitude in normally pressured sequences.The effect of pore pressure change on horizontal stress magnitudes was estimated from pore pressure and fracture tests data in depleted zone caused by fluid production, and an average pore pressure–stress coupling ratio (ΔS_h/ΔP_p) obtained was 0.66. The minimum horizontal stress magnitude approaches the vertical stress magnitude in overpressured zones of the Nam Con Son Basin, suggesting that an isotropic or strike-slip faulting stress regime may exist in the deeper overpressured sequences.     

Compaction of diagenetically altered mudstones – Part 2: Implications for pore pressure estimation

Diagenetically altered mudstones compact mechanically and chemically. Consequently, their normal compaction trends depend upon their temperature history as well as on the maximum effective stress they have experienced. A further complication is that mudstones are commonly overpressured where clay diagenesis occurs, preventing direct observation of the hydrostatic normal compaction trend. A popular way to estimate pore pressure in these circumstances is to calculate the sonic normal compaction trend in a well with a known pressure–depth profile by applying Eaton's method in reverse, and then to estimate pore pressure in offset wells using Eaton's method conventionally. We tested this procedure for Cretaceous mudstones at Haltenbanken. The results were inconsistent because the sonic log responds differently to disequilibrium compaction overpressure and unloading overpressure, and their relative contributions vary across the basin. In theory, a two-step method using the density and sonic logs could estimate the contributions to overpressure from disequilibrium compaction and unloading. The normal compaction trend for density should be the normal compaction trend at the maximum effective stress the mudstones have experienced, not at hydrostatic effective stress. We advocate the Budge-Fudge approach as a starting point for pore pressure estimation in diagenetically altered mudstones, a two-step method that requires geological input to help estimate the overpressure contribution from disequilibrium compaction. In principle, the Budge-Fudge approach could be used to estimate the normal compaction trend for mudstones at the maximum effective stress they have experienced, and so form the basis of the full two-step method through the use of offset wells. Our initial efforts to implement the full two-step method in this way at Haltenbanken produced inconsistent results with fluctuations in estimated pore pressure reflecting some of the fluctuations in the density logs. We suspect that variations in the mineralogical composition of the mudstones are responsible.     

Is stress-insensitive chemical compaction responsible for high overpressures in deeply buried North Sea chalks?

Chalk compaction is often assumed to be controlled by a combination of mechanical and effective stress-related chemical processes, the latter commonly referred to as pressure solution. Such effective stress-driven compaction would result in elevated porosities in overpressured chalks compared with otherwise identical, but normally pressured chalks. The high porosities that are frequently observed in overpressured North Sea chalks have previously been reported to reflect such effective stress-dependent compaction.However, several wells with deeply buried chalk sequences also exhibit low porosities at high pore pressures. To investigate the possible origins of these overpressures, basin modeling was performed in a selected well (NOR 1/3-5) offshore Norway. This modeling was based on both effective stress-driven mechanical porosity reduction, which enables modeling of disequilibrium compaction, and on stress-insensitive chemical compaction where the porosity reduction is caused by thermally activated diagenesis.The modeling has demonstrated that the present day porosities and pore pressures of the chalks could be successfully replicated with mechanical porosity loss as the only process leading to chalk porosity reduction. However, the modeled porosity and fluid pressure history of the sediments deviated significantly from the porosity and pore pressure versus depth relationships observed in non-reservoir North Sea chalks today. To the contrary, modeling which was based on thermally activated porosity loss due to diagenesis (as a supplement to mechanical compaction), resulted in modeled chalk histories that are consistent with present day observations.It was therefore inferred that disequilibrium compaction could not account for all of the pore pressure development in overpressured chalks in the study area. The observation that modeling including temperature-controlled diagenetic porosity reduction gave plausible results, suggests that such porosity reduction may in fact be operating in chalks as well as in clastic rocks. If this is correct, then improved methods for pore pressure identification and fluid flow analysis in basins containing chalks should be developed.     

Pore pressure within dipping reservoirs in overpressured basins

To predict reservoir pore pressure, we present a one-dimensional flow model that captures complicated two- and three-dimensional flow present in a dipping permeable reservoir encased in overpressured mudrock. The model incorporates the variation of mudrock permeability with effective stress and includes the effect of reservoir geometry. We find that reservoir pressure is lower when stress-dependent mudrock permeability is assumed relative to the case of constant mudrock permeability. Increased structural relief further reduces the reservoir pressure relative to the far-field pressure and increased effective stress (pore pressure is lower relative to the overburden) results in increased reservoir pressure relative to the far-field pressure. If a large fraction of the reservoir area is in deeper areas where the mudrocks are more overpressured, then the relative pressure is higher than cases where the reservoir area remains constant with depth. The model results compare favorably both to pressures predicted by a more complex numerical model that simulates basin evolution and to field observations in the Bullwinkle Basin (Green Canyon 65, Gulf of Mexico). Our model provides a quick workflow to predict excess pressures in dipping reservoirs encased in mudrock within mechanically-compacted basins. It can be used to analyze trap integrity, understand hydrocarbon migration, and improve drilling safety.     

Pore pressure assessment from well data and overpressure mechanism: Case study in Eastern Tunisia basins

Abstract

Independent and complementary methods were used for pore pressure assessment in the eastern Tunisian basins. Drilling data and surveys allow settling the pore pressure profile in these basins. The main used parameters are mud weights, formation pressure surveys, drilling parameters, well logs, fluids exchange with formation and borehole issues. In the eastern Tunisia platform, the pore pressure profiles show changes in overpressure magnitude in all the three dimensions of the basin (location and depth/stratigraphy). We highlighted two overpressure intervals form bottom to top: The late Cretaceous in the North-eastern part, and the Tertiary overpressure interval hosted in the Palaeocene to Miocene series. The structural analysis of overpressure location shows that the Tertiary interval is likely to have originated in a disequilibrium compaction in Cenozoic grabens. Pore pressure cross sections and maps confirm the link between active normal faults that segmented the basin to grabens and highs and pore pressure anomalous area. In the Senonian interval, we noted mature source-rocks that can explain the overpressure in the late Cretaceous interval. In addition, the recent to active compressive tectonics may have contributed to both pore pressure anomaly generations. The fluid overpressures characterization in the eastern Tunisian sedimentary basins helps in hydrocarbons exploration. Indeed, the overpressure interval in the reservoir levels stimulates and improves the production in the oilfields and contributes to hydrocarbon trapping. Moreover, the adequate prediction of pore pressure profile contributes to reduce drilling cost and enhance the drilling operations safety.     

南黄海盆地中部隆起的形成与演化

南黄海盆地是在前震旦系克拉通基础上发育的中、古生界海相与中、新生界陆相多旋回叠合盆地。通过地震资料解释,结合邻区钻井与区域地质资料,对南黄海盆地中部隆起中、古生代地层及其形成演化进行了研究,结果表明,南黄海盆地中部隆起沉积了较全的中、古生界海相地层,发育第四系—新近系、中—下三叠统青龙组、上二叠统、下二叠统—上泥盆统、中—下志留统,奥陶系—震旦系和前震旦系变质岩系等7套地震地质层序;主要经历了前震旦纪基底形成、震旦纪—早古生代克拉通发育、晚古生代—中三叠世稳定台地—陆内裂陷、晚三叠世—古近纪形成与抬升剥蚀及新近纪-第四纪坳陷沉降5个阶段。     

Magnetic zoning and seismic structure of the South China Sea ocean basin

We made a systematic investigation on major structures and tectonic units in the South China Sea basin based on a large magnetic and seismic data set. For enhanced magnetic data interpretation, we carried out various data reduction procedures, including upward continuation, reduction to the pole, 3D analytic signal and power spectrum analyses, and magnetic depth estimation. Magnetic data suggest that the South China Sea basin can be divided into five magnetic zones, each with a unique magnetic pattern. Zone A corresponds roughly to the area between Taiwan Island and a relict transform fault, zone B is roughly a circular feature between the relict transform fault and the northwest sub-basin, and zones C, D, and E are the northwest sub-basin, the east sub-basin, and the southwest sub-basin, respectively. This complexity in basement magnetization suggests that the South China Sea evolved from multiple stages of opening under different tectonic settings. Magnetic reduction also fosters improved interpretation on continental margin structures, such as Mesozoic and Cenozoic sedimentary basins and the offshore south China magnetic anomaly. We also present, for the first time, interpretations of three new 2D reflection seismic traverses, which are of ~2,000 km in total length and across all five magnetic zones. Integration of magnetic and seismic data enables us to gain a better 3D mapping on the basin structures. It is shown that the transition from the southwest sub-basin to the east sub-basin is characterized by a major ridge formed probably along a pre-existing fracture zone, and by a group of primarily west-dipping faults forming an exact magnetic boundary between zones D and E. The northwest sub-basin has the deepest basement among the three main sub-basins (i.e., the northwest sub-basin, the southwest sub-basin, and the east sub-basin). Our seismic data also reveal a strongly faulted continent–ocean transition zone of about 100 km wide, which may become wider and dominated with magmatism or transit to an oceanic crust further to the northeast.     

Palaeopressure reconstruction to explain observed natural hydraulic fractures in the Cleveland Basin

Natural fractures observed within the Lower Jurassic shales of the Cleveland Basin show evidence that pore pressure must have exceeded the lithostatic pressure in order to initiate horizontal fractures observed in cliff sections. Other field localities do not show horizontal fracturing, indicating lower pore pressures there. Deriving the burial history of the basin from outcrop, VR and heat-flow data gives values of sedimentation rates and periods of depositional hiatus which can be used to assess the porosity and pore pressure evolution within the shales. This gives us our estimate of overpressure caused by disequilibrium compaction alone, of 11 MPa, not sufficient to initiate horizontal fractures. However, as the thermal information shows us that temperatures were in excess of 95 °C, secondary overpressure mechanisms such as clay diagenesis and hydrocarbon generation occurred, contributing an extra 11 MPa of overpressure. The remaining 8.5 MPa of overpressure required to initiate horizontal fractures was caused by fluid expansion due to hydrocarbon generation and tectonic compression related to Alpine orogenic and Atlantic opening events. Where horizontal fractures are not present within the Lower Jurassic shales, overpressure was unable to build up as high due to proximity to the lateral draining of pressure within the Dogger Formation. The palaeopressure reconstruction techniques used within this study give a quick assessment of the pressure history of a basin and help to identify shales which may currently have enhanced permeability due to naturally-occurring hydraulic fractures.